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{{essay-like|date=December 2012}}
{{Race}}
A neurological look at race is multifaceted. The [[cross-race effect]]
▲A neurological look at race is multifaceted. The [[cross-race effect]], which is a bias or tendency for people to be more familiar with a face of the same race compared to members of another race, has been neurologically explained by there being differences in brain processing while viewing same-race and other-race faces.<ref name="Ito"/> There is a debate over the cause of the cross-race effect being due to lack of exposure to other-race faces, or a stereotype/personal belief that affects brain processing.<ref name="HerzmannWillenbockel2011"/><ref name="HugenbergYoung2010"/>
==Techniques==
[[Neurotechnology]] enables studying the brain and racial interactions, though this study can be difficult because these interactions can be hard to replicate. Face recognition tests are the most commonly used method in studying racial interactions.<ref name="HerzmannWillenbockel2011">{{cite journal |last1=Herzmann |first1=Grit |last2=Willenbockel |first2=Verena |last3=Tanaka |first3=James W. |last4=Curran |first4=Tim |title=The neural correlates of memory encoding and recognition for own-race and other-race faces |journal=Neuropsychologia |date=September 2011 |volume=49 |issue=11
An [[implicit association test]] (IAC) is often used to measure the racial bias of people in studies by testing what objects, whether positive or negative, people associate with same-race or other-race faces.<ref name="KubotaBanaji2012"/>
==Cross-race effect==
Many studies researching racial interactions analyze the [[cross-race effect]]. This is a bias or tendency for people to be more familiar with a face of the same race compared to members of another race. This is characterized
===Facial recognition===
The first step the brain does to encode a memory is to process the face. The lateral [[fusiform gyrus]] is a facial recognition area of the brain.<ref name="Ito">{{cite journal |last1=Ito
===Memory===
[[Top-down and bottom-up design|Top-down and bottom-up processing]] are terms used to describe the differences in memory processing when observing same-race and other-race faces. Bottom-up processing puts together pieces of a whole and develops one grand picture. Top-down processing uses more initial cognitive work by breaking down the whole picture into pieces, and then analyzing those pieces. Bottom-up processing is used in processing same-race faces, and requires much less brain activation than top-down processing, which is used while processing other-race faces. When bottom-up brain processing is used while viewing same-race faces, a holistic face in perceived, encoded and remembered. When top-down brain processing is used while viewing other-race faces, only features of the face are perceived and encoded.<ref>
===Theories of origin===
There are two main theories that attempt to explain the origin of the cross-race effect: the perceptual expertise hypothesis and the social cognitive hypothesis. The perceptual expertise hypothesis states that the cross-race effect is due to lack of exposure to other cultures and is not hard-wired. Strong evidence for this hypothesis is a decreasing cross-race effect in immigrants that have assimilated to a culture for a few years.<ref name="HerzmannWillenbockel2011"/> Another finding in support of this hypothesis is the reversibility of the cross-race effect in ethnic adopted children.<ref name="Sangrigoli">{{cite journal |
===Amygdala===
The [[amygdala]], which is the most researched brain region in racism studies, shows much greater activation while viewing other-race faces than same-race faces.<ref name="Ito"/><ref name="KubotaBanaji2012"/><ref name="Phelps1">{{cite journal |
[[File:Brain Racism Complex.jpg|thumb|Collaboration of brain areas in responding to other-race faces. Amygdala signals to the ACC. The ACC and DLPFC communicate with each other. The DLPFC controls the amygdala.]]
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==Corrections==
Though there is an innate initial negative response while viewing other-race faces, the brain regions that control this response are malleable. The ACC and DLPFC both regulate the amygdala’s initial negative response. Many studies show that the initial racial bias can be changed through different situational contexts and motivations.<ref name="KubotaBanaji2012"/> Differences in amygdala activation have diminished when other-race faces of famous or respected people are viewed, showing that amygdala activation can be controlled through personal beliefs.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Richeson | first1 = J.A. |display-authors=etal | year = 2003 | title = An fMRI investigation of the impact of interracial contact on executive function
==Anatomical differences==
There has been limited research on actual neurological differences among ethnic groups. This is believed to be due to low participation in experiments by minority groups{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}. However, some research has shown some
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:
[[Category:Race (human categorization)]]
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