STRABO

GEOGRAPHY BOOKS 8-9

WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY HORACE LEONARD JONES

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS LONDON, ENGLAND

First published 1927 Reprinted 1954, 1961, 1968, 1988, 2001

LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College

ISBN 0-674-99216-4

Printed in Great Britain by St Edmundsbury Press Ltd, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, on acid-free paper. Bound by Hunter & Foulis Ltd, Edinburgh, Scotland.

CONTENTS

LIST OF THE BOOKS

GEOGRAPHY

BOOK VIII BOOK IX

DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES MAPS

LIST OF THE BOOKS OF THE GEOGRAPHY OF STRABO

Showing their place in the volumes of this edition and in the edition of Casaubon of 1620

VOLUME BOOK I. I.

II.

II. IIT, IV.

ie

Til. VI. VII.

IV, VII.

TX,

Geography as part of

Philosophy. Previous geographers. Homer. Eratosthenes.

Mathematical Geography. Eratosthenes, Posi- donius. Form and size of the earth. Mapping the earth,

Spain

Gaul, Britain, The Alps.

Italy to Campania,

S. Italy, Sicily.

N. and E. Europe, Central Europe.

Fragments—Thrace and

Macedon in epitome only.

Macedon and Greece. Athens, Boeotia, Thessaly.

PAGES

C. 67-136

C. 136-176 C. 176-209 C. 209-251 C. 252-288

C. 289-329

C.329-331

C.332 -389 C.390-444

vii

VOLUME

Vv.

VI.

VIL.

Vill.

vill

LIST OF THE BOOKS

BOOK

X.

XI.

XIII.

XIV.

XV.

XVI.

XVII.

Aetolia, Crete, Other islands. Asia Minor _ including Caucasian areas and Armenia.

. Asia Minor (continued):

Cappadocia, Galatia, Bithynia, etc. Lycia, Pamphylia, Cilicia.

‘Asia Minor (continued): From Propontis on- wards. Lesbos, Troad.

Asia Minor (continued): Tonia, Caria, Islands of Samos, Chios, Rhodes; Lycia, Pamphylia, Cili- cia; Cyprus.

India and Parthia (Persia) = Iran..

Assyria, Babylonia, Mesopotamia, Syria, Phoenicia, Palestine, Arabia.

Egypt, Ethiopia, N. Libya.

PAGES

C.444-489

C,490-533

C.533-580

C. 581-631

C.632-685

C. 685-736

C.736-785 C.785-840

THE GEOGRAPHY OF STRABO

BOOK VIII

ZTPABQNOS TEOTPAPIKON H’

I

C382 1. Emel 88 ériovtes ard tev éotrepiwv Tis Evpamrns pepav, doa TH Oaratty TepiexXeTat TH évtos Kal TH éxtos, Ta Te BdpBapa eOvy Tepto- Sedcapev Tavra év avth péxpe Tod Tavdidos kat

fl ¢ 10 > \ / \ M 5 , 1 THs “EXAddos ov Todv pépos, THY Maxeooviay, > , \ X \ n € n amodécopev veri Ta dotra Tis “EANadueijs yew- ypapias. d&mep”Opnpos pév mpO@tos, émeta Kab Gdrot mrelovs empayparedoavto, of pev idia Arpévas 4 Tlepiadous 1) Tepsodovs yas te ToLovTov dAdo émiypdwavtes, év ols kab Ta ‘EX-

e n~ an a ,

radia meptéxera, oi & éy TH Kowh THs igropias

ypaph xwpis arodciEavtes Thy TOY NTElpwv ’ ca

toToypadiav, KkaOdmep "Edopos te émoince Kal 4 ld 3 ? x X é

TlorvBios, dAdo 8 eis Tov gvaotxoy tomoy Kal

Tov pabnpattKov pcaédaBov Twa Kal TOV TOLOU-

rwv, Kabdrep Tlocedavies te wal “Immapyos:

Ta pev ody TaY arAdov evdiaitntad éote, TA O

‘Opunpov oxéyrews Selita xpetixijs, TonTix@s Te

NéyovTos Kal ov Ta vi», GAdd TA apxaia, wp

1 chy Maxedovlay, Casaubon, for ris Maxeduvfas, which latter Meineke ejects.

1 The Mediterranean and Atlantic.

THE GEOGRAPHY OF STRABO BOOK VIII

I

1. I pecan my description by going over all the western parts of Kurope comprised between the inner and the outer sea;! and now that I have encompassed in my survey all the barbarian tribes in Europe as far as the Tanais and also a small part of Greece, Macedonia,? I now shall give an account of the remainder of the geography of Greece. This subject was first treated by Homer; and then, after him, by several others, some of whom have written special treatises entitled Harbours, or Coasting Voyages, or General Descriptions of the Earth, or the like; and in these is comprised also the descrip- tion of Greece. Others have set forth the topo- graphy of the continents in separate parts of their general histories, for instance, Ephorus and Polybius. Still others have inserted certain things on this subject in their treatises on physics and mathematics, for instance, Poseidonius and Hipparchus. Now although the statements of the others are easy to pass judgment upon, yet those of Homer require critical inquiry, since he speaks poetically, and not of things as they now are, but of things as they were in antiquity, which for the most part have been

* See Book 7, Frag. 9, in Vol. III.

