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{{Short description|Comics or graphic novels created in Japan}}
{{About|
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{{Use American English|date=December 2021}}
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{{Culture of Japan}}
{{Nihongo|'''Manga'''|漫画||{{IPA-ja|maŋga|IPA|TomJ-Manga.ogg}}{{efn|{{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|m|æ|ŋ|ɡ|ə}}; {{IPAc-en|also|US|ˈ|m|ɑː|ŋ|ɡ|ə}}}}}} are [[comics]] or [[graphic novel]]s originating from [[Japan]].<ref name="Merriam-Webster">{{Harvnb|Merriam-Webster|2009}}</ref> Most manga conform to a style developed in Japan in the late
In Japan, people of all ages and walks of life read manga. The medium includes works in a broad range of [[genre]]s: [[Action fiction|action]], [[Adventure fiction|adventure]], business and commerce, [[comedy]], [[Detective fiction|detective]], [[drama]], [[Historical fiction|historical]], [[Horror fiction|horror]], [[Mystery fiction|mystery]], [[Romance novel|romance]], [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]], [[Erotic literature|erotica]] (''[[hentai]]'' and ''[[ecchi]]''), [[Sports novel|sports]] and games, and suspense, among others.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mit.edu/~rei/manga-list.html |title=Manga/Anime topics |website=mit.edu |access-date=22 June 2017 |archive-
Since the 1950s, manga has become an increasingly major part of the Japanese publishing industry.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kinsella|2000}}, {{Harvnb|Schodt|1996}}</ref> By 1995, the manga market in Japan was valued at {{JPY|586.4 billion|link=yes}} ({{US$|6{{ndash}}7 billion|long=no|link=yes}}),{{sfn|Schodt|1996|pp=19–20}} with annual sales of 1.9{{nbsp}}billion manga books and [[manga magazines]] (also known as manga anthologies) in Japan (equivalent to 15{{nbsp}}issues per person).<ref name="Indianapolis">{{cite news |title=Manga, anime rooted in Japanese history |last=Mullen |first=Ruth |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/107097112/ |work=[[The Indianapolis Star]] |date=2 August 1997 |language=en |page=44 |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=29 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530035505/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/107097112/ |archive-date=30 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020 Japan's manga market value hit a new record of ¥612.6 billion due to the fast growth of digital manga sales as well as increase of print sales.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-02-26/manga-market-in-japan-hits-record-612.6-billion-yen-in-2020/.169987 |title=Manga Market in Japan Hits Record 612.6 Billion Yen in 2020 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |date=26 February 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114025427/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-02-26/manga-market-in-japan-hits-record-612.6-billion-yen-in-2020/.169987 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.statista.com/topics/7559/manga-industry-in-japan/#topicHeader__wrapper |title=Manga industry in Japan - statistics and facts |website=Statista |date=
As of 2021, the top four comics publishers in the world are manga publishers [[Shueisha]], [[Kodansha]], [[Kadokawa Future Publishing|Kadokawa]], and [[Shogakukan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://comicbook.com/anime/news/manga-webtoon-sales-western-comics/ |title=
Manga stories are typically printed in [[black-and-white]]—due to time constraints, artistic reasons (as coloring could lessen the impact of the artwork)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/07/why-are-u-s-comics-colored-and-japanese-mangas-not.html |title=Why Are U.S. Comics Colored and Japanese Mangas Not? |work=Slate |date=
Manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in other parts of the world, particularly in those places that speak Chinese ("[[manhua]]"), Korean ("[[manhwa]]"), English ("[[OEL manga]]"), and French ("[[manfra]]"), as well as in the nation of Algeria ("DZ-manga").<ref>{{Harvnb|Webb|2006}}</ref><ref name="Wong 2002">{{Harvnb|Wong|2002}}</ref>
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[[File:Manga in Jp.svg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|The [[kanji]] for "manga" from the preface to ''Shiji no yukikai'' (1798)]]
The word "manga" comes from the Japanese word {{nihongo2|漫画}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Rousmaniere|2001|p=54}}, {{Harvnb|Thompson|2007|p=xiii}}, {{Harvnb|Prohl|Nelson|2012|p=596}},{{Harvnb|Fukushima|2013|p=19}}</ref> ([[katakana]]: {{lang|ja|マンガ}}; [[hiragana]]: {{lang|ja|まんが}}), composed of the two [[kanji]] {{nihongo2|漫}} (man) meaning "whimsical or impromptu" and {{nihongo2|画}} (ga) meaning "pictures".<ref name="
The word first came into common usage in the late 18th century<ref name="Prohl 2012 596">{{Harvnb|Prohl|Nelson|2012|p=596}},{{Harvnb|McCarthy|2014|p=6}}</ref> with the publication of such works as [[Santō Kyōden]]'s picturebook ''Shiji no yukikai'' (1798),<ref name="
In Japanese, "manga" refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, and animation. Among English speakers, "manga" has the stricter meaning of "Japanese comics", in parallel to the usage of "[[anime]]" in and outside Japan. The term "[[ani-manga]]" is used to describe comics produced from animation cels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.animecornerstore.com/inuyaanno.html |title=Inu Yasha Ani-MangaGraphic Novels |publisher=Animecornerstore.com |date=1 November 1999
== History and characteristics ==
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[[File:Sazae-san kamishibai.jpg|thumb|right|A ''[[Kamishibai|kami-shibai]]'' story teller from ''[[Sazae-san]]'' by [[Machiko Hasegawa]]. Sazae appears with her hair in a bun.]]
