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{{Short description|Sunni Muslims in Lebanon}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Lebanese Sunni Muslims<br />{{lang|ar|المسلمون السنة اللبنانيين}}
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{{Lebanese people}}
 
'''Lebanese Sunni Muslims''' ({{lang-ar|المسلمون السنة اللبنانيين}}) refers to [[Lebanese people]] who are adherents of the [[Sunni branch of Islam]] in [[Lebanon]], which is one of the largest denomination in Lebanon tied with [[Lebanese people (Shia Muslims)|Shias]]. Sunni Islam in Lebanon has a history of more than a millennium. According to a [[CIA]] 2018 study, Lebanese Sunni Muslims constitute an estimated 30.6% of [[Lebanon]]'s population.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society name="Lebanon: people and society"]</ref> (However, in a country that had last census in 1932, it is difficult to have correct population estimates)
 
The Lebanese Sunni Muslims are highly concentrated in westLebanon's capital city - [[Beirut]] (West Beirut /or Beirut II), as well as [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]], [[Sidon]], [[Beqaa Governorate|Western Beqaa]], and in the countryside of the [[Akkar]], [[Arsal]]. They also have a notable presence in [[Zahlé]], [[Southern Lebanon]], [[Marjayoun|Marjaayoun]] and [[Chebaa]].<ref>[http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=5058&tmpl=printpage Lebanon Overview] World Directory of Minorities. June 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2013.</ref>
 
Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the [[National Pact]] between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, Sunni notables traditionally held power in the Lebanese state together, and they are still the only ones eligible for the post of [[Prime Minister of Lebanon|Prime Minister]].<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108487.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2008] US Department of State. Retrieved 28 December 2013.</ref>
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[[File:Lebanon religious groups.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|An estimate of the area distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups]]
 
===Origins Ottoman rule ===
Historically, Sunnis in Lebanon fared better under the rule of the [[Ottoman Empire]] than did Lebanon's other religious groups. Although the Ottomans ruled loosely, the Sunnis in coastal cities were given a degree of privileged status. However, this ended with the French mandate.<ref name="Mackey 67">{{Cite book |last=Mackey |first=Sandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ic1wCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT67 |title=Lebanon: A House Divided |date=2006-07-17 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-35276-4 |pages=67 |language=en}}</ref>
The cultural and linguistic heritage of the Lebanese people is a blend of both indigenous Phoenician elements, Arab culture and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years. In a 2013 interview the lead investigator, [[Pierre Zalloua]], pointed out that genetic variation preceded religious variation and divisions:"Lebanon already had well-differentiated communities with their own genetic peculiarities, but not significant differences, and religions came as layers of paint on top. There is no distinct pattern that shows that one community carries significantly more [[Phoenicia]]n than another."<ref>{{cite web|last=Maroon|first=Habib|title=A geneticist with a unifying message|url=http://www.nature.com/nmiddleeast/2013/130331/full/nmiddleeast.2013.46.html|publisher=Nature|access-date=2013-10-03|date=31 March 2013}}</ref>
 
