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| area_sq_mi = 50,949 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]-->
| percent_water = 1.51 (2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|access-date=11 October 2020|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD)|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER|archive-date=24 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_estimate = {{
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 90th
| population_census = {{
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_census_rank =
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| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Greece|+30]]
| cctld = {{hlist|[[.gr]]<sup>c</sup>|[[.gr#Alternative top domain|.ελ]]}}
| footnote_a = The [[Church of Greece]] is recognized by the Greek Constitution as the prevailing religion in Greece,<ref name="GreeceConstitution">[http://www.hri.org/docs/syntagma/artcl25.html#A3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002214338/http://www.hri.org/docs/syntagma/artcl25.html#A3 |date=2 October 2017 }} The Constitution of Greece: Section II Relations of Church and State: Article 3, [http://www.hri.org/ Hellenic Resources network]
| footnote_b = Other short formats: dd-mm-yyyy, dd/mm/yyyy
| footnote_c = The [[.eu]] domain is also used, as in other [[European Union]] member states.
}}
'''Greece''',{{efn|{{lang-el|Ελλάδα|Elláda}}, {{IPA
Greece is considered the cradle of [[Western culture|Western civilization]], being the birthplace of [[Athenian democracy|democracy]], [[Western philosophy]], [[Western literature]], [[historiography]], [[political science]], major [[History of science in classical antiquity|scientific]] and [[Greek mathematics|mathematical]] principles, [[History of theatre|theatre]], and the [[Olympic Games]]. From the eighth century BC, the [[Greeks]] were organised into various independent [[city-state]]s known as ''poleis'' (singular ''[[polis]]'') that spanned the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] and [[Black Sea|Black]] seas. [[Philip II of Macedon]] [[League of Corinth|united]] most of present-day Greece in the fourth century BC, with his son [[Alexander the Great]] rapidly conquering much of the [[Ancient world map|known ancient world]] from the eastern Mediterranean to northwestern India. The subsequent [[Hellenistic period]] saw the height of [[Greek culture]] and influence in antiquity. Greece was annexed by [[Roman Republic|Rome]] in the second century BC, becoming an integral part of the [[Roman Empire]] and its continuation, the [[Byzantine Empire]], which was predominately Greek in culture and [[Medieval Greek|language]]. The [[Greek Orthodox Church]], which emerged in the first century AD, helped shape modern [[Greek identity]] and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox world]]. After the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1204, [[Latins (Middle Ages)|Latin]] possessions [[Frankokratia|were established]] in parts of the Greek peninsula, but most of the area fell under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule by the mid-15th century.
Following a protracted [[Greek War of Independence|war of independence]], which started in 1821, Greece emerged as a modern [[First Hellenic Republic|nation state]] in 1830. Over the first hundred years, the [[Kingdom of Greece]] sought [[Megali Idea|territorial expansion]], which was mainly realized in the early 20th century during the [[Balkan Wars]] and up until the catastrophic defeat of its [[Asia Minor Campaign]] in 1922. The [[Second Hellenic Republic|short-lived republic]] that was established in 1924 was beset by the ramifications of [[National Schism|civil strife]] and the challenge of resettling [[Greek refugees|refugees from Turkey]]. In 1936 a [[4th of August Regime|royalist dictatorship]] inaugurated a long period of authoritarian rule, marked by [[Axis occupation of Greece|military occupation]], [[Greek civil war|civil war]] and [[Greek junta|military dictatorship]]. Democracy was [[Metapolitefsi|restored]] in
Having achieved [[Greek economic miracle|record economic growth from 1950 through the 1970s]], Greece is a [[developed country]] with an advanced [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]]. A founding member of the [[United Nations]], Greece was the tenth member to join what is today the [[European Union]] in 1981 and is part of the [[eurozone]]. It is a member of other international institutions, including the [[Council of Europe]], [[NATO]] (since 1952), the [[OECD]], the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], and the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]. Greece has a unique cultural heritage, large [[Tourism in Greece|tourism industry]], and [[Greek shipping|prominent shipping sector]]. The country's rich historical legacy is reflected in part by its 19 [[List of World Heritage Sites in Greece|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]. Greece was the ninth [[World Tourism Rankings|most-visited country]] in the world in 2022.<ref name="May2023">{{Cite web |title=International Tourism – 2023 starts on a strong note with the Middle East recovering 2019 levels in the first quarter |url=https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2023-05/UNWTO_Barom23_02_May_EXCERPT_final.pdf?VersionId=gGmuSXlwfM1yoemsRrBI9ZJf.Vmc9gYD |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802171252/https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2023-05/UNWTO_Barom23_02_May_EXCERPT_final.pdf?VersionId=gGmuSXlwfM1yoemsRrBI9ZJf.Vmc9gYD |archive-date=2 August 2023 |website=webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com}}</ref>