STRABO

. ¢ > , \ , e 5 2 8 SY 6 Ypovos NMAUpwKE TA TONAG. ws 0 OUY OVVATOV /

éyyetpntéov, apEapévors ad’ dvmep atreditropev:

a n ¢ \ a éreactta 8 huiv 6 Adyos amo péev THs éomépas nal tay dpxtov eis Ta 'Hretpwtixd evn Kal Ta Tov 'TAdvptov, amo 8é tis bw eis Ta TOV MaxeSdvav péxyps Bufavtiov. peta pev ody Tors > , \ ‘ *T \ a ¢ , Hireipwtas Kal tods “Iddvpiovs Tov “HAA ve > a , b d AZ d 4 i e Axapvaves erot Ka itwrol kat Aoxpol ot ? : \ de / @ a“ \ B / Olorat mpos 6 rovtots Pwxeis te rat Borwrtot: rovtos 8 dvtimopOpos éotiw 1) edordvvncos, ? 4 ‘ \ X f atovapSdvovea petakd tov KopivOiaxov xodtrov

C 333 nal oxnuatitoved te TtodTov Kal oxnpatilonérn

iw abtod: peta 5¢ Maxedoviay @ertarol péxpt M , \ Ni “~ AXr A 2 \ y @ n

adiéwy Kat Ta) Tay dd\drAwv TOV exTOs ToO pod Kal adtav Tov evTos.

2. ‘EAAdSos pév ody 2 roAAd EO vn yeyévntat, Ta 8 gvetdtw tocadta, dcas Kal Sradéxtous Tapet- Anpayev Tas ‘ENAnvidas: Todtwy 8 avTdp Teacdpwv ovadav, THv pay “Idda TH Tarald 7A Gi \ > 4 . \ “T : n

rOide THY avTHy paper (Kal yap lwves éxarodvTo oi tore “Arrixol, Kal éxeiOév eiow of thy ’Actav érotkjoavtes "loves Kal ypnodpevot TH viv deyo- pévn yrortn “Idds), tHv & Awpida rh Alorsde mivres yap of éxtds “loOuod mrjy 'APnvaiwr cat Meyapéwv nal tdv mep) tov Mapvaccop Awptéov nab viv ete Alonreis Kadobytat, wal ros Awpidas 8é ddlyous dvras Kal tpayvTarny

1d, before ray %AAwy, Miiller-Diibner insert, following conj. of Meineke.

2"*Eaaddos piv ody E, l8ig pev ody B, [Bob wey obv Osi, éxiBovontvy obv Ag. Corais follows B, and Kramer and Miiller-

Diibner read ris ‘EAAddus wey ody; but Meineke, *émidovo méy ody,

4

GEOGRAPHY, 8. 1. 1-2

obscured by time. Be this as it may, as far as I can I must undertake the inquiry; and I shall begin where I left off. My account ended, on the west and the north, with the tribes of the Epeirotes and of the Illyrians, and, on the east, with those of the Macedonians as far as Byzantium. After the Epei- rotes and the Illyrians, then, come the following peoples of the Greeks: the Acarnanians, the Aetolians, and the Ozolian Locrians; and, next, the Phocians and Boeotians; and opposite these, across the arm of the sea, is the Peloponnesus, which with these encloses the Corinthian Gulf, and not only shapes the gulf but also is shaped by it; and after Macedonia, the Thessalians (extending as far as the Malians) and the countries of the rest of the peoples outside the Isthmus,! as also of those inside.

2. There have been many tribes in Greece, but those which go back to the earliest times are only as many in number as the Greek dialects which we have learned to distinguish. But though the dialects themselves are four in number,? we may say that the Ionic is the same as the ancient Attic, for the Attic people of ancient times were called Tonians, and from that stock sprang those Ionians who colonised Asia and used what is now called the Ionic speech; and we may say that the Doric dialect is the same as the Aeolic, for all the Greeks outside the Isthmus, except the Athenians and the Megarians and the Dorians who live about Parnassus, are to this day still called Aeolians, And it is reasonable to suppose that the Dorians too, since they were few in number and lived in a most

1 7,.¢, north of the Isthmus. 2 See 14, 5. 26,

STRABO

oixodytas yapav elxos dott TH dveripint@ Tapa- Tpabar Thy yrarray Kal Ta dAda Oy} apos TO ph opoyevés, dpoyevels mpotepov dvtas. TovTO \ a 3’ adrd kab rots ’A@nvaiots cuvéByn, NeTTOYewv re Kal Tpaxeiav oixobyras yopav dmopOnrous peivar® 8a tobdto, Kal avroxGovas vopiaOAvat dnow 6 @ouxvdidys, xatéxovtas Thy avrny ae, r) \ > f , A 5° > a pmdevds eEedadvovtos avrovs pnd’ értOupodvtos eve thy exelvav: Todt Tovey adTo Kal Tod érepoyAwttov Kab Tov érepoeOods® aitiov, ws > i ¢ an i ? a? = a \ eixds, Sripte, xalmep ddiyous odowv. obtw 8e tod Alodrkod wdr7Oous émixpartobvtos év Tots > _\ ’ a \ e939 N ’ a ’ éxtés “loOpuob, at ot évtos Atodels ampotepov 2 . gs > 3 & > s X > En] +] rn hoav, lr’ éuixOncav, lavev pev éx THs ArtiKns ‘ ? \ / fa) a ¢ a Tov Alyiardy KaTacxXovT@V, TOY S “Hpaxredov rovs Awpiéas karayayovter, bf dv Ta Te Méyapa > ¢ \ \ ” 3 a / g@xicOn Kai moddal Twv ev TH TleXorrovyno@ f ¢e X > vw 9¢/ ; / movewy, of pev odv “lwres éEeTecov Tad TaXEews iad “Ayatav, AlortKod vous’ éreihOn 8 ev tH f Tlerxorovynom ta S00 vn, 7d Te AloduKov Kal ro Awpicéy. Scot pev odv Hrrov Tols Awprevouy b i , f a > , enemdéxovto (Kabamep suvéBn Tois Te Apxaot \ na 3 , a \ ? a fA a kat tots "Hre«tous, Tols pév opervois Tedéws ovol kal ovK éumerrwxoaw eis TOV KAApov, Tots ny e a “ a? f 5 \ bd tepois vopecbeior tod "Odvptiov Atos Kat Kad

1 %@n (n), for 20vn; so the editors.

