The European Union took the next step on Thursday toward collecting new tariffs on Chinese electric cars, telling automakers to obtain guarantees from banks that they would be able to pay the taxes set to be made final in October.

週四，歐盟朝著對中國電動汽車徵收新關稅邁出了下一步，要求汽車製造商獲得銀行擔保，確保它們有能力支付10月最終確定的稅款。

The move was expected. The bloc had said on June 12 that it would impose additional tariffs of 17 to 38 percent on electric vehicles imported from China. An investigation by the European Union had found what officials in Brussels describe as unfair subsidies by the Chinese government for electric car manufacturers.

這是意料之中的一步。歐盟在今年6月12日表示，將對從中國進口的電動汽車加徵17%至38%的關稅。歐盟的一項調查發現了被歐盟官員描述為中國政府對電動汽車製造商提供不公平補貼的問題。

The Chinese government has denied that it subsidizes the industry. Beijing contends that low prices for electric cars made in China reflect vigorous competition and innovation instead.

中國政府否認對該行業進行了補貼。中國政府認為，本國製造的電動汽車價格低廉反映的是激烈的競爭和創新。

The two sides began talks on June 22 to try to resolve the dispute. “We are continuing to engage intensively with China on a mutually acceptable solution,” said Valdis Dombrovskis, the E.U. trade commissioner.

雙方已於6月22日開始談判，試圖解決有關爭端。「我們將繼續與中國密切合作，尋求雙方都能接受的解決方案，」歐盟貿易專員瓦爾迪斯·東布羅夫斯基斯說。

The imposition of provisional tariffs requires automakers to provide European countries with financial guarantees of eventual payment, although they do not need to send money yet.

暫行關稅要求汽車製造商向歐洲國家提供最終付款的金融擔保，儘管目前還不需要付款。

The provisional tariffs vary considerably by automaker based on the European Union’s estimates of the scale of each Chinese manufacturer’s government subsidies. The highest tariffs are being imposed on manufacturers that disclosed little about their subsidies, including a tariff of 37.6 percent on SAIC Motor. Lower tariffs apply to BYD, at 17.4 percent, and Geely, at 19.9 percent.

根據歐盟對每個製造商從政府獲得補貼額度的估算，各車企被徵收的暫行關稅稅率存在較大差異。對幾乎不披露補貼情況的製造商徵收的關稅最高，比如對上汽集團徵收37.6%的關稅。對比亞迪和吉利徵收的關稅較低，分別為17.4%和19.9%。

Automakers will need to guarantee that they will be able to make payment for vehicles that arrive in the European Union starting Friday, for a period that runs through October. However, the bloc must still determine in the coming months if the subsidies for Chinese cars have caused significant harm in Europe’s car market.

汽車製造商們需要獲得擔保，確保它們能夠支付從週五開始直至今年10月運入歐盟的汽車所加徵的關稅。但歐盟仍需要在未來幾個月裡確定中國政府對汽車製造商的補貼是否給歐洲汽車市場造成了顯著傷害。

Worries are spreading among governments around the world that China is seeking to export its way out of economic difficulty as a housing market crash has made Chinese households less willing to spend. In May, President Biden quadrupled U.S. additional tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles, to 100 percent.

各國政府擔心，隨著房地產市場的崩潰導致中國家庭的消費意願降低，它正尋求通過出口擺脫國內的經濟困境。今年5月，拜登總統將美國對中國電動汽車加徵的關稅提高至以前的四倍，使稅率達到100%。

Turkey imposed 40 percent additional tariffs last month on gasoline-powered and hybrid gasoline-electric cars imported from China. Turkey had already put additional tariffs last year on China’s electric cars. On Tuesday, Canada began a trade investigation that could also lead to tariffs on electric cars from China.

土耳其上個月對從中國進口的汽油驅動和油電混合動力汽車加徵了40%的關稅。土耳其去年已對中國的電動汽車加徵了關稅。週二，加拿大開啟了一項貿易調查，也可能導致對來自中國的電動汽車加徵關稅。

Brazil is gradually raising tariffs on electric cars imported from any country starting this month, after a surge in imports from China early this year.

從中國進口的電動汽車數量今年初出現激增後，巴西從本月起逐步提高從所有國家進口的電動汽車關稅。

China has threatened to retaliate against the European Union. Its Ministry of Commerce said on June 17 that it had opened an investigation into whether pork from the European Union was being dumped in China at unfairly low prices. The case could result in tariffs on dozens of products, from pork chops to pickled pig intestines.

中國威脅要對歐盟進行報復。中國商務部6月17日表示，已對來自歐盟的豬肉是否以不公平的低價傾銷到中國展開調查，可能導致對從豬排到腌豬腸等數十種產品徵收關稅。

In January, the commerce ministry began a trade case against imports of Cognac and other European wine-based spirits that come mainly from France. The French government has been an early supporter of tariffs on electric cars from China.