Manga originated from ''[[emakimono]]'' (scrolls), ''[[Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga]]'', dating back to the 12th century.<ref name="Widewalls"/><ref name="daini"/> During the [[Edo period]] (1603–1867), a book of drawings titled ''Toba Ehon'' further developed what would later be called manga.<ref name="Widewalls">{{cite web |last=Kageyama |first=Y. |title=A Short History of Japanese Manga |url=http://www.widewalls.ch/japanese-manga-comics-history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528051728/http://www.widewalls.ch/japanese-manga-comics-history/ |website=Widewalls.ch |date=24 September 2016 |archive-date=28 May 2020 |access-date=27 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="daini">{{cite web |url=https://artscape.jp/artscape/eng/ht/0712index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421042205/https://artscape.jp/artscape/eng/ht/0712index.html |title=MedievalManga in Midtown: The Choju-Giga at the Suntory Museum |publisher=
Writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga. One view represented by other writers such as [[Frederik L. Schodt]], Kinko Ito, and Adam L. Kern, stress continuity of Japanese cultural and aesthetic traditions, including pre-war, [[Meiji period|Meiji]], and [[Meiji Restoration|pre-Meiji]] [[Culture of Japan|culture]] and [[Japanese art|art]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Schodt|1986}}, {{Harvnb|Ito|2004}}, {{Harvnb|Kern|2006}}, {{Harvnb|Kern|2007}}</ref> The other view, emphasizes events occurring during and after the [[Occupied Japan|Allied occupation of Japan]] (1945–1952), and stresses U.S. cultural influences, including U.S. comics (brought to Japan by the [[G.I. (military)|GIs]]) and images and themes from U.S. television, film, and cartoons (especially [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]).<ref>{{Harvnb|Kinsella|2000}}, {{Harvnb|Schodt|1986}}</ref>
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The role of girls and women in manga produced for male readers has evolved considerably over time to include those featuring single pretty girls (''[[bishōjo]]'')<ref>{{Harvnb|Perper|Cornog|2002|pp=60–63}}</ref> such as [[Belldandy]] from ''[[Oh My Goddess! (manga)|Oh My Goddess!]]'', stories where such girls and women surround the hero, as in ''[[Negima!: Magister Negi Magi|Negima]]'' and ''[[Hanaukyo Maid Team]]'', or groups of heavily armed female warriors (''sentō bishōjo'')<ref>{{Harvnb|Gardner|2003}}</ref>
By the turn of the 21st century, manga "achieved worldwide popularity".<ref name="
With the relaxation of censorship in Japan in the 1990s, an assortment of explicit sexual material appeared in manga intended for male readers, and correspondingly continued into the English translations.<ref name="PCmono">{{Harvnb|Perper|Cornog|2002}}</ref> In 2010, the [[Tokyo Metropolitan Government]] considered a bill to restrict minors' access to such content.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T101213003771.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120065145/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T101213003771.htm |archive-date=20 January 2013 |work=The Yomiuri Shimbun |title=Tokyo Moves a Step Closer to Manga Porn Crackdown |date=14 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Update inline|reason=Was it passed by the full assembly?|date=July 2020}}
The ''[[gekiga]]'' style of storytelling—thematically somber, adult-oriented, and sometimes deeply violent—focuses on the day-in, day-out grim realities of life, often drawn in a gritty and unvarnished fashion.<ref>{{cite web |title=
== Publications and exhibition ==
[[File:Delegates of 3rd Asian Cartoon Exhibition.JPG|thumb|left|Delegates of 3rd Asian Cartoon Exhibition, held at Tokyo (Annual Manga Exhibition) by The [[Japan Foundation]]<ref>''Manga Hai Kya'', Comics : Shekhar Gurera [http://www.readwhere.com/read/154198/g4u-MEDIA/Manga-Hai-Kya-Comics-#page/1/2 The Pioneer, New Delhi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510062823/http://www.readwhere.com/read/154198/g4u-MEDIA/Manga-Hai-Kya-Comics-#page/1/2 |date=10 May 2017 }}</ref>]]
[[File:MangaStoreJapan.jpg|thumb|A manga store in Japan]]
<!--In a sense, this section focuses on how manga is published, how much is published, and basically describes the state of the current industry.-->