2 netvat, Miiller-Diibner, for wév elvac.

3 érepocOovs, Meineke, for érepoeOvots ; see kath Th... in, 14. 5, 26.

6

GEOGRAPHY, 8. 1. 2

rugged country, have, because of their lack of inter- course with others, changed their speech and their other customs to the extent that they are no longer a part of the same tribe as before. And this was precisely the case with the Athenians; that is, they lived in a country that was both thin-soiled and rugged, and for this reason, according to Thucydides,} their country remained free from devastation, and they were regarded as an indigenous people, who always occupied the same country, since no one drove them out of their country or even desired to possess it. This, therefore, as one may suppose, was precisely the cause of their becoming different both in speech and in customs, albeit they were few in number, And just as the Aeolic element pre- dominated in the parts outside the Isthmus, so too the people inside the Isthmus were in earlier times Aeolians; and then they became mixed with other peoples, since, in the first place, Ionians from Attica seized the Aegialus,? and, secondly, the Heracleidae brought back the Dorians, who founded both Megara and many of the cities of the Peloponnesus, ‘The Tonians, however, were soon driven out again by the Achaeans, an Aeolic tribe ; and so there were left in the Peloponnesus only the two tribes, the Aeolian and the Dorian. Now all the peoples who had less intercourse with the Dorians—-as was the case with the Arcadians and with the Eleians, since the former were wholly mountaineers and had no share in the allotments® of territory, while the latter were regarded as sacred to the Olympian Zeus and hence

1 1, 2 and 2, 36. ? The Peloponnesian Achaea, 3 Cp. 8. 5. 6.

C 334

STRABO

avTovs elpyyny dyovet ToAUY xpovov, ddrws Te Kal Tod AiodtKod yévous ovat Kat Sedeypevors THY "OFVA@ cuyxaterOotoay oTparvay wept THY TOV “Hpaxhedav xd0odov), obtot Aiomott S:6r€x- O@ncav, ot & adrdoe peri) Tit éypnoavto é& audoiv, of pév pap of § Frrov aiortfovtes. axedov S¢ Te cal viv Kata mores GdroL GAdKWS Suadéyovrar, Soxodat Sé Sapiger drravtes 51d Thy oupBacav émixpdreray. ToLavTa pay oby Ta TOV ‘EXAqvev @vn kal obtws, ws TITE elmetv, apwpio peva. réyopev Sh idia} AaBdvTes dv pH Tpomov Th Tabet, meph AVTOV.

3. "Edopos pev ody apxnv elvan TRS “EXAdSOS Thy Acapvaviav dnaly aro TeV éarrepioov pepov’ TAaUTHY yap cuvaT Tey mparay TOUS "Hrrespwricots ever. GAN woTep ovToS TH mapanig peTpO Xpwpevos évted0ev TrovetTat Tap dpXiys HryewoveKov Th aid Oddarray Kpiveoy ™pos TAS Tomoypapias, émrel dAAwS a sex apes cata tHv Maxedover kal @ecttarav yiv? apyiv amopaiverOar tis “EN- Addos' obtw Kal Auiv mpoajKer axodovOovat TH dice. tov Toray cipBovdov ToteicPar THY Odraccay. arn 5 é« tov Luceducoo medayous mpotesovaa® TH wey araxeltat mpos TOV Kopw- Oraxov KoNTOV, TH SO aTroTENEt Xeppovne-ov perya- Any thy LleXomovyncop, Lob up TEV Khevopevny. dot, 88 tadta’t Svo péyiota ovoTHpata TIS

1 Big AaBévres, Meineke emends to diadaBdrres.

2 For viv, Meineke reads rhyv. 3 rporecovaa (BEL), Jones, for rporrecoi'ca.

GEOGRAPHY, 8, 1, 2~3

have long lived to themselves in peace, especially because they belonged to the Aeolic stock and had admitted the army which came back with Oxylus! about the time of the return of the Heracleidae— these peoples, I say, spoke the Aeolic dialect, whereas the rest used a sort of mixture of the two, some leaning more to the Aeolic and some less. And, I might almost sa » even now the people of each city speaks a different dialect, although, because of the predominance which has been gained by the Dorians, one and all are reputed to speak the Doric, Such, then, are the tribes of the Greeks, and such in general terms is their ethnographical division. Let me now take them separately, following the appropriate order, and tell about them.

3. Ephorus says that, if one begins with the western parts, Acarnania is the beginning of Greece; for, he adds, Acarnania is the first to border on the tribes of the Epeirotes. But just as Ephorus, using the sea-coast as his measuring-line, begins with Acar- nania (for he decides in favour of the sea as a kind of guide in his description of places, because other- wise he might have represented parts that border on the land of the Macedonians and the Thessalians as the beginning), so it is proper that I too, follow- ing the natural character of the regions, should make the sea my counsellor, Now this sea, issuing forth out of the Sicilian Sea, on one side stretches to the Corinthian Gulf, and on the other forms a large peninsula, the Peloponnesus, which is closed by a narrow istlimus, Thus Greece consists of two

1 Cp. 8. 3. 33, cs RN Fer ace “ rairva, Meineke emends to rd.

3

STRABO

‘Brrddos, 7d Te evTds "LoOpod Kal 7d éxtos S1a> Tlurxdv péype tis exBorjs tod Unqvevod (cai rodTo 8 eath 7O @ertarindv®). eote 5é Kal petlov Kat émupavéotepor 7o évtos «“Ta@pov: axedov Sé Te Kal axpoToris aT IleXovrovvncos rhs cupmrdons ‘EdAdS0s, xwpls yap THS AapemTpo- qntos Kal buvdpews TOP evoxnodvTay €Ovav avtn % TOV TOTMD Béats bmroypaer THY ryeHoviay