== Name ==
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[[File:Entrance to the treasure of Atreus.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|The entrance of the [[Treasury of Atreus]] (13th century BC) in [[Mycenae]]|left]]
The [[Apidima Cave]] in [[Mani Peninsula|Mani]], in southern Greece, has been suggested to contain the oldest remains of [[early modern humans]] outside of Africa, dated to 200,000 years ago.<ref name="NAT-20190710">{{cite journal |last=Harvati |first=Katerina |display-authors=et al. |title=Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia |date=10 July 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=571 |issue=7766 |pages=500–504 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1376-z |pmid=31292546 |s2cid=195873640 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/6646855 |access-date=16 July 2022 |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801132212/https://zenodo.org/record/6646855 |url-status=live | issn=0028-0836}}</ref> However others suggest the remains represent [[archaic humans]].<ref name=":5">Marie-Antoinette de Lumley, Gaspard Guipert, Henry de Lumley, Natassa Protopapa, Théodoros Pitsios, Apidima 1 and Apidima 2: Two anteneandertal skulls in the Peloponnese, Greece, L'Anthropologie, Volume 124, Issue 1, 2020, 102743, ISSN 0003-5521, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2019.102743 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610015655/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003552119300974?via%3Dihub |date=10 June 2024 }}.</ref> All three stages of the [[Stone Age]] are represented in Greece, for example in the [[Franchthi Cave]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Douka | first1 = K. | last2 = Perles | first2 = C. | last3 = Valladas | first3 = H. | last4 = Vanhaeren | first4 = M. | last5 = Hedges | first5 = R.E.M. | title = Franchthi Cave revisited: the age of the Aurignacian in south-eastern Europe | page = 1133 | url = https://www.academia.edu/1129937 | journal = Antiquity Magazine | year = 2011 | access-date = 20 December 2017 | archive-date = 22 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231222140445/https://www.academia.edu/1129937 | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Neolithic]] settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC,<ref name="Borza">{{cite book|author=Eugene N. Borza|title=In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=614pd07OtfQC&pg=PA58|year=1992|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-00880-6|page=58|access-date=11 October 2015|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610015721/https://books.google.com/books?id=614pd07OtfQC&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> are the oldest in Europe, as Greece lies on the route by which farming spread from the [[Near East]] to Europe.<ref>{{cite book | last = Perlès | first = Catherine | title = The Early Neolithic in Greece: The First Farming Communities in Europe | page = 1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LQQ3tx5_t7QC&q=sesklo | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 9780521000277 | access-date = 11 November 2020 | archive-date = 10 June 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240610015728/https://books.google.com/books?id=LQQ3tx5_t7QC&q=sesklo | url-status = live }}</ref>
Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and considered the birthplace of Western civilisation,<ref name="Duchesne2011">{{cite book|author=Ricardo Duchesne|title=The Uniqueness of Western Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWmDPzPo0XAC&pg=PA297|date=7 February 2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-19248-5|page=297|quote=The list of books which have celebrated Greece as the "cradle" of the West is endless; two more examples are Charles Freeman's The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World (1999) and Bruce Thornton's Greek Ways: How the Greeks Created Western Civilization (2000)|author-link=Ricardo Duchesne}}</ref><ref name="BotticiChalland2013">{{cite book|author1=Chiara Bottici|author2=Benoît Challand|title=The Myth of the Clash of Civilizations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QW1lrPMXprwC&pg=PA88|date=11 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-95119-0|page=88|quote=The reason why even such a sophisticated historian as Pagden can do it is that the idea that Greece is the cradle of civilisation is so much rooted in western minds and school curricula as to be taken for granted.