Panthéon: Difference between revisions

The '''Panthéon''' ({{IPA-|fr|pɑ̃.te.ɔ̃|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Benoît Prieur-Panthéon.wav}}, from the [[Ancient Greek language|Classical Greek]] word {{lang|grc|πάνθειον}}, {{transliteration|grc|pántheion}}, '[temple] to all the gods')<ref>{{cite web |title=Pantheon definitions |url=https://www.definitions.net/definition/pantheon |website=definitions.net |access-date=2020-05-13 }}</ref> is a monument in the [[5th arrondissement of Paris]], France. It stands in the [[Latin Quarter, Paris|Latin Quarter]] (Quartier latin), atop the {{lang|fr|[[Montagne Sainte-Geneviève]]|italic=no}}, in the centre of the {{lang|fr|[[Place du Panthéon]]|italic=no}}, which was named after it. The edifice was built between 1758 and 1790, from designs by {{lang|fr|[[Jacques-Germain Soufflot]]|italic=no}}, at the behest of King [[Louis XV|Louis XV of France]]; the king intended it as a church dedicated to Saint [[Genevieve|Saint Genevieve]], Paris's patron saint, whose relics were to be housed in the church. Neither Soufflot nor Louis XV lived to see the church completed.

In 1881, a decree was passed to transform the Church of Saint Genevieve into a mausoleum again. [[Victor Hugo]] was the first to be placed in the crypt afterwards. The subsequent governments approved the entry of literary figures, including the writer [[Émile Zola]] (1908), and, after [[World War I]], leaders of the French socialist movement, including [[Léon Gambetta]] (1920) and [[Jean Jaurès]] (1924). The Third Republic governments also decreed that the building should be decorated with sculpture representing "the golden ages and great men of France." The principal works remaining from this period include the sculptural group called ''The National Assembly'', commemorating the French Revolution; a statue of [[Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau|Mirabeau]], the first man interred in the Pantheon, by Jean-Antoine Ingabert; (1889–1920); and two patriotic murals in the apse ''Victory Leading the Armies of the Republic'' to ''Towards Glory'' by [[Édouard Detaille]], and ''Glory Entering the Temple, Followed by Poets, Philosophers, Scientists and Warriors'' , by Marie-Désiré-Hector d'Espouy (1906).<ref name="Lebeurre 2000, pp. 33–35"/>

Under the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] of President [[Charles de Gaulle]], the first person to be buried in the Panthéon was the Resistance leader [[Jean Moulin]]. Modern figures buried in recent years include [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner [[René Cassin]] (1987) known for drafting the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]; [[Jean Monnet]] (1988) who was a moving force in the creation of the [[European Coal and Steel Community|ECSC]], the forerunner of the [[EU]], was interred in the 100th anniversary of his birth; Nobel laureates physicists and chemists [[Marie Curie]] and [[Pierre Curie]] (1995); the writer and culture minister [[André Malraux]] (1996); and the lawyer, politician [[Simone Veil]] (2018).<ref>{{harvnb|Lebeurre|2000|pp=58–59}}</ref> In 2021, [[Josephine Baker]] was inducted into the Pantheon, becoming the first Black woman to receive that honor.<ref name=ap-baker>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/josephine-baker-pantheon-france-38c5389c6a5f555c3b7e13b9eeb41984|title=Black artist Josephine Baker honored at France's Pantheon|date=November 30, 2021|website=[[AP News]]}}</ref>

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