,

ravTnv, «odo Te Kal dxpais Todhals eal, ros onperwmdeatatois, YEppov7jaoes peyaarats Sia- merotkiapern, Ov éx Siadoxis érépa THY éTépav eye. ots 88 mpeTn pev TOY YEeppovycav 1 Llerxordvyncas, icOp@ KrEvopevy TETTAPAKOVTO ctadiov. Sevtépa Se 4 Kal TavtTny mepléxouca, fis tous eat 6 ex UHayav® tov Meyapixav

eis Nicalav, 1d Meyapéwv érivevov, vrepBor} ctasioy éxatov elxoow amo Garatrys émt Oa- ANaTTavy. tpityn 8 % Kal ravTny meplexoued, 7s icOuos amo ToD puxod Tov Kpicatov xodrov ¢<

péxpt Oepporvrdy, 1) 8 4 émivoovpevn evdeta ‘

, x ypappty doov mevTaxoctov éxTo® oradioy THY

i

\ ec 3 XY > é ‘ pev Botwrlay Gmracay evTos dmokapSdavovaa, THY x A oTx $8 Daxida téuvovea oEnv Kal Tous Lmexvnps- , 7 ee , ¢ ? ‘\ n ? nr é 7 Stovs. TerapTy Sé 7) U0 TOD ApBpaxtkod KoXrov n tnd XN Sia THs Oltns Kal ris Tpaxuwias els Tov Maniaxov

1 gid, before MvAdv, Jones inserts. Meineke ejects MvAdv. For the readinys of the other editors, see C. Miiller, Jad. Var. Lect., p. 989.

2 Meineke ejects the words in parenthesis.

3 Nayav, Kpit, and man. se:. in C, for rdvrer (ABCEN) ; se other edlitors.

4 3, A omits.

5 xr probably should be emended to efroot (x’) or revrixovta (v’), as C, Miiller suggests,

10

GEOGRAPHY, 8. 1. 3

very large bodies of land, the part inside the Isthmus, and the part outside, which extends through Pylae! as far as the outlet of the Peneius (this latter is the Thessalian part of Greece) ;? but the part inside the Isthmus is both larger and more famous. I might almost say that the Peloponnesus is the acropolis of Greece as a whole ;3 for, apart from the splendour and power of the tribes that have lived in it, the very topography of Greece, diversified as it is by gulfs, many capes, and, what are the most significant, large peninsulas that follow one another in succession, suggests such hegemony for it. The first of the peninsulas is the Pelo- ponnesus, which is closed by an isthmus forty stadia in width. The second includes the first; and its isthmus extends in width from Pagae in Megaris to Nisaea, the naval station of the Megarians, the distance across being one hundred and twenty stadia from sea to sea. The third likewise includes the second; and its isthmus extends in width from the recess of the Crisaean Gulf as far as Thermopylae— the imaginary straight line, about five hundred and eight stadia in length, enclosing within the peninsula the whole of Boeotia and cutting obliquely Phocis and the country of the Epicnemidians.4 The fourth is the peninsula whose isthmus extends from the Ambracian Gulf through Oeta® and Tyachinia to the Maliac

1 Thermopylae.

2 That is, from Pylae to the outlet of the Peneijus.

° Groskurd, Kramer and Curtius think that something like the following has fallen out of the MSS. : ‘fand that Greece is the acropolis of the whole world.”

* The Epicnemidian Locrians,

5 Now the Katavothra Mountain, It forms a boundary between the valleys of the Spercheius and Cephissus Rivers.

II

STRABO

t a wv \ + X \ \ KoMTov KaOnKovTa eyouca Tov LoOuov Kal Tas @cppotvAas, door éxtaxociay évTa atadior:

Ul > A ta v » A 3 4 an ? na mrecovanv & i ytALwy adAOS EaTLV ATO TOU AVTOU

f fal fal a nodtrou Tod ‘ApBpaxixod Sa @ettadraGv Kat MaxeSdvov eis tov @eppaiov Sijxwrv puyxov. imayopever 84 twa taki ob pavdrnv 7 THY HEppovjawv Sia8oyn Sei 8 awd Ths éhaxiorys dptacbas, émupavertdrns Sé.

II

C335 01. "Eos tolvuy } [lexomovunaos eorxvia pvAK@ mrardvov 75 xfpua, lon oyedov Te KaTa pAKOS nal ata wrdTos, Saov Yidiov Kal TeTpaKoaicov otadsiov: To psy amd THs éotrépas émt Thy Ew, Todt 8 goth 7o amd Tod Xedovdra 60 ’Odvprias kal ths Meyadrorontridos én) “ToPuovr to oy amd rod vétov mpos THY dpxtov, 6 éotL TO amd Manredv 8: ’Apradias ets Alysov: 4 5é mepipe- Tpos py KaTAKONTLCOVTL TeTpAKLTXLALwy aTadlor, > TlorvBios ’Apreuidwpos S& nal TeTpaxocious mpootiOnce katakonrmivovtTe 5é wAelous Tay eEa- kociov emi tols mevtaxicxirios. o 8 "lodpos xata tov Siorxov, Sv ob Ta TwopOpeta Uirepvewdr- Kobo amo Ths érépas els THY ETEpav Odratrav,! elpntat te tettapaxovra otadiav éoTiv.