}}</ref> beginning with the [[Cycladic culture]] on the islands of the [[Aegean Sea]] around 3200 BC,<ref>{{Cite book | last = Sansone | first = David | title = Ancient Greek civilization | page = 5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YJONdN0dNYQC&q=cycladic%20civilization&pg=PT27 | publisher = Wiley | year = 2011 | isbn = 9781444358773 | access-date = 11 November 2020 | archive-date = 10 June 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240610015654/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJONdN0dNYQC&q=cycladic%20civilization&pg=PT27#v=snippet&q=cycladic%20civilization&f=false | url-status = live }}</ref> the [[Minoan civilization]] in Crete (2700–1500 BC),<ref name="Frucht2004">{{cite book|first=Richard C|last=Frucht|title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA847|access-date=5 December 2012|date=31 December 2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-800-6|page=847|quote=People appear to have first entered Greece as hunter-gatherers from southwest Asia about 50,000 years... of Bronze Age culture and technology laid the foundations for the rise of Europe's first civilization, Minoan Crete|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610015707/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA847|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="World and Its Peoples">{{cite book|title=World and Its Peoples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5vHRWp8yqEC&pg=PA1458|access-date=5 December 2012|date=September 2009|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7902-4|page=1458|quote=Greece was home to the earliest European civilizations, the Minoan civilization of Crete, which developed around 2000 BC, and the Mycenaean civilization on the Greek mainland, which emerged about 400 years later. The ancient Minoan|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610015655/https://books.google.com/books?id=b5vHRWp8yqEC&pg=PA1458#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> and then the [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] civilization on the mainland (1600–1100 BC).<ref name="World and Its Peoples" /> These civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans using an [[Undeciphered writing systems|undeciphered script]] known as [[Linear A]], and the Mycenaeans writing the earliest [[Attested language|attested]] form of [[Greek language|Greek]] in [[Linear B]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Drews | first = Robert | author-link = Robert Drews | title = The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 BC | page = 3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bFpK6aXEWN8C&q=greece%20bronze%20age%20collapse | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1995 | isbn = 0691025916 | access-date = 11 November 2020 | archive-date = 10 June 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240610015656/https://books.google.com/books?id=bFpK6aXEWN8C&q=greece%20bronze%20age%20collapse#v=snippet&q=greece%20bronze%20age%20collapse&f=false | url-status = live }}</ref> Contemporary [[Hittites|Hittite]] and [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] records suggest the presence of a single state under a "Great King" based in [[Geography of Greece|mainland Greece.]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Beckman|first1=Gary M.|last2=Bryce|first2=Trevor R.|last3=Cline|first3=Eric H.|title=Writings from the Ancient World: The Ahhiyawa Texts|journal=Writings from the Ancient World|year=2012|location=Atlanta|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|url=http://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/pubs/061528P.front.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409120519/http://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/pubs/061528P.front.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2015 |url-status=live|issn=1570-7008|page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kelder|first1=Jorrit M.|title=The Kingdom of Mycenae: A Great Kingdom in the Late Bronze Age Aegean|journal=CDL Press|url=https://www.academia.edu/218696|year=2010|location=Bethesda, MD|access-date=18 March 2015|pages=45, 86, 108|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713103627/https://www.academia.edu/218696|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Ancient Greece===
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{{see also|Greek Dark Ages|Archaic Greece|Classical Greece|Hellenistic Greece}}
The collapse of the [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenean civilization]] ushered in the [[Greek Dark Ages]], from which written records are absent. The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the year of the first [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympic Games]].<ref>{{Cite book | first = John R | last = Short | title = An Introduction to Urban Geography | page = 10 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uGE9AAAAIAAJ&q=greek%20dark%20ages%20776%20BC&pg=PA10 | publisher = Routledge | year = 1987 | isbn = 9780710203724 | access-date = 11 November 2020 | archive-date = 10 June 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020158/https://books.google.com/books?id=uGE9AAAAIAAJ&q=greek%20dark%20ages%20776%20BC&pg=PA10 | url-status = live }}</ref> The ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''[[Odyssey]]'', the foundational texts of [[Western literature]], are believed to have been composed by [[Homer]] in the 7th or 8th centuries BC.<ref>Vidal-Naquet, Pierre. ''Le monde d'Homère'' (The World of Homer), Perrin (2000), p. 19.