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{{Short description|
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Lebanese Sunni Muslims<br />{{lang|ar|المسلمون السنة اللبنانيين}}
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{{Lebanese people}}
'''Lebanese Sunni Muslims''' ({{lang-ar|المسلمون السنة اللبنانيين}})
The Lebanese Sunni Muslims are highly concentrated in Lebanon's capital city - [[Beirut]] (West Beirut /or Beirut II), as well as [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]], [[Sidon]], [[Beqaa Governorate|Western Beqaa]], and in the countryside of the [[Akkar]], [[Arsal]]. They also have a notable presence in [[Zahlé]], [[Southern Lebanon]], [[Marjayoun|Marjaayoun]] and [[Chebaa]].<ref>[http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=5058&tmpl=printpage Lebanon Overview] World Directory of Minorities. June 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2013.</ref>
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[[File:Lebanon religious groups.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|An estimate of the area distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups]]
===
Historically, Sunnis in Lebanon fared better under the rule of the [[Ottoman Empire]] than did Lebanon's other religious groups. Although the Ottomans ruled loosely, the Sunnis in coastal cities were given a degree of privileged status. However, this ended with the French mandate.<ref name="Mackey 67">{{Cite book |last=Mackey |first=Sandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ic1wCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT67 |title=Lebanon: A House Divided |date=2006-07-17 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-35276-4 |pages=67 |language=en}}</ref>
{{further|Lebanese people#Genetics}}▼
{{see also|Lebanese Shia Muslims#Genetics}}▼
=== French mandate ===
In 1920, France legally extended the borders of [[Greater Lebanon]] to include all the territories of what is now Lebanon. This enhanced the position of the [[Maronites]], whose population exceeded that of the Sunni Muslims in the new districts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Chronology for Sunnis in Lebanon |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38b5c.html |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> This changed Lebanon's demographics, as the territories added contained predominantly Muslim areas. This made Lebanese Christians constitute barely over 50% of the population, whereas the Sunni population increased eightfold. The Sunnis resented this, as they were formerly part of the majority within the [[Ottoman Empire]], but now became a minority in a Maronite-dominated French mandate. In the 1932 Lebanon census, 175,925 individuals, constituting 22% of the total population of 785,543, were Sunni Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salamey |first=Imad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SShmAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |title=The Government and Politics of Lebanon |date=2013-10-15 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-01133-8 |pages=24 |language=en}}</ref>
The Lebanese Sunni Muslims did not want to be separated from their Sunni Muslim brethren in [[Syria]], whereas the Lebanese Christians wanted a French or European-oriented Lebanon to ensure economic viability that was separate from Syria.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varady |first=Corrin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=liopDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |title=US Foreign Policy and the Multinational Force in Lebanon: Vigorous Self-Defense |date=2017-06-21 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-53973-7 |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref> The Sunni community saw Greater Lebanon as an artificial entity, and repeatedly insisted on being reunited with [[Syria (region)|Greater Syria]] and the rest of the [[Arab world|Arab homeland]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butenschon |first=Nils A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9TkD3ugwEUC&pg=PA159 |title=Citizenship and the State in the Middle East: Approaches and Applications |last2=Davis |first2=Uri |last3=Hassassian |first3=Manuel |date=2000-05-01 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-8156-2829-3 |pages=159 |language=en}}</ref>
=== Lebanese Civil War ===
[[Genealogical DNA test]]ing has shown that 27,7% of Lebanese Muslims (non-[[Druze in Lebanon|Druze]]) belong to the [[Y-DNA]] [[haplogroup J1]]. Although there is common ancestral roots, these studies show some difference was found between Muslims and non-Muslims in Lebanon, of whom only 17.1% have this haplotype. As haplogroup J1 finds its putative origins in the [[Arabian peninsula]], this likely means that the lineage was introduced by Arabs beginning at the time of the 7th century [[Muslim conquest of the Levant]] and has persisted among the Muslim population ever since. On the other hand, only 4.7% of all Lebanese Muslims belong to [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|haplogroup R1b]], compared to 9.6% of [[Lebanese Christians]]. Modern Muslims in Lebanon thus do not seem to have a significant genetic influence from the [[Crusades|Crusaders]], who probably introduced this common [[Western Europe]]an marker to the extant Christian populations of the [[Levant]] when they were active in the region from [[First Crusade|1096]] until around the turn of the 14th century. [[Haplogroup J2]] is also a significant marker in throughout Lebanon (27%). This marker is found in many inhabitants of Lebanon, regardless of religion, signals pre-Arab descendants, including the Phoenicians. These genetic studies show us there is no significant differences between the Muslims and non-Muslims of Lebanon.<ref>Zalloua, Pierre A., [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2427286/pdf/main.pdf Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events], ''The American Journal of Human Genetics 82'', 873–882, April 2008</ref>▼