1 nate ... Oddarrav, omitted by BCésv.

nn vee

1 Cp. 2. 1. 30. 2 Cape Chelonatas, opposite the island Zacynthos; now Cape Tornese.

T2

GEOGRAPHY, 8. 1. 3-2.1

Gulf and Thermopylae—the isthmus being about eight hundred stadia in width. But there is another isthmus, more than one thousand stadia in width, extending from the same Ambracian Gulf through the countries of the Thessalians and the Macedonians to the recess of the Thermaean Gulf. So then, the succession of the peninsulas suggests a kind of order, and not a bad one, for me to follow in my descrip- tion; and I should begin with the smallest, but most famous, of them. II

1. Now the Peloponnesus is like a leaf of a plane-tree in shape,! its length and breadth being almost equal, that is, about fourteen hundred stadia, Its length is reckoned from the west to the east, that is, from Chelonatas* through Olympia and Megalopolis to the Isthmus; and its width, from the south towards the north, that is, from Maleae 3 through Arcadia to Aegium.4 The perimeter, not following the sinuosities of the gulfs, is four thousand stadia, according to Polybius, although Artemidorus adds four hundred more ;° but following the sinu- osities of the gulfs, it is more than five thousand six hundred. The width of the Isthmus at the “ Diolcus,” ® where the ships are hauled overland from one sea to the other, is forty stadia, as I have already said.

3 Cape Maleae.

4 The Aegion, or Aegium, of to-day, though until recent times more generally known by its later name Vostitza. - § Polybius counted 84 stadia to the mile (7. Frag. 56).

§ Literally, ‘‘ Haul-across” ; the name of ‘‘the narrowest part of the Isthmus” (8. 6. 4), and probably applied to the road itself.

13

STRABO

2, “Exover dé THs Yeppovicov tavTyns TO bev eam éptov pépos ’Hreioe cal Meaorvion, erAvsopevot TH DBeKEALK@ edaryer mpocrhapBdvover be Kal THS éxarépwdev mapanias, a ey "Haela mpos dpxTov emia t pépovea kal THY apxny TOU Kopwy- Gtaxovd KOoATrOU péxpt axpas ’"Apaétou, nad iy avrimopO jos éotiy 1) TE ‘Axapvavia Kal au aad vicoL, ZdnvvOos Kal Keparrnvia Kat

10dnn Kat "Exwades, & ay éorl Kal 76 Aourixsov: THs dé Meoonvias TO ™AEOV dve@y wevov TpOs votov kat ro AtBuxov méharyos HEX pt TOV Ka- hovpevev Oupisar TAnotov Tacvdpov, éERs Se pera pev THv Hrelav dort ro Tov Ayatey evos ™ POs apKTOUS Brérov cat TO Kopw hang KONT mapatewov, Ttedevta 8 els THv Lixvwviay év- Ted0ev 58 Yuxvev ral Kopw6os exdéverat péex pe TOD ‘ToO pod: peta dé thy Meconviav a) Aakw- peri) Kal 4 Apyeta, péxpe Tod “loOpuod Kat arn. KoNTroL © eialy évradda & Té Meconviaxds kal o AaKwvires Kal Tpitos 6 "A pyodtxos, Téraptos 8 i) “Eppiovixos Kab Lapeoviros. ot Oé riers KaXovolY! @Y TOUS peD 7 AtBuxy, Tous 8 Kpntixn Oddkacca mAnpol Kal tO Muptdov Aayos' tivés dé Kal Tov Dapwvixoy topov H+ mérAayos ovoudfovor. péon d éotly 7 Apxasia, mac émietevn Kal yertuidoca Trois adXots eOveouv,

3. ‘O 88 KopivOiands xdXtros dpxerat pev dro Tav éxBortav tod Evnvou Gos pacity Tov

1 4, after wépov, Groskurd inserts; so Meineke.

1 See 8, 5. 1, and footnote, 14

GEOGRAPHY, 8. 2, 2-3

2. The western part of this peninsula is occupied by the Eleians and the Messenians, whose countries are washed by the Sicilian Sea. In addition, they also hold a part of the sea-coast in both directions, for the Eleian country curves towards the north and the beginning of the Corinthian Gulf as far as Cape Araxus (opposite which, across the straits, lie Acarnania and the islands off its coast—Zacynthos, Cephallenia, Ithaca, and also the Echinades, anong which is Dulichium), whereas the greater part of the Messenian country opens up towards the south and the Libyan Sea as far as what is called Thyrides,! near Taenarum. Next after the Eleian country comes the tribe of the Achaeans,? whose country faces towards the north and stretches along the Corinthian Gulf, ending at Sicyonia. Then come in succession Sicyon and Corinth, the territory of the latter ex- tending as far as the Isthmus. After the Messenian country come the Laconian and the Argive, the Jatter also extending as far as the Isthmus. The gulfs on this coast are: first, the Messenian ; second, the Laconian; third, the Argolic; fourth, the Hermionic; and fifth, the Saronic, by some called the Salaminiac. Of these gulfs the first two are filled by the Libyan Sea, and the others by the Cretan and Myrtoan Seas. Some, however, call the Saronic Gulf “Strait” or “Sea.” In the interior of the peninsula is Arcadia, which touches as next- door neighbour the countries of all those other tribes.