In Japan, manga constituted an annual 40.6 billion yen (approximately US$395 million) publication-industry by 2007.<ref name="IndustrySize">{{Harvnb|Cube|2007}}</ref> In 2006 sales of manga books made up for about 27% of total book-sales, and sale of manga magazines, for 20% of total magazine-sales.<ref name=mangatrends>{{cite web |
</ref> The manga industry has expanded worldwide, where distribution companies license and reprint manga into their native languages.
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=== Magazines ===
{{See also|List of manga magazines|List of Japanese manga magazines by circulation}}
[[File:
''E-shimbun Nippon-chi'' (1874), published by [[Kanagaki Robun]] and [[Kawanabe Kyosai]], is credited as the first manga magazine ever made.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arn |first1=Jackson |title=The Japanese 'demon of painting' who invented manga in 1874 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/japanese-manga-kawanabe-kyosai/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=4 June 2024 |language=en |date=14 December 2018}}</ref>
{{Nihongo|Manga magazines or anthologies|漫画雑誌|manga zasshi}} usually have many series running concurrently with approximately 20–40 pages allocated to each series per issue. Other magazines such as the anime fandom magazine ''[[Newtype]]'' featured single chapters within their monthly periodicals. Other magazines like ''[[Nakayoshi]]'' feature many stories written by many different artists; these magazines, or "anthology magazines", as they are also known (colloquially "phone books"), are usually printed on low-quality newsprint and can be anywhere from 200 to more than 850 pages thick. Manga magazines also contain [[One-shot (comics)|one-shot comics]] and various four-panel ''[[yonkoma]]'' (equivalent to [[comic strip]]s). Manga series can run for many years if they are successful. Popular shonen magazines include ''[[Weekly Shōnen Jump]]'', ''[[Weekly Shōnen Magazine]]'' and ''[[Weekly Shōnen Sunday]]'' - Popular shoujo manga include ''[[Ciao (magazine)|Ciao]]'', ''[[Nakayoshi]]'' and ''[[Ribon]]''. Manga artists sometimes start out with a few "one-shot" manga projects just to try to get their name out. If these are successful and receive good reviews, they are continued. Magazines often have a short life.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schodt|1996|p=101}}</ref>
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== Digital manga ==
Thanks to the advent of the internet, there have been new ways for aspiring mangaka to upload and sell their manga online. Before, there were two main ways in which a mangaka's work could be published: taking their manga drawn on paper to a publisher themselves, or submitting their work to competitions run by magazines.<ref name="
=== Web manga ===
In recent years, there has been a rise in manga released digitally. Web manga, as it is known in Japan, has seen an increase thanks in part to image hosting websites where anyone can upload pages from their works for free. Although released digitally, almost all web manga sticks to the conventional black-and-white format despite some never getting physical publication. [[Pixiv]] is the most popular site where amateur and professional work gets published on the site. It has grown to be the most visited site for artwork in Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/12/13/pixiv-manga-girl-japan-redesign/ |title=How Pixiv Built Japan's 12th Largest Site With Manga-Girl Drawings (Redesign Sneak Peek And Invites) |date=14 December 2011 |access-date=11 May 2018 |archive-date=11 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511150158/https://techcrunch.com/2011/12/13/pixiv-manga-girl-japan-redesign/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Twitter]] has also become a popular place for web manga with many artists releasing pages weekly on their accounts in the hope of their work getting picked up or published professionally. One of the best examples of an amateur work becoming professional is ''[[One-Punch Man]]'' which was released online and later received a professional remake released digitally and an anime adaptation soon thereafter.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/03/07-1/one-punch-man-anime-greenlit |title="One-Punch Man" Anime Greenlit |first=Paul |last=Chapman |website=Crunchyroll |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805063400/http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/03/07-1/one-punch-man-anime-greenlit |url-status=live }}</ref>