In 1975, the [[Lebanese Civil War]] broke out between Maronite forces and the Lebanese Army on one side, and Sunni militias of the [[Lebanese National Movement]] (LNM) and [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) on the other. [[Pan-Arabism]] and [[Left-wing politics|leftism]] attracted its largest following among the Sunni community of Lebanon.<ref name="Mackey 67"/> Following the [[Sabra and Shatila massacre]] in 1982, the [[Al-Mourabitoun|Mourabitoun]] launched a series of attacks on the [[Israel Defense Forces]]. The [[Taif Agreement]] in October 1989 ended the civil war. It provided equal representation for Christians and Muslims in the enlarged chamber of deputies, reduced the powers of the Maronite president, and increased powers for the Sunni prime minister. With [[Saudi Arabia]]n support, the Sunnis achieved a position of power out of all proportion to their number or influence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yapp |first=Malcolm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJHZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA464 |title=The Near East since the First World War: A History to 1995 |date=2014-10-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-89054-6 |pages=464 |language=en}}</ref>
==Relations==
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==Geographic distribution within Lebanon==
Lebanese Sunni Muslims are concentrated in cities of west [[Beirut]], [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]], [[Sidon]] and in north Lebanon in the [[Akkar]] and Minnieh Dinnieh districts, middle and West Bekaa, Chouf district and Laqlouq in Mount Lebanon
==Demographics==
{{bar box
| title = Lebanese Sunni Muslims<ref name="2012Report" /><ref name="CIA1985">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/91684898 |title=Contemporary distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=15 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web |date=April 2023 |title=Lebanon: People and Society |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426192751/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society |archive-date=26 April 2023}}</ref>
| titlebar = #ddd
| left1 = '''Year'''
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Note that the following percentages are estimates only. However, in a country that had last census in 1932, it is difficult to have correct population estimates.
The last census in Lebanon in 1932 put the numbers of Sunnis at 22% of the population (178,100 of 791,700).<ref name="CIA1985"/> A study done by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) in 1985 put the numbers of Sunnis at 27% of the population (595,000 of 2,228,000).<ref name="CIA1985"/> Sunni Muslims constitute 27% of [[Lebanon]]'s population, according to a 2012 estimate.<ref name="2012Report" /> And more recently, in 2023, the [[CIA World Factbook]] estimated that Sunni Muslims constitute 31.9% of Lebanon's population.<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web |date=April 2023 |title=Lebanon: People and Society |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426192751/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society |archive-date=26 April 2023}}</ref>
{| class="toccolours sortable" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"
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|1988||861,046||4,044,784||21.3%
|}
== Genetics ==
▲{{further|Lebanese people#Genetics}}
▲{{see also|Lebanese Shia Muslims#Genetics}}
▲[[Genealogical DNA test]]ing has shown that 27,7% of Lebanese Muslims (non-[[Druze in Lebanon|Druze]]) belong to the [[Y-DNA]] [[haplogroup J1]]. Although there is common ancestral roots, these studies show some difference was found between Muslims and non-Muslims in Lebanon, of whom only 17.1% have this haplotype. As haplogroup J1 finds its putative origins in the [[Arabian peninsula]], this likely means that the lineage was introduced by Arabs beginning at the time of the 7th century [[Muslim conquest of the Levant]] and has persisted among the Muslim population ever since. On the other hand, only 4.7% of all Lebanese Muslims belong to [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|haplogroup R1b]], compared to 9.6% of [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanese Christians]]. Modern Muslims in Lebanon thus do not seem to have a significant genetic influence from the [[Crusades|Crusaders]], who probably introduced this common [[Western Europe]]an marker to the extant Christian populations of the [[Levant]] when they were active in the region from [[First Crusade|1096]] until around the turn of the 14th century. [[Haplogroup J2]] is also a significant marker in throughout Lebanon (27%). This marker is found in many inhabitants of Lebanon, regardless of religion, signals pre-Arab descendants, including the Phoenicians. These genetic studies show us there is no significant differences between the Muslims and non-Muslims of Lebanon.<ref>Zalloua, Pierre A., [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2427286/pdf/main.pdf Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events], ''The American Journal of Human Genetics 82'', 873–882, April 2008</ref>
==Notable Lebanese Sunni Muslims==
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* [[Salim Ali Salam]], former deputy from Beirut to the Ottoman Parliament, former President of the Municipality of Beirut, and former President of the Muslim Society of Benevolent Intentions (al-Makassed)
* [[Saeb Salam]], politician, who served as Prime Minister six times between 1952 and 1973
* [[
* [[Riad Al Solh]], the first [[Prime Minister of Lebanon]] (1943–1945), after the country's independence
* [[Khaled Chehab|Emir Khaled Chehab]], former [[Prime Minister of Lebanon]] and [[List of Speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon|Speaker]] of the [[Parliament of Lebanon]].
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* [[Hassan Diab]], former prime minister of Lebanon
* [[Salam Yamout]], current president of [[National Bloc (Lebanon)|the Lebanese National Bloc political party]]
* [[Nawaf Salam]], a diplomat, jurist, and academic. He acted as judge on the International Court of Justice for the
* [[Wissam al-Hassan]], assassinated brigadier general at the Lebanese [[Internal Security Forces]] (ISF)
* [[Ali Al Hajj]], former major general and director of [[Internal Security Forces|the Lebanese Internal Security Forces]]
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