3. The Corinthian Gulf begins, on the one side, at the outlets of the Evenus (though some say at the

* See 8, 7. 4, and footnote. 15

C 336

STRABO

"AyedAwou Tod opilevros "Axapvavas xal Tovs AitwXous) kal tod ’"Apdfouv. evtadéa yap mpa- tov aktdXoyov cvvaywyiv AapBdvovat mpos ar- e “A Aras at éxatépwOev axtai mpoiodaas Sé wréov} Tedéws cupmintover Kata 7d ‘Ploy cal 76 ’Avtip- otov, bcov 8) mévte otadiwy drrodeltovcat Ld a \ \ € / a ? n mopOpov. éote dé TO pev ‘Piov trav “Ayatdv e an Grtevns axpa, Speravoerd} tiva émratpopyy eis . U an To évros éyouoa (kal 81 Kal xarelrar Apéravor), xet-at dé petakv Uatpav cal Ailyiov, Tocedavos tepov éyouca: 76 8 “Avrippiov év peOopios Tis > / \ fal iS ‘ny “ be 2 Aitwdias kal ths Aoxpidos topuTat, KaXovCL OE i e f 3 3 > cal , / Modvxpiov ‘Ploy. eit’ évteddev Sutctatas madww 4 mapadia perpiws éxatépwber, mpoeAOodca 8 eis tov Kpicaiov xodwov évradda TedevTa, KNetopévn toils mpooecreplois THs Botwtias kal Ths Meyapixhs téppoow. eet b& tiv Tepi- ¢ fa) petpov 6 KopivOtands KoXrros aio yey Tov Kdnvov fA ? / ? 4 4 néypt “Apdkou otadioy Sdicxtrdiwv diaxociov ? a tpidxovta’ et & amd tov ‘AxeAwou, Treovdlor dv éxarov mov otadiow. amo pevtor 'Axed@ou ON ‘ 4 ? anf > tM CRA > \ éml tov Einvov Axapvavés eiat, el’ éERs él To > a 3 ‘4 \ \ \ / ? a Avtipptav Aitwrol, 7d 8é Aowtrdv péxpt “loPpod 1 Capps happily suggests that Strabo probably wrote oxeddy instead of mAgoy or that oxeddy has fallen out of the

text after wAéov. 2 Before MoAdxpiov, Meineke inserts kal.

1 Cape Araxus; now Kalogria.

2 Lit, ‘‘more completely ” (see critical note).

8 Cape ‘‘Drepanum.” Strabo confuses Cape Rhium with Cape Drepanum, since the two were separated by the Bay of Panormus (see Frazer’s Pausanias, notes on 7, 22, 10 and 7, 23, 4, and Curtius’ Peloponnesos, I. p. 447).

16

GEOGRAPHY, 8. 2. 3

outlets of the Acheloiis, the river that separates the Acarnanians and the Aetolians), and, on the other, at Araxus;1 for here the shores on either side first draw notably nearer to one another; then in their advance they all but? meet at Rhium and Antir- rhium, where they leave between them a strait only about five stadia in width. Rhium, belonging to the Achaeans, is a low-lying cape; it bends inwards (and it is in fact called “Sickle ”).3 It lies between Patrae and Aegium, and possesses a temple of Poseidon. Antirrhium is situated on the common boundary of Aetolia and Locris; and people call it Molycrian Rhium.4 Then, from here, the shore- line on either side again draws moderately apart, and then, advancing into the Crisaean Gulf, it comes to an end there, being shut in by the westerly limits of Boeotia and Megaris.6 The perimeter of the Corinthian Gulf, if one measures from the Evenus to Araxus, is two thousand two hundred and thirty stadia; but_if one measures from the Acheloiis, it is about a hundred stadia more. Now from the Acheloiis to the Evenus the coast is occupied by Acarnanians;® and thence to Antir- rhium, by Aetolians; but the remaining coast, as far as the Isthmus, belongs to? the Phocians, the

-“ After Molycreia, a small Aetolian town near by.

§ “Crisaean Gulf” (the Gulf of. Salona of to-day) was often used in this broader sense. Cp, 8. 6, 21.

* Strabo thus commits himself against the assertion of others (see at the beginning of the paragraph) that the Achelotis separates the Acarnanians and the Aetolians.

? The Greek for ‘‘the Locrians and” seems to have fallen out of the MSS. at this point; for Strabo has just said that ‘“Antirrhium is on the common boundary of Aetolia and Locris” (see 9, 3. 1),

17

STRABO

Doxéwov dari? cai Bowwrdv nai rhs Meyaptsos, ordbior ytrtov éxatov elxoor Sveiv déovres* 7 Se awd tod ’Avtippiou péypt “IoOuod OddarTa® 'Arxvovis xadrelrat, pépos ovaa Tod Kpicaiov KoATov' amo Sé Tod? “IoPpod éml tov “Apa€ov tptdxovta ém) Tois yidtous.4 as pev On TUTH eimeiy TotavTn Tus Kal TooavTyn y THs LedoTov- vncov Oéars Kal Ths avrimopO pov yijs wéxpe Tod pvyod, rovodtos S& al 6 petakd dyotv Kodros. eita Ta® Kab’ &eacta épotper, THY ApYnY amo THS "Hrcelas rotnodpevor.

III

1. Nov pev 8) wacav Hrclav dvoudfover thy petaky ‘Ayaidv te cal Meconvioy mapariay, dvéyouoay eis Thy pecdyatay Thy mpos Apxadia Th Kata Doronv nal ’Atadvas nal Iappacious. rodro 8¢ To ‘‘Tradaidy es mretous Suvacteias Sujpnro, elr’ eis S00, thy Te THY ’Eerov kai thy itd Néotope tH Nydéws: xabamep kal “Opnpos elonke, Thy pev TOY "Emerdy dvopdwv "Hduw:®

1 @wxéwy éorl, Pletho, Corais, and Forbiger would emend to Aoxpay éar) nal buxéwv.

2 After é¢Aarra Groskurd, Kramer and others believe that words like the following have fallen out: Kptoatos xéArmos dorly: 4 St dwd Kpeodons wédews OdAarra. Meineke indicates a lacuna. There is no lacuna in the MSS.

3 ard 58 rod: the letters wd 5: rod are supplied by Kramer, there being a lacuna of five or six letters in A.

4 x:Alors: lacuna supplied by Corais (see C. Miller, Jnd. Var. Lect,, p. 989).