=== French mandate ===
[[Genealogical DNA test]]ing has shown that 27,7% of Lebanese Muslims (non-[[Druze in Lebanon|Druze]]) belong to the [[Y-DNA]] [[haplogroup J1]]. Although there is common ancestral roots, these studies show some difference was found between Muslims and non-Muslims in Lebanon, of whom only 17.1% have this haplotype. As haplogroup J1 finds its putative origins in the [[Arabian peninsula]], this likely means that the lineage was introduced by Arabs beginning at the time of the 7th century [[Muslim conquest of the Levant]] and has persisted among the Muslim population ever since. On the other hand, only 4.7% of all Lebanese Muslims belong to [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|haplogroup R1b]], compared to 9.6% of [[Lebanese Christians]]. Modern Muslims in Lebanon thus do not seem to have a significant genetic influence from the [[Crusades|Crusaders]], who probably introduced this common [[Western Europe]]an marker to the extant Christian populations of the [[Levant]] when they were active in the region from [[First Crusade|1096]] until around the turn of the 14th century. [[Haplogroup J2]] is also a significant marker in throughout Lebanon (27%). This marker found in many inhabitants of Lebanon, regardless of religion, signals pre-Arab descendants, including the Phoenicians. These genetic studies show us there is no significant differences between the Muslims and non-Muslims of Lebanon.<ref>Zalloua, Pierre A., [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2427286/pdf/main.pdf Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events], ''The American Journal of Human Genetics 82'', 873–882, April 2008</ref>▼
In 1920, France legally extended the borders of [[Greater Lebanon]] to include all the territories of what is now Lebanon. This enhanced the position of the [[Maronites]], whose population exceeded that of the Sunni Muslims in the new districts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Chronology for Sunnis in Lebanon |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38b5c.html |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> This changed Lebanon's demographics, as the territories added contained predominantly Muslim areas. This made Lebanese Christians constitute barely over 50% of the population, whereas the Sunni population increased eightfold. The Sunnis resented this, as they were formerly part of the majority within the [[Ottoman Empire]], but now became a minority in a Maronite-dominated French mandate. In the 1932 Lebanon census, 175,925 individuals, constituting 22% of the total population of 785,543, were Sunni Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salamey |first=Imad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SShmAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |title=The Government and Politics of Lebanon |date=2013-10-15 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-01133-8 |pages=24 |language=en}}</ref>
 
The Lebanese Sunni Muslims did not want to be separated from their Sunni Muslim brethren in [[Syria]], whereas the Lebanese Christians wanted a French or European-oriented Lebanon to ensure economic viability that was separate from Syria.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varady |first=Corrin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=liopDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |title=US Foreign Policy and the Multinational Force in Lebanon: Vigorous Self-Defense |date=2017-06-21 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-53973-7 |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref> The Sunni community saw Greater Lebanon as an artificial entity, and repeatedly insisted on being reunited with [[Syria (region)|Greater Syria]] and the rest of the [[Arab world|Arab homeland]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butenschon |first=Nils A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9TkD3ugwEUC&pg=PA159 |title=Citizenship and the State in the Middle East: Approaches and Applications |last2=Davis |first2=Uri |last3=Hassassian |first3=Manuel |date=2000-05-01 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-8156-2829-3 |pages=159 |language=en}}</ref>
 
==Notable= Lebanese SunniCivil MuslimsWar ===▼
In 1975, the [[Lebanese Civil War]] broke out between Maronite forces and the Lebanese Army on one side, and Sunni militias of the [[Lebanese National Movement]] (LNM) and [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) on the other. [[Pan-Arabism]] and [[Left-wing politics|leftism]] attracted its largest following among the Sunni community of Lebanon.<ref name="Mackey 67"/> Following the [[Sabra and Shatila massacre]] in 1982, the [[Al-Mourabitoun|Mourabitoun]] launched a series of attacks on the [[Israel Defense Forces]]. The [[Taif Agreement]] in October 1989 ended the civil war. It provided equal representation for Christians and Muslims in the enlarged chamber of deputies, reduced the powers of the Maronite president, and increased powers for the Sunni prime minister. With [[Saudi Arabia]]n support, the Sunnis achieved a position of power out of all proportion to their number or influence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yapp |first=Malcolm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJHZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA464 |title=The Near East since the First World War: A History to 1995 |date=2014-10-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-89054-6 |pages=464 |language=en}}</ref>
 
