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{{Short description|Traditional region of Slovenia}}{{More footnotes|date=April 2010}}
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{{Infobox settlement
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[[File:Borders of the Historical Habsburgian Lands in the Republic of Slovenia.png|thumb|right|300px|Traditional regions of Slovenia. {{ordered list|[[Slovene Littoral|Littoral]]|Carniola: 2a [[Upper Carniola|Upper]], 2b [[Inner Carniola|Inner]], 2c [[Lower Carniola|Lower]]|[[Carinthia (Slovenia)|Carinthia]]|[[Styria (Slovenia)|Styria]]|[[Prekmurje]]}}]]
'''Carniola''' (
==Overview==▼
▲'''Carniola''' ([[Slovene language|Slovene]] and {{lang-hr|Kranjska}};{{refn|group=note|{{IPA-sl|ˈkɾàːnska}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Slovenski pravopis 2001: Kranjska |url=http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/SP/neva.exe?name=sp&expression=Kranjska&hs=1}}</ref> {{IPA-sh|krâːɲskaː|hr}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hrvatski jezični portal: Kranjska |url=http://hjp.novi-liber.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=ellvURk%3D&keyword=Kranjska}}</ref>}} {{lang-de|Krain}}; {{lang-it|Carniola}}; {{lang-hu|Krajna}}) is a [[Historical regions of Central Europe|historical region]] that comprised parts of present-day [[Slovenia]]. Although as a whole it does not exist anymore, Slovenes living within the former borders of the region still tend to identify with its traditional parts [[Upper Carniola]], [[Lower Carniola]] (with the sub-part of [[White Carniola]]), and to a lesser degree with [[Inner Carniola]]. In 1991, 47% of the population of Slovenia lived within the borders of the former [[Duchy of Carniola]].
The [[March of Carniola]] was a [[States of the Holy Roman Empire|state]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], established as an [[Imperial immediacy|immediate]] territory in the 11th century. From the second half of the 13th century it was ruled by the [[Habsburgs]] and its capital was [[Ljubljana]] (Laibach); previous overlords had their seats in [[Kranj]] (Krainburg) and [[Kamnik]] (Stein), which are therefore sometimes referred to as its earlier capitals. In the 14th century the [[Duchy of Carniola]] was declared, a status which was formally recognised in the 16th century. As a hereditary possession of the Habsburgs (one of the so-called {{lang|de|[[Erblande]]}}), Carniola was part of the [[Austrian Circle]] of the Empire from the early 16th century. Informally it was part of [[Inner Austria]]. It was subdivided into [[Upper Carniola|Upper]], [[Lower Carniola|Lower]], and [[Inner Carniola]].
In 1804 it became part of the newly established [[Austrian Empire]] and in 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved. In 1809 [[Treaty of Schönbrunn|it was ceded]] to the [[First French Empire]], becoming part of the [[Illyrian Provinces]]; it was [[Congress of Vienna|returned to Austria in 1815]], forming part of the [[Kingdom of Illyria]]. In 1849 Illyria was dissolved and Carniola became a [[crown land]] in its own right; the three traditional subdivisions were also abolished. In 1867 it became part of [[Cisleithania]], the Austrian part of [[Austria-Hungary]]. It remained so until 1918, when it seceded as part of the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]], becoming part of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (later Yugoslavia); it ceased to exist ''de jure'' with the passing of the [[Vidovdan Constitution]] in 1921.
▲==Overview==
▲A state of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in the [[Austrian Circle]] and a duchy in the hereditary possession of the [[Habsburgs]], later part of the [[Austrian Empire]] and of [[Austria-Hungary]], the region was a [[crown land]] from 1849, when it was also subdivided into [[Upper Carniola]], [[Lower Carniola]], and [[Inner Carniola]], until 1918. From the second half of the 13th century, its capital was [[Ljubljana]] (Laibach). Previous overlords of Carniola had their seats in [[Kranj]] (Krainburg) and [[Kamnik]] (Stein), which are therefore sometimes referred to as its earlier capitals. Nowadays, its territory (in the extent at its dissolution) is almost entirely located in Slovenia, except for a small part in northwest [[Italy]], around [[Fusine in Valromana]].<ref name="Perko1998">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4WAMAQAAMAAJ |title=Slovenija: pokrajina in ljudje |trans-title=Slovenia: Its Landscape and Its People |language=sl |chapter=Zgodovinske dežele Slovenije |trans-chapter=Historical Lands of Slovenia |first1=Drago |last1=Perko |first2=Milan |last2=Orožen Adamič |year=1998 |publisher=Mladinska knjiga |page=16 |edition=3. izdaja |isbn=9788611150338}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|In the extent at its dissolution.}} Carniola in its final form, established in 1815,<ref name="Pipp"/> encompassed {{convert|9904|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Slovenija – pokrajine in ljudje |language=sl |trans-title=Slovenia – Landscapes and People |editor1-first=Drago |editor1-last=Perko |editor2-first=Milan |editor2-last=Orožen Adamič |isbn=9788611150338 |publisher=Mladinska knjiga |year=1998 |page=16}}</ref> In 1914, before the beginning of World War I, it had a population of slightly under 530,000 inhabitants, of whom 95% were Slovenes.<ref name="Pipp">{{Cite journal |url=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-0GBMI71V/7473cdee-a0c0-405b-aed2-39786b347805/PDF |title=Razvoj števila prebivalstva Ljubljane in bivše vojvodine Kranjske |language=sl |trans-title=The Development of the Number of Population of Ljubljana and the Former Duchy of Carniola |first=Lojze |last=Pipp |year=1935 |journal=Kronika Slovenskih Mest |publisher=City Municipality of Ljubljana |volume=2 |number=1}}</ref>