18

GEOGRAPHY, 8, 2. 3-3. 1

Boeotians and Megaris—a distance of one thousand one hundred and eighteen stadia. The sea from Antirrhium as far as the Isthmus? is called Alcyonian, it being a part of the Crisaean Gulf. Again, from the Isthmus to Araxus the distance is one thousand and thirty stadia. Such, then, in general terms, is the position and extent of the Peloponnesus, and of the land that lies opposite to it across the arm of the sea as far as the recess ; and such, too, is the character of the gulf that lies between the two bodies of land. Now I shall describe each part in detail, beginning with the Eleian country,

II]

1, At the present time the whole of the seaboard that lies between the countries of the Achaeans and the Messenians, and extends inland to the Arcadian districts of Pholoé, of the Azanes, and of the Parrhasians, is called the Eleian country. But in early times this country was divided into several domains; and afterwards into two—that of the Epeians and that under the rule of Nestor the son of Neleus ; just as Homer, too, states, when he calls the land of the Epeians by the name of “Elis”

* Some of the editors believe that words to the following effect have fallen out at this point: “is the Crisuean Gulf; but the sea from the city Creusa.”

5 elra td: for the different readings, see C. Miiller, p. 989. * *HAw, Corais, for réAw ; so Meineke and others,

19

STRABO

Ade map 1 "Hida Siav, 80. kpatéovow *Ereot’ civ & td 7H Néorops Toro, de Hs tov "Aderov pelv pyar,

"Aretod, ds 7’ edpd péee IvrAtwv dia yains. Tlvnov yey ody kat modu older 6 rrovntis”

of 5¢ IIvxov, Nyrfjos edetipevov mrodieO poy,

iEov’ od Sid Tis morews Sé ode map’ avin pel ) 3 4 2 \ ? > \ \ ig a € . Addetos, GAAG Tap aUTNY MeV ETEPOS, OV Ol [ED Tlapicdy, of 88“Apabov karodow, ag’ ob Kal o IIvAos "Huabders eipiodat obras doxel, da, 58 tis yopas THs TlvAtas 0’ AX €L0S.

9. ’Hrus 88 4 vov mods ot ExticTo Kad’ "“Opnpov, GAN 9 Xopa Kapndov @xetTo: éxadelto 38 Kotkin *HXs ard rod cupBeBnxdtos: toadTy

\ 5 e , \ ed > eh s yap Rv % TrEloTH Kal aploTy. oye dé mote

a ? a Lf 3 \ : cuvirdov eis thy viv wodw “Huw, peta Ta Tlepoexd, x modo Siuwv. axeddv 6é xal TOUS drove témous Tovs Kata Lledorévyncoy mAry

C 337 ériyo, obs carére£ev 6 moinTHs, Od TOdELS, anra yopas dvoudter,” cvotipata Siwwv eyovoay iedaTny Trew, €& dv votepov ai yvwpelopevar

‘ é a b ? wores cuvexiaOnaar, olov tis A xadtas Mavp- rivera pev ex mévte Sipov bm’ Apyetwv avvexicOn, Teyéa & é& évvéa, éx rocovtwy 6& xa ‘Hpaia imo KnreouBpérov 4) ind Krewvipou' as 8 abtws

1 48¢ wap’, the editors, for thy 3& wap’.

2 dvoud¢er, Meineke emends to voutCew det ; dvoudwy no.

Ie

1 Sc. ‘* the ship.” 2 Odyssey 15, 298. 20

GEOGRAPHY, 8. 3. 1-2

(“and passed goodly Elis, where the Epeians hold sway’’),” and the land under the rule of Nestor, “ Pylus,” through which, he says, the Alpheius flows (“ of the Alpheius, that floweth in wide stream through the land of the Pylians”).8 Of course Homer also knew of Pylus as a city (“and they reached Pylus, the well-built city of Nestor’’),4 but the Alpheius does not flow through the city, nor past it either; in fact, another river flows past it, a river which some call “Pamisus” and others “ Amathus” (whence, apparently, the epithet “ Emathoéis” which has been applied to this Pylus), but the Alpheius flows through the Pylian country.

2. What is now the city of Elis had not yet been founded in Homer's time; in fact, the people of the country lived only in villages. And the country was called Coelé® Elis from the fact in the case, for the most and best of it was “Coelé.” It was only relatively late, after the Persian wars, that people came together from many communities into what is now the city of Elis. And I might almost say that, with only a few exceptions, the other Peloponnesian places named by the poet were also named by him, not as cities, but as countries, each country being composed of several communities, from which in later times the well-known cities were settled. For instance, in Arcadia, Mantineia was settled by Argive colonists from five communities; and ~Tegea from nine; and also Heraea from nine, either by Cleombrotus or by Cleonymus. And in

8 Tad 5. 645. * Odyssey 3. 4. 5 Literally, ‘ Hollow” ; that is, consisting of hollows, So ‘*Coelé Syria” (16. 2. 2), a district of Syria,

2I

STRABO

Alytov é& émta 4 bxtTe Sypwv cuveroricGn, Ildtpac 86 é& érra, Ady 8é é& ont: otto 88 Kat ef > a ‘8 / 1 , 9 Hrs ee tOv meprorxidwy avveTrorAicby! (pia ToUTwY TpocKTia ...... Aypidbes).2 pet dé fal i 51a THs TOXEws Oo Unveros woTayos Tapa TO yup- vacov aitis. émpakdv te totro Heitor ypovors barepoy Toddots THs els aVTOUS pEeTATTdTEWS TOV Yopiov TOV vTd To Néoropt. 3. Hy b€ radrta # re Iecdtis, hs 1%) OdXvptria / e / \ € n ’ pépos, Kat 7 Tpipvrta cat % Tav Kavewvov, b] n Tpepdrtor é exrjOnoav amd tod cupBeBnKorTos, b) “ a / / “a ’ aTro Tov Tpia hirAa cuvedynrAvoévat, TO TE TOY aT apxis ‘Eveadv cal to tev érotnnodvtwr borepov Muvvav xal ro Tay botata émiKpatnodavTwY e >? a a *"Hrciwv' of & dvtl Trav Muvvdv ’Apeddas daciv, > f a 4 ? b ’ e apgisBytncavras THS Ywopas ToddAdKs, ad. od a ¢ kai ’Apxabsxos Tvnros &ed07 6 adtos Kal Tpidv- Ataxos. “Opunpos b€ tavtHv dtracay Thy yopav péexpt Mecaonuns caret IlvAov opwvipws TH TOC. 24 . f € , > ? XN A e \ n ote b€ Stdptato % Kotdn "Hrs dd trav bro Th 1 After cuveroAlc6n Corais inserts dxrd (n’); but Curtius ( Peloponnesos ii. 99) dissents.