==Relations==
 
===With Saudi Arabia===
The Sunnis of Lebanon have close ties with [[Saudi Arabia]], whichwho supports them financially.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lucy Fielder|title=Trial by fire for Lebanon's government|journal=Al Ahram Weekly|date=23–29 June 2011|issue=1053|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1053/re7.htm|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hughmacleod.co.uk/stormtripoli.htm|title=Tripoli|publisher=Hugh Macleod|access-date=4 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802044634/http://www.hughmacleod.co.uk/stormtripoli.htm|archive-date=2 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Moreover, Tripoli, the stronghold of the Lebanese Sunnis, is also the birthplace of Lebanon's [[Salafism|Salafi Movement]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lebanon's Sheikhs Take on Assad and Hezbollah|url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/islamists/article/lebanon%E2%80%99s-sheikhs-take-assad-and-hezbollah|work=Wilson Center|access-date=28 December 2013|author=Garrett Nada|date=10 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232753/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/islamists/article/lebanon%E2%80%99s-sheikhs-take-assad-and-hezbollah|archive-date=30 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
===With Lebanese Alawites and Syria===
The Lebanese Sunni Muslims initially opposed the creation of the Lebanese state separated from Syria, where the majority of the population was also Sunni Muslim, and wanted the territory of present-day Lebanon to be incorporated within the so-called [[Greater Syria]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=J3PsAb1uV94C&pg=PA63&dq=%22Sunni+Lebanese%22&hlpg=en&sa=X&ei=HSsTVZ-SN4qoogTSzoK4CQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Sunni%20Lebanese%22&f=falsePA63 Greater Syria By Daniel Pipes]</ref>
 
Sunni Muslims and [[Shia Islam in Lebanon#Alawites|Alawites]] have been in conflict with each other for centuries. The Alawites of the Levant were oppressed by the Sunni [[Ottoman Empire]], but gained power and influence when the French recruited Alawites as soldiers during the [[French mandate of Syria]].<ref>Mordechai Nisan. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=keD9z1XWuNwC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression]''. McFarland, 2002. {{ISBN|0-7864-1375-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7864-1375-1}}</ref><ref>Reva Bhalla (5 May 2011). [http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20110504-making-sense-syrian-crisis Making Sense of the Syrian Crisis] Stratfor. Retrieved 28 December 2013.</ref><ref>Seale, Patrick. ''Asad Of Syria : The Struggle For The Middle East'' / [[Patrick Seale]] With The Assistance Of Maureen McConville. Seale, Patrick. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1989, c1988.</ref> After independence from France, their co-religionists, the [[Assad family]], came to power in Syria in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199302/kaplan|title=Syria: Identity Crisis|author=Robert Kaplan|date=February 1993|work=The Atlantic|quote=But the coup of 1970, which brought an Alawi air force officer, Hafez Assad, to power, was what finally ended the instability that had reigned in Syria since the advent of independence.}}</ref>
 
Over the years, there have been numerous clashes between the Sunni and Alawi communities in [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]], particularly over the past 14 months since [[Syrian uprising (2011–present)|Syria's uprising]] began, as part of the [[Arab Spring]] that started in [[Tunisia]]. The deadliest exchange took place last June, when seven people were killed and more than 60 wounded, after Sunni Muslims staged a protest against the Syrian government.
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==Geographic distribution within Lebanon==
Lebanese Sunni Muslims are concentrated in cities of west [[Beirut]], [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]], [[Sidon]] and in north Lebanon in the [[Akkar]] and minyehMinnieh dinniehDinnieh districts, middle and westWest bekaaBekaa, Chouf district and laqlouqLaqlouq in mount lebanonMount Lebanon, hasbayaHasbaya district, and Northeastern Beqaa Valley mainly in and around the city of [[Arsal]].<ref>[http://www.minorityrights.org/5063/lebanon/sunnis.html Lebanon Sunnis Overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116055359/http://www.minorityrights.org/5063/lebanon/sunnis.html |date=2015-01-16 }} World Directory of Minorities. June 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2013.</ref>
 
==Demographics==
{{bar box
| title = Lebanese Sunni Muslims<ref name="2012Report">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2012/nea/208400.htm |title=2012 Report on International Religious Freedom - Lebanon |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |date=20 May 2013 |access-date=15 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="CIA1985">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/91684898 |title=Contemporary distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=15 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="cia.gov">[{{cite web |date=April 2023 |title=Lebanon: People and Society |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society "Lebanon|archive-url=https: //web.archive.org/web/20230426192751/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people -and -society"] |archive-date=26 April 2023}}</ref>
| titlebar = #ddd
| left1 = '''Year'''
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| bars =
{{bar percent|1932|#FFCCCC|22}}
{{bar percent|19851975|#CCCCCC|2726}}
{{bar percent|1988|#CCCCFF|21}}
{{bar percent|2012|#6666FF|27}}
{{bar percent|2018|#6666FF|3031.69}}
}}
 
Note that the following percentages are estimates only. However, in a country that had last census in 1932, it is difficult to have correct population estimates.
 