</ref><ref name="The Odyssey 2003">[[D.C.H. Rieu]]'s introduction to ''The Odyssey'' (Penguin, 2003), p. ''xi''.</ref> Poetry shaped beliefs to the [[Olympian gods]], but [[ancient Greek religion]] had no priestly class or systematic dogmas and encompassed other currents, such as popular cults, like [[Cult of Dionysus|that of Dionysus]], [[Greco-Roman mysteries|mysteries]] and [[Magic in the Greco-Roman world|magic]].<ref>{{harvnb|Schuller|2008|pp=27, 88–89}}</ref> At this time there emerged kingdoms and [[city-state]]s across the Greek peninsula, [[Greek colonisation|which spread]] to the shores of the [[Black Sea]], [[Magna Graecia]] in [[southern Italy]] and [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]]. These reached great prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of [[classical Greece]], expressed in [[Architecture of ancient Greece|architecture]], [[Theatre of ancient Greece|drama]], [[Ancient Greek science|science]], [[Greek mathematics|mathematics]] and [[Ancient Greek philosophy|philosophy]]. In 508 BC, [[Cleisthenes]] instituted the world's first [[Athenian democracy|democratic]] system of government in [[Athens]].<ref name="BKDunn1992">{{Cite book | first = John | last = Dunn | title = Democracy: the unfinished journey 508 BC – 1993 AD | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-19-827934-1}}</ref><ref name="BKRaaflaud2007">{{Cite book | first1 = Kurt A | last1 = Raaflaub | first2 = Josiah | last2 = Ober | first3 = Robert W | last3 = Wallace | title = Origin of Democracy in Ancient Greece | publisher = University of California Press | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-520-24562-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6qaSHHMaGVkC}}</ref>
[[File:The Parthenon in Athens.jpg|thumb|The [[Parthenon]] on the [[Acropolis of Athens]], icon of classical Greece]]
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By 500 BC, the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]] controlled the Greek city states in Asia Minor and Macedonia.<ref>Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&q=Achaemenid+Persians+ruled+balkans&pg=PA345 "A companion to Ancient Macedonia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330042424/https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&q=Achaemenid+Persians+ruled+balkans&pg=PA345#v=snippet&q=Achaemenid%20Persians%20ruled%20balkans&f=false |date=30 March 2024 }} John Wiley & Sons, 2011. {{ISBN|144435163X}} pp 135–138, p 343</ref> Attempts by Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule [[Ionian Revolt|failed]], and Persia [[First Persian invasion of Greece|invaded the states of mainland Greece]] in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after defeat at the [[Battle of Marathon]] in 490 BC. In response, the Greek city-states formed the Hellenic League in 481 BC, led by [[Sparta]], which was the first recorded union of Greek states since the mythical union of the [[Trojan War]].<ref name="Waterfield2018">{{cite book|author=Robin Waterfield|title=Creators, Conquerors, and Citizens: A History of Ancient Greece|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLNSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148|date=19 April 2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-872788-0|page=148|quote=They formed an alliance, which we call the Hellenic League, and bound themselves not just to repel the Persians, but to help one another whatever particular enemy threatened the freedom of the Greek cities. This was a real acknowledgment of a shared Greekness, and a first attempt to unify the Greek states under such a banner.|access-date=1 September 2018|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020158/https://books.google.com/books?id=lLNSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fine1983">{{cite book|author=John Van Antwerp Fine|title=The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjeM0kcp8swC&pg=PA297|year=1983|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03314-6|page=297|quote=This Hellenic League – the first union of Greek states since the mythical times of the Trojan War – was the instrument through which the Greeks organised their successful resistance to Persia.|access-date=1 September 2018|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020202/https://books.google.com/books?id=NjeM0kcp8swC&pg=PA297#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[second Persian invasion of Greece]] was decisively defeated in 480–479 BC, at [[Battle of Salamis|Salamis]] and [[Battle of Plataea|Plataea]], marking the eventual withdrawal of the Persians from all their European territories. The Greek victories in the [[Greco-Persian Wars]] are a pivotal moment in history,<ref name="Strauss2005">{{cite book|author=Barry Strauss|title=The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece – and Western Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQFtMcD5dOsC|date=16 August 2005|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-7453-1|pages=1–11|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=29 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429045458/https://books.google.com/books?id=nQFtMcD5dOsC|url-status=live}}</ref> as the 50 years of peace afterwards are known as the [[Fifth-century Athens|Golden Age of Athens]], a seminal period that laid many foundations of Western civilization. Lack of political unity resulted in frequent conflict between Greek states. The most devastating intra-Greek war was the [[Peloponnesian War]] (431–404 BC), which marked the demise of the [[Delian League|Athenian Empire]] and the emergence of [[Spartan hegemony|Spartan]] and later [[Theban hegemony]].