==Geography==
The region is crossed by the [[Julian Alps
▲The [[Julian Alps|Julian]] and [[Karavanken Alps|Karavanken]] Alps traverse the country. The highest mountain peaks are [[Nanos (plateau)|Nanos]], {{convert|4200|ft}}; [[Vremščica]], {{convert|3360|ft}}; [[Snežnik (mountain)|Snežnik]], {{convert|5900|ft}}; and [[Triglav]], {{convert|9300|ft}}. The principal rivers are [[Sava]], [[Tržič Bistrica]], [[Kokra]], [[Kamnik Bistrica]], [[Sora (river)|Sora]], [[Ljubljanica]], [[Mirna (Sava)|Mirna]], [[Krka (Sava)|Krka]], and [[Kupa|Kolpa]], which serves as a boundary with Croatia. The principal lakes are [[Black Lake (Triglav Lakes Valley)|Black Lake]] ({{lang-sl|Črno jezero}}), spreading into seven lakes, of which the highest is over {{convert|6000|ft}} above sea level; [[Lake Bohinj]]; [[Lake Bled]], in the middle of which on an island is built a church to the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Blessed Virgin]], amidst most picturesque scenery; [[Lake Cerknica]], {{convert|1700|ft}} above sea level, varies annually in extent from about {{convert|5|to|10|sqmi}}. It was known to the Romans as ''Lacus Lugens'' or ''Lugea Palus'',<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Carniola |volume=5 |pages=365–366}}</ref> and is a natural curiosity. [[Dante Alighieri]] mentions it in his ''[[Divine Comedy]]'' (''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', xxxii). The [[Ljubljana Marshes]] cover an area of {{convert|76|sqmi}}. Hot and mineral springs are found at [[Dolenjske Toplice]], [[Šmarješke Toplice]], and [[Medija Thermal Spa|Izlake]]. There is an interesting cave at [[Postojna]].<ref name=CE>{{Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=Krain |volume=8 |first=Martin Davorin |last=Krmpotić |inline=1}}</ref>
Agriculture
In 1910 the main railroads were the Southern, Prince Rudolf, Bohinj, Kamnik, Lower Carniola, and Vrhnika railroads. The principal cities and towns in the region were [[Kamnik]], [[Kranj]], [[Tržič]], [[Vrhnika]], [[Vipava, Vipava|Vipava]], [[Idrija]], [[Turjak]], [[Ribnica, Ribnica|Ribnica]], [[Metlika]], [[Novo Mesto]], and [[Vače]].<ref name=CE/>
==History==
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===Overview===
After the fall of the [[Roman Empire]], [[Lombards]] settled in Carniola, followed by [[Slavs]] around the sixth century AD.<ref>Minahan, James. 2000. ''One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, p. 633.</ref><ref>Staab, Franz. 1976. Ostrogothic Geographers at the Court of Theodoric the Great: A Study of Some Sources of the Anonymous Cosmographer of Ravenna. ''Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies'' 7: 27–64, p. 54.</ref><ref>Plut-Pregelj, Leopoldina
The capital of Carniola, originally
=== Chronology ===
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===Antiquity and Middle Ages===
{{See also|Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps}}
[[File:Karniola around 800.png|thumb|
Before the coming of the Romans (
Carniola formed part of the [[Roman province]] of [[Pannonia]]; the northern part was joined to [[Noricum]], the south-western and south-eastern parts and the city of [[Aemona]] to Venice and [[Istria]]. In the time of Augustus all the region from [[Aemona]] to the [[Kolpa]]
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476), Carniola was incorporated into [[Odoacer]]'s Kingdom of Italy, and then in 493, under Theodoric, it formed part of the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]]. Between the upper [[Sava]] and the [[Soča]] rivers lived the Carni, and towards the end of the sixth century [[Slavs]] settled the region called by Latin writers ''Carnia'', or ''Carniola'' meaning 'little Carnia'; i.e., part of greater Carnia.<ref name=CE/> The Latin name was later borrowed into Slavic, becoming ''Kranjska'',<ref name="Snoj">{{cite book |last1=Snoj |first1=Marko |title=Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen |trans-title=Etymological dictionary of Slovenian geographical names |date=2009 |publisher=Modrijan |location=Ljubljana |pages=210–211}}</ref> and into German as ''Chrainmark, Krain''.
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===Modern era===
In 1918, the duchy ceased to exist and its territory became part of the newly formed [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]] and subsequently part of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (later known as the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]). The western part of the duchy, with the towns of [[Postojna]], [[Ilirska Bistrica]], [[Idrija]], and [[
==See also==
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