Many of the big print publishers have also released digital only magazines and websites where web manga get published alongside their serialized magazines. [[Shogakukan]] for instance has two websites, Sunday Webry and Ura Sunday, that release weekly chapters for web manga and even offer contests for mangaka to submit their work. Both Sunday Webry and Ura Sunday have become one of the top web manga sites in Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2017/12/28/watch-hayate-the-combat-butler-manga-authors-drawing-video-of-nagi |title=Watch "Hayate the Combat Butler" Manga Author's Drawing Video of Nagi |first=Mikikazu |last=Komatsu |website=Crunchyroll |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630214137/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2017/12/28/watch-hayate-the-combat-butler-manga-authors-drawing-video-of-nagi |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2017/12/06/brawny-battling-manga-kengan-ashura-makes-the-leap-to-anime |title=Brawny Battling Manga "Kengan Ashura" Makes the Leap to Anime |first=Paul |last=Chapman |website=Crunchyroll |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515105713/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2017/12/06/brawny-battling-manga-kengan-ashura-makes-the-leap-to-anime |url-status=live }}</ref> Some have even released apps that teach how to draw professional manga and learn how to create them. ''[[Weekly Shōnen Jump]]'' released ''Jump Paint'', an app that guides users on how to make their own manga from making storyboards to digitally inking lines. It also offers more than 120 types of pen tips and more than 1,000 screentones for artists to practice.<ref name="
The rise web manga has also been credited to smartphones and computers as more and more readers read manga on their phones rather than from a print publication. While paper manga has seen a decrease over time, digital manga have been growing in sales each year. The Research Institute for Publications reports that sales of digital manga books excluding magazines jumped 27.1 percent to ¥146 billion in 2016 from the year before while sales of paper manga saw a record year-on-year decline of 7.4 percent to ¥194.7 billion. They have also said that if the digital and paper keep the same growth and drop rates, web manga would exceed their paper counterparts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/08/02/business/manga-goes-digital-via-smartphone-apps-paper-comics-still-place/ |title=As manga goes digital via smartphone apps, do paper comics still have a place? |first=Kazuaki |last=Nagata |date=2 August 2017 |newspaper=Japan Times Online |access-date=11 May 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722131014/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/08/02/business/manga-goes-digital-via-smartphone-apps-paper-comics-still-place/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020 manga sales topped the ¥600 billion mark for the first time in history, beating the 1995 peak due to a fast growth of the digital manga market which rose by ¥82.7 billion from a previous year, surpassing print manga sales which have also increased.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.asahi.com/sp/ajw/articles/14282699 |title=Manga sales top 600 billion yen in 2020 for first time on record |publisher=
=== Webtoons ===
While [[webtoons]] have caught on in popularity as a new medium for comics in Asia, Japan has been slow to adopt webtoons as the traditional format and print publication still dominate the way manga is created and consumed(although this is beginning to change). Despite this, one of the biggest webtoon publishers in the world, [[Comico (NHN Japan)|Comico]], has had success in the traditional Japanese manga market. Comico was launched by [[NHN Japan]], the Japanese subsidiary of Korean company, [[NHN Entertainment]]. As of now{{when|date=September 2020}}, there are only two webtoon publishers that publish Japanese webtoons: Comico and [[Naver Webtoon]] (under the name XOY in Japan). [[Kakao]] has also had success by offering licensed manga and translated Korean webtoons with their service [[Piccoma]]. All three companies credit their success to the webtoon pay model where users can purchase each chapter individually instead of having to buy the whole book while also offering some chapters for free for a period of time allowing anyone to read a whole series for free if they wait long enough.<ref>{{cite web |url=
== International markets ==