The last census in Lebanon in 1932 put the numbers of Sunnis at 22% of the population (178,100 of 791,700).<ref name="CIA1985"/> A study done by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) in 1985 put the numbers of Sunnis at 27% of the population (595,000 of 2,228,000).<ref name="CIA1985"/> Sunni Muslims constitute 27% of [[Lebanon]]'s population, according to a 2012 estimate.<ref name="2012Report" /> And more recently, in 20182023, the [[CIA World Factbook]] estimated that Sunni Muslims constitute 3031.69% of Lebanon's population.<ref name="cia.gov">[{{cite web |date=April 2023 |title=Lebanon: People and Society |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society "Lebanon: people and society"]</ref> of Lebanon's population.<ref>[|archive-url=https://wwwweb.ciaarchive.govorg/the-world-factbookweb/countries20230426192751/lebanon/ "Lebanon"]. (August 2021 est.)</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society "Lebanon:|archive-date=26 peopleApril and society"]2023}}</ref>
 
{| class="toccolours sortable" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"
▲==Notable Lebanese Sunni Muslims==
|+ '''Percentage growth of the Lebanese Sunni Muslims (other sources est.)'''<ref name="Yahya">{{cite thesis|url=https://theses.hal.science/tel-01170628/file/2015NICE0008.pdf |title=La protection sanitaire et sociale au Liban (1860-1963) |last=Yahya |first=Houssam|publisher=Université Nice Sophia Antipolis|year=2015|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="2012Report" /><ref name="Lebanon: people and society">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society "Lebanon: people and society"]</ref><ref name="gharbieh">{{cite thesis|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1521/|title=Political awareness of the Shi'ites in Lebanon: the role of Sayyid 'Abd al-Husain Sharaf al-Din and Sayyid Musa al-Sadr|last=Gharbieh|first=Hussein M.|publisher=Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Durham|year=1996|location=Durham|type=Doctoral|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fahrenthold |first1=Stacy |title=Between the Ottomans and the Entente: The First World War in the Syrian and Lebanese Diaspora, 1908-1925 |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190872151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BCIDwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="fawwaz">Fawwaz Traboulsi, [https://lb.boell.org/sites/default/files/fawaz_english_draft.pdf ''Social Classes and Political Power in Lebanon''] (Beirut: [[Heinrich Böll Foundation|Heinrich Böll Stiftung]], 2014)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Abdel-Nour |first1=Antoine |title=Introduction à l'histoire urbaine de la Syrie ottomane (XVIe-XVIIIe siècle) |date=1982 |publisher=Université Libanaise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2XaAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
! style="width:150px;"|Year
! style="width:150px;"|Sunni Population
! style="width:150px;"|Total Lebanese Population
! style="width:150px;"|Percentage
|-
|1861||76,565||487,600||15.7%
|-
|1921||124,786||609,069||20.5%
|-
|1932||175,925||785,543||22.4%
|-
|1956||285,698||1,407,858||20.3%
|-
|1975||663,500||2,550,000||26%
|-
|1988||861,046||4,044,784||21.3%
|}
 
== Genetics ==
=== Activists & Journalists ===▼
{{further|Lebanese people#Genetics}}
{{see also|Lebanese Shia Muslims#Genetics}}
 
▲[[Genealogical DNA test]]ing has shown that 27,7% of Lebanese Muslims (non-[[Druze in Lebanon|Druze]]) belong to the [[Y-DNA]] [[haplogroup J1]]. Although there is common ancestral roots, these studies show some difference was found between Muslims and non-Muslims in Lebanon, of whom only 17.1% have this haplotype. As haplogroup J1 finds its putative origins in the [[Arabian peninsula]], this likely means that the lineage was introduced by Arabs beginning at the time of the 7th century [[Muslim conquest of the Levant]] and has persisted among the Muslim population ever since. On the other hand, only 4.7% of all Lebanese Muslims belong to [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|haplogroup R1b]], compared to 9.6% of [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanese Christians]]. Modern Muslims in Lebanon thus do not seem to have a significant genetic influence from the [[Crusades|Crusaders]], who probably introduced this common [[Western Europe]]an marker to the extant Christian populations of the [[Levant]] when they were active in the region from [[First Crusade|1096]] until around the turn of the 14th century. [[Haplogroup J2]] is also a significant marker in throughout Lebanon (27%). This marker is found in many inhabitants of Lebanon, regardless of religion, signals pre-Arab descendants, including the Phoenicians. These genetic studies show us there is no significant differences between the Muslims and non-Muslims of Lebanon.<ref>Zalloua, Pierre A., [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2427286/pdf/main.pdf Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events], ''The American Journal of Human Genetics 82'', 873–882, April 2008</ref>
 