2 ula todtav mpooktia. .... ». Aypiddes; so in A, with lacuna of six or seven letters before 'Aypiddes. But the whole of pla... ’Aypiddes is omitted by BClm, with no

lacuna. for the readings of gkhz (similar to A), see C. Miller, p. 989. Simply pla roétwy, Aldine; pula ro'rwy [otca], Corais; Kramer follows A, supplying the lacuna thus: mpooktia[Gercav]; Meineke makes no effort to supply the lacuna, Jones conjectures: pla 5: rovrwy mpocexriadn, *Aviypiades.

1 It seems impossible to restore what Strabo wrote here, He appears to have said either (1) that Elis was the name

22

GEOGRAPHY, 8. 3. 2-3

the same way the city Aegium was made up of seven or eight communities; the city Patrae of seven; and the city Dymé of eight. And in this way the city Elis was also made up of the com- munities of the surrounding country (one of these . .. the Agriades)1 The Peneius River flows through the city past the gymnasium. And the Eleians did not make this gymnasium until a long time after the districts that were under Nestor had passed into their possession. 3. These districts were Pisatis (of which Olympia was a part), Triphylia, and the country of the Cauconians, The Triphylians? were so called from the fact that three tribes of people had come together in that country—that of the Epeians, who were there at the outset, and that of the Minyans, who later settled there, and that of the Eleians, who Jast dominated the country. But some name the Arcadians in the place of the Minyans, since the Arcadians had often disputed the possession of the country; and hence the same Pylus was called both Arcadian Pylus and Triphylian Pylus.8 Homer calls this whole country as far as Messené “ Pylus,” giving it the same name as the city. But Coelé Elis was distinct from the places subject to Nestor,

of one of the original communities and that the community of the Agriades was later added, or simply (2) that one of the communities, that of the Agviades, was later added, But the ‘‘ Agriades” are otherwise unknown, and possibly, as C. Miiller (Ind. Var. Lect., p. 989) su gests, Strabo wrote ‘‘Anigriades”—if indeed there was such a people (see 8. 3. 19). See critical note on opposite page,

2 Tri,” three, and ‘ phyla,” tribes,

* Now Kakovatos (Dr. Blegen, Korakou, p. 119, American School of Classical Studies, 1921),

23

STRABO

Néctop: rérav, 6 Tav vedv KaTadoyos Syrot Tos TOV Wyenovey Kal TOY KaTOLKLaDY ovopact. Aéyoo 88 tadta, cupBddr(ov td Te vdv Kal Ta UP’ ‘Oprpov reyopevas avdyen yap avrekerater Oat radta éxelvors Sid THY TOD momTtod Sdtav Kal cuvtpodiay mpos Huds, Tote vopilovTos éxdo Tov katopbodcba, Thy wapodcay mpddcow, dtav 7 pndev avrimintov toils obra apodpa mioTevdeiot mept Tov abtav royols Sel 8%) Ta Te dvTA Névyety kal, Ta TOD mounToD TapaTiOevTas, ed’ Scov Tpoc7- KEL, TPOTTKOTELD.

4, "Bort 5€ tus dpa ths "Hrelas mpoaBoppos dard éEixovta Adpns, Ayainiis Todews, “Apagos. ravTny pev ody apyny TiWemey THS TOY ’"Hreiov mapadias’ pera Sé tavryny éotiv el rHY éomépav mpoiodar To TOV "Hrciwv émiverov 1) Kuarrnvn, avdBaow éyovea emt thy viv Tédw éxaTov Kab elxoot cradiov. péuvntar d& Ths Kurdqvas rairns Kat “Opunpos, €yov "Orov* Kurdjreov dpxov "Erreav' od yap ao Tob "Apkadscod dpous dvra guerrev Hyepova tov “Eredv aropjvar ort 88 KouN peTpia, Tov ’AcKAnTLOV éxouca TOV Korwrou, Gavpacrov idseiv Eoavov édhepavtivor. neta 5&é Kuddjfvnv dxpwrnpioy éotw 6 XeAwvaras,

C 338 Sucpixorarov THs [leXoTovyncov onuelov. 1 pOKel- rat 8 avtov vnctov nal Bpaxéa év peOopiors THs te Koidns "HatdSos cal tis Ilecatdv, oben eis

1 *Orov, Xylander, for Borwrar,

i

1 Iliad 15. 518, 2 Mt. Cyllené, now Mt. Zyria.

24

GEOGRAPHY, 8. 3. 3-4

as is shown in the Catalogue of Ships by the names of the chieftains and of their abodes. I say this because I am comparing present conditions with those described by Homer; for we must needs institute this comparison because of the fame of the poet and because of our familiarity with him from our childhood, since all of us believe that we have not successfully treated any subject which we may have in hand until there remains in our treat- ment nothing that conflicts with what the poet says on the same subject, such confidence do we have in his words. Accordingly, I must give conditions as they now are, and then, citing the words of the poet, in so far as they bear on the matter, take them also into consideration.