{{Sfn|Worthington|2015|pp=42–43}} Weakened by constant wars among them during the 4th century BC, the Greek ''poleis'' were subjugated to the [[Rise of Macedon|rising power]] of the [[kingdom of Macedon]] under king [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]] into an alliance known as the [[League of Corinth|Hellenic League]].<ref>{{harvnb|Walbank|1993|pp=13–14, 29–30}}, {{harvnb|Schuller|2008|pp=49–51, 52–53}}, {{harvnb|Hornblower|2011|pp=268–270, 285–9}}.</ref>
{{multiple images
| image1 = Napoli BW 2013-05-16 16-24-01.jpg
| image2 = MacedonEmpire.jpg
| footer = [[Alexander the Great]], whose conquests led to the [[Hellenistic period]]
| align = right
| total_width = 400
}}
After Philip's assassination in 336 BC, his son and [[king of Macedon]], [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]], set himself leader of a [[Panhellenism|Panhellenic]] [[Wars of Alexander the Great|campaign]] against the [[Persian Empire]] and abolished it. Undefeated in battle, he marched, until his untimely death in 323 BC, to the banks of the [[Indus]].<ref>{{harvnb|Walbank|1993|pp=31–2, 34–5, 36–7}}, {{harvnb|Gehrke|1995|pp=10–3, 16–7, 21, 24–5, 28–9}}</ref> Alexander's empire fragmented, inaugurating the [[Hellenistic period]]. After [[Wars of the Diadochi|fierce conflict]] amongst themselves, the [[Diadochi|generals that succeeded Alexander and their successors]] founded large personal kingdoms in the areas he had conquered, such as that of the [[Ptolemies]] in [[Egypt]] and of the [[Seleucids]] in [[Syria (region)|Syria]], [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Iranian plateau|Iran]].<ref>{{harvnb|Walbank|1993|pp=46–48, 59, 74–75}}, {{harvnb|Gehrke|1995|pp=30, 32, 45–48, 54–55}}</ref> As a result of the settlement of Greeks in newly founded ''poleis'' of these kingdoms, such as [[Alexandria]] and [[Antioch]], as members of a ruling minority, during the centuries that followed a vernacular form of [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]], known as ''[[Koine Greek|koine]]'', and Greek culture was [[Hellenization|spread]], while the Greeks [[Hellenistic religion|adopted Eastern deities and cults]].<ref>{{harvnb|Walbank|1993|pp=62–3, 133–9}}, {{harvnb|Gehrke|1995|pp=63–65, 73, 75–6}}.</ref> Greek science, technology, and mathematics reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.<ref>{{Cite book | first1 = Cynthia | last1 = Kosso | first2 = Anne | last2 = Scott | title = The Nature and Function of Water, Baths, Bathing, and Hygiene from Antiquity Through the Renaissance | publisher = Brill | year = 2009 | page = 51 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UTkXFLfmLTkC&q=hellenistic%20mathematics%20science%20technology&pg=PA51 | isbn = 978-9004173576 | access-date = 11 November 2020 | archive-date = 18 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240318020442/https://books.google.com/books?id=UTkXFLfmLTkC&q=hellenistic%20mathematics%20science%20technology&pg=PA51#v=snippet&q=hellenistic%20mathematics%20science%20technology&f=false | url-status = live }}</ref> Aspiring to maintain their autonomy and independence from the [[Antigonid dynasty|Antigonid kings]] of the [[Ancient Macedonians|Macedonians]], many ''poleis'' of Greece united in ''koina'' or ''[[sympoliteia]]i'' i.e. federations, while after the establishment of economic relations with the East, a stratum of wealthy ''[[Euergetism|euergetai]]'' dominated their internal life.<ref>{{harvnb|Walbank|1993|pp=79–80, 91–2, 141–2, 151–2}}, {{harvnb|Gehrke|1995|pp=68–70}}.</ref>
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{{Main|Greek War of Independence}}
In the 18th century, Greek merchants came to dominate trade within the Ottoman Empire, established communities throughout the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and Europe,{{Sfn|Clogg|1992|pages=21, 23}} and used their wealth to fund educational
The first revolt began on 6 March 1821 in the [[Danubian Principalities]], but was put down by the Ottomans. This spurred the Greeks of the [[Peloponnese]] and on 17 March the [[Maniots]] declared war on the Ottomans.<ref name="Brewer, D. 2001, pp. 235">Brewer, D. ''The Greek War of Independence: The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression and the Birth of the Modern Greek Nation.'' Overlook Press, 2001, {{ISBN|1-58567-172-X}}, pp. 235–36.</ref> By October 1821 the Greeks had captured [[Tripoli, Greece|Tripolitsa]]. There were revolts in Crete, [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] and [[Central Greece (geographic region)|Central Greece]], which were suppressed. In 1822 and 1824 the Turks and Egyptians ravaged the islands, committing [[Massacres during the Greek Revolution|massacres]].