今年1月，中國商務部對干邑白蘭地和其他用葡萄釀製的歐洲烈酒的進口展開貿易調查，這些酒主要來自法國。法國政府在較早的時候就支持對中國電動汽車加徵關稅。

China’s car industry has suggested that the ministry impose tariffs on large gasoline-powered cars imported from the European Union if the bloc puts tariffs on electric cars. China has a 40 percent sales tax on cars and sport utility vehicles with very large gasoline engines, almost all of which are imported from North America or Europe.

中國汽車行業已建議商業部對從歐盟進口的大型汽油動力汽車加徵關稅，如果歐盟對中國電動汽車徵收關稅的話。中國對配備了大型汽油發動機的轎車和運動型多用途車徵收40%的銷售稅，這些汽車幾乎全部從北美或歐洲進口。

China also has a basic tariff of 15 percent on imported cars. Europe has a basic tariff for cars of 10 percent and the United States has a 2.5 percent tariff. The various tariffs now being drafted or imposed are in addition to these basic tariffs.

中國還對進口汽車徵收15%的基本關稅。歐洲對進口汽車徵收的基本關稅為10%，美國的基本關稅為2.5%。目前正在起草或徵收的各種汽車進口關稅是在這些基本關稅的基礎之上。

China is returning to the playbook that it followed during its last big trade dispute with the European Union, in 2013 over China’s shipments of solar panels to Europe at low prices. Back then, Beijing persuaded Germany to lead a coalition of E.U. member countries that blocked solar panel tariffs.

中國正在重操上次與歐盟發生大的貿易爭端時採用的策略，那次爭端發生在2013年，針對的是中國以低價向歐洲出口太陽能電池板的問題。當時，中國政府說服德國帶領一個歐盟成員國聯盟阻止了歐盟對來自中國的太陽能電池板徵收關稅。

But it might be harder for China to stop the electric vehicle tariffs. Europe’s solar industry was decimated a decade ago after the union rescinded its tariffs. Few in Europe want electric car production to suffer a similar fate.

但對中國來說，阻止對電動汽車加徵關稅也許更難。十年前，歐盟取消了對中國太陽能電池板的關稅後，當地的太陽能行業遭受了重創。歐洲幾乎沒有人想看到電動汽車行業遭遇同樣的命運。

The European Union has also tightened its rules for countries to overturn tariffs. China would need to win over a majority of member countries in a final vote in October, and those countries would have to represent at least 65 percent of the bloc’s population.

歐盟也收緊了有關成員國推翻關稅的規定。在今年10月的最終投票中，中國需要贏得半數以上成員國的支持，而且，這些國家的人口總合需要至少佔歐盟人口的65%。

Member countries will also hold a preliminary vote in two weeks on whether they support the provisional tariffs. But the vote is not binding on the European Commission, the bloc’s executive body.

歐盟成員國還將在兩周後對是否支持暫定關稅舉行初步投票。但投票結果對歐盟執行機構歐盟委員會不具有約束力。

Chinese automakers are starting to build factories in Europe to meet demand and avoid tariffs, following a strategy pioneered by Japanese automakers to bypass trade restrictions in the United States. “It’s just like what Toyota did in the 1980s,” said John Zeng, an analyst at GlobalData Automotive.

中國汽車製造商已開始在歐洲建廠以滿足需求，避免關稅，這是日本汽車製造商為繞過美國貿易限制最先採取的策略。「這很像豐田在20世紀80年代的做法，」GlobalData Automotive的分析師曾志凌說。

But China has a glut of car factories at home, with the capacity to build twice as many cars as are sold in China, which is the world’s largest car market.

但中國已在國內建了過多的汽車廠，它們的產能是國內汽車銷量的兩倍，中國是世界最大的汽車市場。

The trade case has produced a split in Europe’s car industry. German carmakers have opposed the tariffs. They face steeply declining sales in China as Chinese automakers have gained market share at their expense. So German carmakers are increasingly exporting from their factories in China, including to Europe.

有關汽車貿易的問題已在歐洲汽車行業引起分裂。德國汽車製造商反對對中國電動汽車加徵關稅。隨著中國汽車製造商在國內市場的份額增加，德國汽車製造商的份額下降，它們面臨著中國銷量急劇下滑的問題。因此，德國汽車製造商正越來越多地將它們在中國工廠生產的汽車出口到海外，包括歐洲。

But auto parts manufacturers in Europe have tended to favor the imposition of tariffs, as big automakers like Volkswagen increasingly assemble cars from parts made by Chinese companies.

但歐洲的汽車零部件製造商傾向於對中國電動汽車加徵關稅，因為大眾汽車等大型汽車製造商正在越來越多地使用中國公司生產的零部件組裝汽車。