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[[File:Manga reading direction.svg|thumb|upright|The reading direction in a traditional manga]]
Traditionally, manga stories flow from top to bottom and from [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|right to left]]. Some publishers of translated manga keep to this original format. Other publishers mirror the pages horizontally before printing the translation, changing the reading direction to a more "Western" left to right, so as not to confuse foreign readers or traditional comics-consumers. This practice is known as "flipping".<ref name="Farago">{{Harvnb|Farago|2007}}</ref> For the most part, criticism suggests that flipping goes against the original intentions of the creator (for example, if a person wears a shirt that reads "MAY" on it, and gets flipped, then the word is altered to "YAM"), who may be ignorant of how awkward it is to read comics when the eyes must flow through the pages and text in opposite directions, resulting in an experience that's quite distinct from reading something that flows homogeneously. If the translation is not adapted to the flipped artwork carefully enough it is also possible for the text to go against the picture, such as a person referring to something on their left in the text while pointing to their right in the graphic. Characters shown writing with their right hands, the majority of them, would become left-handed when a series is flipped. Flipping may also cause oddities with familiar asymmetrical objects or layouts, such as a car being depicted with the gas pedal on the left and the brake on the right, or a shirt with the buttons on the wrong side, however these issues are minor when compared to the unnatural reading flow, and some of them could be solved with an adaptation work that goes beyond just translation and blind flipping.<ref>{{cite news |author=Randal, Bill |url=http://archives.tcj.com/sp2005/intro.html |title=English, For Better or Worse |work=[[The Comics Journal]] |date=2005 |edition=Special |publisher=[[Fantagraphics Books]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323204112/http://archives.tcj.com/sp2005/intro.html |archive-date=23 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Asia ===
{{see also|Japanese influence on Korean culture|Japanese influence on Chinese culture}}
[[File:Manga bookshop in Hanoi, Vietnam.jpg|thumb|150px|Manga shelf in "Kim Đồng" bookstore, 55 Quang Trung, [[Hanoi]],
Manga has highly influenced the art styles of [[manhwa]] and [[manhua]].<ref>Sugiyama, Rika. Comic Artists—Asia: Manga, Manhwa, Manhua. New York: Harper, 2004. Introduces the work of comics artists in Japan, Korea, and Hong Kong through artist profiles and interviews that provide insight into their processes.
</ref> Manga in Indonesia is published by [[Elex Media Komputindo]], [[Level Comic]], [[M&C (publisher)|M&C]] and [[Gramedia]]. Manga has influenced Indonesia's original comic industry. Manga in the Philippines were imported from the US and were sold only in specialty stores and in limited copies. The first manga in Filipino language is [[Doraemon]] which was published by J-Line Comics and was then followed by [[Case Closed]].{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} In 2015, [[Boys' Love]] manga became popular through the introduction of BL manga by printing company BLACKink. Among the first BL titles to be printed were Poster Boy, Tagila, and Sprinters, all were written in
=== Europe ===
[[File:Sakura Eldorado.jpg|thumb|300px|The comic book and manga store ''Sakura Eldorado'' in [[Hamburg]],
Manga has influenced European cartooning in a way that is somewhat different from in the U.S. Broadcast anime in France and Italy opened the European market to manga during the 1970s.<ref name="Euromanga">{{Harvnb|Fishbein|2007}}</ref> French art has borrowed from Japan since the 19th century ([[Japonism]])<ref name="Japonisme">{{Harvnb|Berger|1992}}</ref> and has its own highly developed tradition of [[bande dessinée]] cartooning.<ref name="VollBD">{{Harvnb|Vollmar|2007}}</ref> Manga was introduced to France in the late 1990s, where Japanese pop culture became massively popular: in 2021, 55% of comics sold in the country were manga and France is the biggest manga importer.<ref name="mahousu">{{Harvnb|Mahousu|2005}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Mahousu|2005}}, {{Harvnb|ANN|2004}}, {{Harvnb|Riciputi|2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoad |first=Phil |date=