<ref name="Brewer, D. 2001, pp. 235" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C. |title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East |date=2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781851096725 |page=1140 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1140 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610021209/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1140 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qgazette.com/news/2007-11-28/features/016.html|title=The Chios Massacre Of 1822|work=Queens Gazette|access-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111173817/http://www.qgazette.com/news/2007-11-28/features/016.html|archive-date=11 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> This galvanized opinion in western Europe in favour of the Greeks.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Klose|first1=Fabian|title=The Emergence of Humanitarian Intervention: Ideas and Practice...|date=2016|publisher=Clays|isbn=9781107075511|page=175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMvZCgAAQBAJ&q=castlereagh+chios&pg=PA175|access-date=6 August 2017|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610021225/https://books.google.com/books?id=cMvZCgAAQBAJ&q=castlereagh+chios&pg=PA175#v=snippet&q=castlereagh%20chios&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Ottoman Sultan]] [[Mahmud II]] negotiated with [[Mehmet Ali of Egypt]], who agreed to send his son [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]] with an army, in return for territorial gain.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Willert|first=Trine Stauning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gB1tDwAAQBAJ&q=The+New+Ottoman+Greece+in+History+and+Fiction|title=The New Ottoman Greece in History and Fiction|date=4 September 2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-93849-3|pages=71–100|language=en|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610021210/https://books.google.com/books?id=gB1tDwAAQBAJ&q=The+New+Ottoman+Greece+in+History+and+Fiction#v=snippet&q=The%20New%20Ottoman%20Greece%20in%20History%20and%20Fiction&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control.<ref>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Ibrahim Pasha |volume=14 |pages=223–224 |inline=1}}</ref> Three [[great powers]], [[Bourbon Restoration in France|France]], [[Russian Empire]], and the [[United Kingdom]], each sent a navy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Woodhouse |first=Christopher Montague |year=1965 |title=The Battle of Navarino |pages=117–18, 137, 139}}</ref> The allied fleet destroyed the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet at the [[Battle of Navarino]], and the Greeks captured Central Greece by 1828. The [[First Hellenic Republic|nascent Greek state]] was recognised under the [[London Protocol (1830)|London Protocol]] in 1830.<ref>{{cite book |title=Η αντιπολίτευση κατά του κυβερνήτη Ιωάννη Καποδίστρια |first=Χρήστος |last=Λούκος |publisher=Θεμέλιο |year=1988 |location=Αθήνα, Ελλάδα |page=187 |language=el}}</ref>
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====Kingdom of Greece====
{{Main|Kingdom of Greece}}
[[File:Peter
In 1827, [[Ioannis Kapodistrias]], was chosen by the [[Third National Assembly at Troezen]] as the first governor of the [[First Hellenic Republic]]. Kapodistrias established state, economic and military institutions. Tensions appeared between him and local interests and, following his assassination in 1831 and the [[London Conference of 1832]], Britain, France and Russia installed Bavarian Prince [[Otto of Greece|Otto von Wittelsbach]] as [[Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)|monarch]].<ref name="britannica otto">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Otto |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Otto-king-of-Greece |language=en |access-date=1 September 2018 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909190752/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Otto-king-of-Greece |url-status=live }}</ref> Otto's reign was [[despotism|despotic]], and in its first 11 years of independence Greece was ruled by a Bavarian oligarchy led by [[Josef Ludwig von Armansperg]] and, later, by Otto himself, as King and Premier.<ref name="britannica otto" /> Greece remained under the influence of its three protecting great powers.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fXfatJ1aQq0C&q=king%2520otto%2520german%2520language%2520administration%2520greece&pg=PA71 |title=The Theory and Practice of Institutional Transplantation: Experiences with the Transfer of Policy Institutions |last1=Jong |first1=M. de |last2=Lalenis |first2=K. |last3=Mamadouh |first3=V. D. |date=31 December 2002 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402011085 |page=71 |language=en |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610021211/https://books.google.com/books?id=fXfatJ1aQq0C&q=king%2520otto%2520german%2520language%2520administration%2520greece&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q=king%2520otto%2520german%2520language%2520administration%2520greece&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1843 an [[3 September 1843 Revolution|uprising]] forced Otto to grant a [[Greek Constitution of 1844|constitution]] and [[Hellenic Parliament|representative assembly]].
