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[[File:Borders of the Historical Habsburgian Lands in the Republic of Slovenia.png|thumb|right|300px|Traditional regions of Slovenia. {{ordered list|[[Slovene Littoral|Littoral]]|Carniola: 2a [[Upper Carniola|Upper]], 2b [[Inner Carniola|Inner]], 2c [[Lower Carniola|Lower]]|[[Carinthia (Slovenia)|Carinthia]]|[[Styria (Slovenia)|Styria]]|[[Prekmurje]]}}]]
'''Carniola''' ({{lang-sl|Kranjska}}; {{IPA
==Overview==
The [[March of Carniola]] was a [[States of the Holy Roman Empire|state]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], established as an [[Imperial immediacy|immediate]] territory in the 11th century. From the second half of the 13th century it was ruled by the [[Habsburgs]] and its capital was [[Ljubljana]] (Laibach); previous overlords had their seats in [[Kranj]] (Krainburg) and [[Kamnik]] (Stein), which are therefore sometimes referred to as its earlier capitals. In the 14th century the [[Duchy of Carniola]] was declared, a status which was formally recognised in the 16th century. As a hereditary possession of the Habsburgs (one of the so-called {{lang|de|[[Erblande]]}}), Carniola was part of the [[Austrian Circle]] of the Empire from the early 16th century. Informally it was part of [[Inner Austria]]. It was subdivided into [[Upper Carniola|Upper]], [[Lower Carniola|Lower]], and [[Inner Carniola]].
A state of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in the [[Austrian Circle]] and a duchy in the hereditary possession of the [[Habsburgs]], later part of the [[Austrian Empire]] and of [[Austria-Hungary]], the region was a [[crown land]] from 1849, when it was also subdivided into [[Upper Carniola]], [[Lower Carniola]], and [[Inner Carniola]], until 1918. From the second half of the 13th century, its capital was [[Ljubljana]] (Laibach). Previous overlords of Carniola had their seats in [[Kranj]] (Krainburg) and [[Kamnik]] (Stein), which are therefore sometimes referred to as its earlier capitals. Nowadays, its territory (in the extent at its dissolution) is almost entirely located in Slovenia, except for a small part in northwest [[Italy]], around [[Fusine in Valromana]].<ref name="Perko1998">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4WAMAQAAMAAJ |title=Slovenija: pokrajina in ljudje |trans-title=Slovenia: Its Landscape and Its People |language=sl |chapter=Zgodovinske dežele Slovenije |trans-chapter=Historical Lands of Slovenia |first1=Drago |last1=Perko |first2=Milan |last2=Orožen Adamič |year=1998 |publisher=Mladinska knjiga |page=16 |edition=3. izdaja |isbn=9788611150338}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|In the extent at its dissolution.}} Carniola in its final form, established in 1815,<ref name="Pipp"/> encompassed {{convert|9904|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Slovenija – pokrajine in ljudje |language=sl |trans-title=Slovenia – Landscapes and People |editor1-first=Drago |editor1-last=Perko |editor2-first=Milan |editor2-last=Orožen Adamič |isbn=9788611150338 |publisher=Mladinska knjiga |year=1998 |page=16}}</ref> In 1914, before the beginning of World War I, it had a population of slightly under 530,000 inhabitants, of whom 95% were Slovenes.<ref name="Pipp">{{Cite journal |url=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-0GBMI71V/7473cdee-a0c0-405b-aed2-39786b347805/PDF |title=Razvoj števila prebivalstva Ljubljane in bivše vojvodine Kranjske |language=sl |trans-title=The Development of the Number of Population of Ljubljana and the Former Duchy of Carniola |first=Lojze |last=Pipp |year=1935 |journal=Kronika Slovenskih Mest |publisher=City Municipality of Ljubljana |volume=2 |number=1}}</ref>▼
In 1804 it became part of the newly established [[Austrian Empire]] and in 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved. In 1809 [[Treaty of Schönbrunn|it was ceded]] to the [[First French Empire]], becoming part of the [[Illyrian Provinces]]; it was [[Congress of Vienna|returned to Austria in 1815]], forming part of the [[Kingdom of Illyria]]. In 1849 Illyria was dissolved and Carniola became a [[crown land]] in its own right; the three traditional subdivisions were also abolished. In 1867 it became part of [[Cisleithania]], the Austrian part of [[Austria-Hungary]]. It remained so until 1918, when it seceded as part of the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]], becoming part of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (later Yugoslavia); it ceased to exist ''de jure'' with the passing of the [[Vidovdan Constitution]] in 1921.
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==Geography==
The region
Agriculture thrived more in Upper Carniola than in Lower Carniola. The [[Vipava Valley]] was especially famous for its wine and vegetables, and for its mild climate. The average temperature was {{convert|56|°F}} in spring, {{convert|77|°F}} in summer, {{convert|59|°F}} in autumn, and {{convert|26|°F}} in winter.<br>
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[[File:Karniola around 800.png|thumb|right|300px|Old Slavic Carniola around 800 AD]]
Before the coming of the Romans (
Carniola formed part of the [[Roman province]] of [[Pannonia]]; the northern part was joined to [[Noricum]], the south-western and south-eastern parts and the city of [[Aemona]] to Venice and [[Istria]]. In the time of Augustus all the region from [[Aemona]] to the [[Kolpa]] River (Culpa) belonged to the province of [[Pannonia Savia|Savia]].<ref name=CE/>
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===Modern era===
In 1918, the duchy ceased to exist and its territory became part of the newly formed [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]] and subsequently part of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (later known as the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]). The western part of the duchy, with the towns of [[Postojna]], [[Ilirska Bistrica]], [[Idrija]], and [[
==See also==
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