By mid-2021, 75 percent of the €300 value of {{ill|Culture Pass|fr|Pass Culture}} accounts given to French 18 year-olds was spent on manga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Breeden |first=Aurelien |date=
In 2021, the
Manga publishers based in the United Kingdom include [[Victor Gollancz Ltd|Gollancz]] and Titan Books.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} Manga publishers from the United States have a strong marketing presence in the United Kingdom: for example, the [[Tanoshimi]] line from [[Random House]].{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} In 2019 [[The British Museum]] held a [[The Citi Exhibition: Manga|mass exhibition dedicated to manga]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/exhibitions/manga |title=The Citi exhibition Manga マンガ |website=The British Museum |date=23 May 2019 |access-date=31 January 2022 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309131035/https://www.britishmuseum.org/exhibitions/manga |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/gallery/2019/may/18/manga-images-british-museum-exhibition |title=Manga in the frame: images from the British Museum exhibition |website=The Guardian |date=23 May 2019 |access-date=31 January 2022 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309131057/https://www.theguardian.com/books/gallery/2019/may/18/manga-images-british-museum-exhibition |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/may/23/manga-british-museum-elgin-marbles |title=Manga belongs in the British Museum as much as the Elgin marbles |website=The Guardian |date=
=== United States ===
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[[File:Young boy reading manga.jpg|thumb|left|A young boy reading ''[[Black Cat (manga)|Black Cat]]'']]
Japanese publishers began pursuing a U.S. market in the mid-1990s, due to a stagnation in the domestic market for manga.<ref name=Brienza2009>{{cite journal |last=Brienza |first=Casey E. |title=Books, Not Comics: Publishing Fields, Globalization, and Japanese Manga in the United States |journal=Publishing Research Quarterly |year=2009 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=101–117 |doi=10.1007/s12109-009-9114-2 |s2cid=143718638}}</ref> The U.S. manga market took an upturn with mid-1990s anime and manga versions of Masamune Shirow's ''[[Ghost in the Shell (manga)|Ghost in the Shell]]'' (translated by [[Frederik L. Schodt]] and [[Toren Smith]]) becoming very popular among fans.<ref>{{cite book |ref=gho |last=Kwok Wah Lau |first=Jenny |year=2003 |chapter=4 |title=Multiple modernities: cinemas and popular media in transcultural East Asia |page=78 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Temple University Press}}</ref> An extremely successful manga and anime translated and dubbed in English in the mid-1990s was ''[[Sailor Moon]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patten|2004|pp=50, 110, 124, 128, 135}}, {{Harvnb|Arnold|2000}}</ref> By 1995–1998, the [[Sailor Moon (manga)|''Sailor Moon'' manga]] had been exported to over 23 countries, including China, Brazil, Mexico, Australia, North America and most of Europe.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schodt|1996|p=95}}</ref> In 1997, Mixx Entertainment began publishing ''Sailor Moon'', along with [[Clamp (manga artists)|CLAMP]]'s ''[[Magic Knight Rayearth]]'', [[Hitoshi Iwaaki]]'s ''[[Parasyte]]'' and [[Tsutomu Takahashi]]'s ''[[Ice Blade]]'' in the monthly manga magazine ''[[MixxZine]]''. Mixx Entertainment, later renamed [[Tokyopop]], also published manga in [[trade paperback (comics)|trade paperbacks]] and, like Viz, began aggressive marketing of manga to both young male and young female demographics.<ref>{{Harvnb|Arnold|2000}}, {{Harvnb|Farago|2007}}, {{Harvnb|Bacon|2005}}</ref>
During this period, [[Dark Horse Manga]] was a major publisher of translated manga. In addition to ''[[Oh My Goddess! (manga)|Oh My Goddess!]]'', the company published ''[[Akira (manga)|Akira]]'', ''[[Astro Boy]]'', ''[[Berserk (manga)|Berserk]]'', ''[[Blade of the Immortal]]'', ''[[Ghost in the Shell (manga)|Ghost in the Shell]]'', ''[[Lone Wolf and Cub]]'', [[Yasuhiro Nightow]]'s ''[[Trigun]]'' and ''[[Blood Blockade Battlefront]]'', ''[[Gantz]]'', [[Kouta Hirano]]'s ''[[Hellsing]]'' and ''[[Drifters (manga)|Drifters]]'', ''[[Blood+]]'', ''[[Multiple Personality Detective Psycho]]'', ''[[FLCL]]'', ''[[Mob Psycho 100]]'', and ''[[Oreimo]]''. The company received 13 [[Eisner Award]] nominations for its manga titles, and three of the four manga creators admitted to [[The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame]] — [[Osamu Tezuka]], [[Kazuo Koike]], and [[Goseki Kojima]] — were published in Dark Horse translations.<ref>Horn, Carl Gustav. "Horsepower," (Dark Horse Comics, March 2007).</ref>