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== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Greece}}
[[File:Greece topo.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Topographic map of Greece]]
[[File:Shipwreck Beach - Western coast of Zakynthos, Greece (12).jpg|thumb|[[Navagio]] (''[[MV Panagiotis|shipwreck]]'') bay, [[Zakynthos]] island]]
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[[File:Hellenic Parliament from high above.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The building of the [[Hellenic Parliament]] ([[Old Royal Palace]]) in central [[Athens]]]]
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 300
| image1 = President Sakellaropoulou.jpg
| caption1 = [[Katerina Sakellaropoulou]]<br>[[President of Greece]]
| image2 = Kyriakos Mitsotakis (2021-12-08) 03 (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]]<br>[[Prime Minister of Greece]]
}}
The current [[Constitution of Greece|Constitution]], establishing Greece as a [[parliamentary republic]],<ref name="con51,53">{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gr/english/politeuma/syntagma.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925181747/http://www.parliament.gr/english/politeuma/syntagma.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2007 |title=Syntagma |language=el |access-date=2 August 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> was enacted in 1975, after the fall of the [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|military dictatorship of 1967–1974]], and has been amended four times since. It consists of 120 articles, provides for a [[separation of powers]] into [[executive branch|executive]], [[legislative branch|legislative]], and [[judicial branch]]es, and grants extensive specific guarantees (further reinforced in [[Greek Constitutional amendment of 2001|2001]]) of [[civil liberties]] and [[social rights]].{{Sfn | Dagtoglou | 1991 | p = 21}}{{Sfn | Venizelos | 2002 | pp = 131–32, 165–72}}
Legislative powers are exercised by a 300-member [[unicameralism|unicameral Parliament]].<ref name="con51,53" /> According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the [[Government of Greece|Government]] and the [[President of Greece|President of the Republic]], who is the nominal head of state, is elected by the [[Hellenic Parliament|Parliament]] for a five-year term and promulgates statutes passed by Parliament.<ref name="con51,53" /> However, the [[Greek Constitutional amendment of 1986|Constitutional amendment of 1986]] rendered the President's office largely ceremonial; the most powerful officeholder is thus the [[Prime Minister of Greece|Prime Minister]], Greece's head of government.<ref name="M477-478">{{Harvnb | Mavrias | 2002 | pp = 477–78, 486–87}}</ref> The position is filled by the [[List of Prime Ministers of Greece|current leader]] of the [[List of political parties in Greece|political party]] that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The president of the republic formally appoints the prime minister and, on their recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet.<ref name="con51,53" />
Members of Parliament are elected in [[direct elections]], which [[Apportionment in the Hellenic Parliament|are conducted with a system]] of [[Semi-proportional representation|"reinforced" proportional representation]], [[majority bonus system|favouring the party winning a plurality of the popular vote]] and leading to the formation of single-party governments.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} [[Elections in Greece#Election of the legislature|Parliamentary elections]] are held every four years, but early elections are proclaimed by the President on the cabinet's proposal or if a [[motion of no confidence]] passes in Parliament.<ref name="con51,53" /> The [[voting age]] is 17.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFHp_31M9ESQXdtvSoClrL8NXGWS3cU8Kt5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx9hLslJUqeiQT0KQWhles74cYXM24iMng4dV6SZbxmK4oRQd575yNXQ. |script-title=el:Εφημερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως τη Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας |volume=A |issue=133 |date=27 July 2016 |publisher=National Publishing House |location=Athens |language=el |trans-title=[[Government Gazette (Greece)|Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic]] |access-date=12 February 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808002137/http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFHp_31M9ESQXdtvSoClrL8NXGWS3cU8Kt5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx9hLslJUqeiQT0KQWhles74cYXM24iMng4dV6SZbxmK4oRQd575yNXQ. |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Women's suffrage]] was legislated in [[Greek Constitution of 1952|1952]].
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[[File:Rio-Antirio bridge.jpg|thumb|The [[Rio–Antirrio bridge]] connects mainland Greece to the [[Peloponnese]]]]
[[File:Greekmotorways2017 2.jpg|thumb|Map of Greece's motorway network as of 2022. '''Black'''=Completed routes, '''Blue'''=Under Construction, '''Grey'''=Planned routes]]
Since the 1980s, the road and rail network has been modernised. With a total length of about {{Convert|2320|km|abbr=on}} as of 2020, Greece's motorway network is the most extensive in [[Southeastern Europe]] and one of the most advanced in Europe,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ypodomes.com/index.php/alles-ypodomes/endiaferouses-eidiseis/item/35705-aftokinitodromoi-diktyo-2500-xiliometra-mexri-to-2017|title=Αυτοκινητόδρομοι: Δίκτυο 2.500 χιλιόμετρα μέχρι το 2017 - ypodomes.com|access-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185609/https://www.ypodomes.com/index.php/alles-ypodomes/endiaferouses-eidiseis/item/35705-aftokinitodromoi-diktyo-2500-xiliometra-mexri-to-2017|archive-date=25 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> including the
Railway connections play a lesser role than in many other European countries, but have been expanded, with new suburban/[[commuter rail]] connections, serviced by [[Proastiakos]] around Athens, Thessaloniki, and Patras. A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has been established, while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the {{convert|2500|km|mi|abbr=on}} network is underway; along with a [[P.A.Th.E./P.|new double track, standard gauge]] railway between [[Athens]] and [[Patras]] (replacing the old [[metre-gauge railway|metre-gauge]] [[Piraeus–Patras railway]]) which is under construction and opening in stages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ergose.gr/|title=Αρχική|date=5 February 2024|website=ΕΡΓΟΣΕ|access-date=19 April 2024|archive-date=19 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419105359/https://www.ergose.gr/|url-status=live}}</ref> International railway lines connect Greek cities with the rest of Europe, the Balkans and Turkey.