==Notable Lebanese Sunni Muslims==
▲=== Activists &and Journalistsjournalists ===
* [[Anbara Salam Khalidi]], a feminist, translator and author, who significantly contributed to the emancipation of Arab women
* [[Amal Clooney]], a London-based [[United Kingdom|British]]-[[Lebanon|Lebanese]] lawyer, activist, and author. Her father is Druze, while her mother is Sunni.
* [[Nahla Chahal]], writer, journalist, researcher, and activist
 
=== Artists ===
* [[Omar ِAl-Zaani]], satirical poet, often dubbed as Voltaire of the Arabs
* [[Randa Chahal Sabag]], film director, producer and screenwriter
* [[Suzanne Tamim]], the late singer
* [[Fadl Shaker]], singer
* [[Walid Toufic]], singer
* [[Wael Jassar]], singer
 
=== Politicians, Diplomatsdiplomats, and Publicpublic Servantsservants ===
*[[Mohamad Rassoul]]
* [[Salim Ali Salam]], former deputy from Beirut to the Ottoman Parliament, former President of the Municipality of Beirut, and former President of the Muslim Society of Benevolent Intentions (al-Makassed)
* [[Saeb Salam]], politician, who served as Prime Minister six times between 1952 and 1973
* [[Mohamad Harmouche]], Honorary consul of Belize to Lebanon
* [[Riad Al Solh]], the first [[Prime Minister of Lebanon]] (1943–1945), after the country's independence
* [[Khaled Chehab|Emir Khaled Chehab]], former [[Prime Minister of Lebanon]] and [[List of Speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon|Speaker]] of the [[Parliament of Lebanon]].
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* [[Omar Karami]], former Prime Minister of Lebanon
* [[Rashid Karami]], former Prime Minister of Lebanon
* [[Najib Mikati]], former Prime Minister of Lebanon
* [[Tammam Salam]], politician and currentformer Prime Minister of Lebanon
* [[Mohamad Chatah]], assassinated Lebanese economist and diplomat
* [[Ashraf Rifi]], former major general and director of [[Internal Security Forces|the Lebanese Internal Security Forces]] and current minister of justice
* [[Hassan Diab]], currentformer prime minister of Lebanon
* [[Salam Yamout]], current president of [[National Bloc (Lebanon)|the Lebanese National Bloc political party]]
* [[Nawaf Salam]], a diplomat, jurist, and academic. He acted as judge on the International Court of Justice for the 2018-20272018–2027 term
 
* [[Wissam al-Hassan]], assassinated brigadier general at the Lebanese [[Internal Security Forces]] (ISF)
* [[Ali Al Hajj]], former major general and director of [[Internal Security Forces|the Lebanese Internal Security Forces]]
 
=== Religious Figuresfigures ===
* [[Hassan Khaled]], late former leader of Lebanon's Sunni Muslim community
 
=== Businessmen ===
* [[Al-Waleed bin Talal]], Saudi-Lebanese businessman and grandson of Riad Al Solh, Lebanon's first Prime Minister
 
=== Sportsman ===
* [[Hazem El Masri]], Lebanese-Australian professional rugby league player
 
==See also==
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==References==
{{Reflistreflist|33em}}|refs=
 
<ref name="2012Report">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2012/nea/208400.htm |title=2012 Report on International Religious Freedom – Lebanon |date=20 May 2013 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |access-date=17 January 2016}}</ref>
 
}}
 
{{Lebanese people by religious background}}
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