In the following years, manga became increasingly popular, and new publishers entered the field while the established publishers greatly expanded their catalogues.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schodt|1996|pp=308–319}}</ref> The [[List of Pokémon manga|''Pokémon'' manga]] ''[[Electric Tale of Pikachu]]'' issue #1 sold over 1{{nbsp}}million copies in the United States, making it the best-selling single [[comic book]] in the United States since 1993.<ref>{{cite news |title=The last million-selling comic book in North America? It's Batman vs. Pokémon for the title |url=http://blog.comichron.com/2014/05/batman-vs-pokemon-last-million-selling.html |work=Comichron |date=8 May 2014 |access-date=8 September 2018 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509012448/https://blog.comichron.com/2014/05/batman-vs-pokemon-last-million-selling.html |url-status=dead
As of January 2020, manga is the second largest category in the US comic book and graphic novel market, accounting for 27% of the entire market share.<ref name="manga-marketshare">{{cite web |
== Localized manga ==
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== University education ==
[[Kyoto Seika University]] in Japan has offered a highly competitive course in manga since 2000.<ref>{{cite web |author=Obunsha Co., Ltd. |script-title=ja:京都精華大学、入試結果 (倍率)、マンガ学科。 |publisher=Obunsha Co., Ltd. |date=
[[Shūhō Satō|Shuho Sato]], who wrote ''[[Umizaru]]'' and ''Say Hello to Black Jack'', has created some controversy on [[Twitter]]. Sato says, "Manga school is meaningless because those schools have very low success rates. Then, I could teach novices required skills on the job in three months. Meanwhile, those school students spend several million yen, and four years, yet they are good for nothing." and that, "For instance, [[Keiko Takemiya]], the then professor of [[Kyoto Seika University|Seika Univ.]], remarked in the Government Council that 'A complete novice will be able to understand where is "Tachikiri" (i.e., [[Margin (typography)|margin section]]) during four years.' On the other hand, I would imagine that, It takes about thirty minutes to completely understand that at work."<ref>{{cite web |author=Shuho Sato |script-title=ja:漫画を学校で学ぶ意義とは |publisher=togetter |date=
== See also ==
{{Portal|Japan|Comics}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[ACG (subculture)]]
* [[Alternative manga]]
* [[Anime]]
* [[Anime and manga fandom]]
* [[Cinema of Japan]]
* [[Cool Japan]]
* [[Culture of Japan]]
* [[Emakimono]]
* [[E-toki]] (horizontal, illustrated narrative form)
* [[Japanese language]]
* [[Japanese popular culture]]
* [[Kamishibai]]
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=== Works cited ===
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* {{cite book |last=Petersen |first=Robert S. |title=Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr7aZh6oonoC&pg=PA120 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-36330-6 |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727133923/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr7aZh6oonoC&pg=PA120 |url-status=live }}
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{{Refend}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Hattie |year=2013 |chapter=Manga Girls: Sex, Love, Comedy and Crime in Recent Boys' Manga and Anime |editor1=Brigitte Steger |editor2=Angelika Koch |title=Manga Girl Seeks Herbivore Boy: Studying Japanese Gender at Cambridge |location=Zurich |publisher=Lit Verlag |pages=24–81 |isbn=9783643903198 |oclc=822667566}}
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* Marcella Zaccagnino and Sebastiano Contrari. "[http://limes.espresso.repubblica.it/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/manga-giapponeallaconquistadelmondo.pdf Manga: il Giappone alla conquista del mondo]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130612232621/http://limes.espresso.repubblica.it/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/manga-giapponeallaconquistadelmondo.pdf Archive]) {{in lang|it}}. ''[[Limes, rivista italiana di geopolitica]]''. 31 October 2007. {{in lang|it}}
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