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=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|List of Greek inventions and discoveries}}
[[File:Gnpapanikolaou.jpg|thumb
The General Secretariat for Research and Technology of the Ministry of Development and Competitiveness is responsible for designing, implementing and supervising national research and technological policy. In 2017, spending on research and development (R&D) reached an all-time high of €2 billion, equal to 1.1% of GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greeknewsagenda.gr/index.php/topics/business-r-d/6889-r-d-spending-2017|title=R&D spending in Greece reached a record high in 2017|website=www.greeknewsagenda.gr|date=26 November 2018|access-date=3 August 2019|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404065318/http://www.greeknewsagenda.gr/index.php/topics/business-r-d/6889-r-d-spending-2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
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{{Main|Healthcare in Greece}}
Greece has [[universal health care]]. The system is mixed, combining a national health service with [[social health insurance]] (SHI). Per a 2000 [[World Health Organization]] report, its [[health system]] ranked 14th in overall performance of 191 countries surveyed.<ref name="WHO report">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040917211911/http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_en.pdf |archive-date=17 September 2004 |url-status=live | title = Health Systems: Improving Performance |website=[[World Health Report]] | year = 2000 |publisher = [[World Health Organization]] |access-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> In a 2013 [[Save the Children]] report, Greece was ranked the 19th out of 176 countries for the state of mothers and newborn babies.<ref name="Save the Children report">{{cite web|url=http://www.savethechildren.org/site/c.8rKLIXMGIpI4E/b.8585863/k.9F31/State_of_the_Worlds_Mothers.htm|title=State of the World's Mothers 2013
Greece's health care expenditures was 9.6% of GDP in 2007. By 2015, it declined to 8.4%, compared with the EU average of 9.5%. Nevertheless, the country maintains the highest doctor-to-population ratio of any OECD country<ref name="OECD">{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/45/54/38979850.pdf |website=Health Data |year=2011 |title=How Does Greece Compare |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] |access-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902163839/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/45/54/38979850.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2009 }}</ref> and the highest doctor-to-patient ratio in the EU.<ref name=":0">Economou C, Kaitelidou D, Karanikolos M, Maresso A. Greece: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 2017; 19(5):1–192.</ref>
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{{Main|Sports in Greece}}
Greece is the birthplace of the [[ancient Olympic Games]], first recorded in 776 BC in [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]], and hosted the modern [[Olympic Games]] twice, the inaugural [[1896 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]. During the parade of nations, Greece is always called first, as the founding nation of the ancient precursor of modern Olympics. The nation has competed at every [[Summer Olympic Games]], one of only four countries to have done so. Having won a total of
The [[Greece national football team]], ranked
The [[Greece national basketball team|Greek national basketball team]] has a decades-long tradition of excellence, being considered among the world's top basketball powers. {{As of|2012}}, it ranked 4th in the [[FIBA World Rankings|world]] and 2nd in [[FIBA Europe|Europe]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/even/rank/rankMen.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607092902/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/even/rank/rankMen.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 June 2007 | title = Ranking Men after Olympic Games: Tournament Men (2008) |date=August 2008 |access-date=24 August 2008 | publisher= [[International Basketball Federation]]}}</ref> They have won the [[EuroBasket|European Championship]] twice in [[EuroBasket 1987|1987]] and [[EuroBasket 2005|2005]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilkinson |first=Simon |url=
The [[Greece women's national water polo team]] have emerged as one of the leading powers in the world, becoming [[Water polo at the World Aquatics Championships#Women's tournament|World Champions]] in [[Water polo at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships – Women's tournament|2011]]. They won gold at the [[2005 FINA Women's Water Polo World League|2005 World League]] and silver at the [[2010 Women's European Water Polo Championship|2010]] and [[2012 Women's European Water Polo Championship|2012 European Championships]]. The [[Greece men's national water polo team]] became the third best water polo team in the world in [[2005 World Aquatics Championships|2005]]. The domestic top water polo leagues, [[A1 Ethniki Water Polo|Greek Men's Water Polo League]] and [[A1 Ethniki Women's Water Polo|Greek Women's Water Polo League]] are considered amongst the top national leagues in European water polo, as its clubs have made significant success in European competitions.
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== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}
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