Content deleted Content added
Macaddct1984 (talk | contribs) m Reverted edits by 82.3.70.89 (talk) (HG) (3.4.12) |
Replaced Lima map with map of Peru showing Lima location in the country. Added full time zone identifier name (-5 to -05:00). Also added full time zone name (PET to Perú Time) & added that DST is not followed. Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
||
| (30 intermediate revisions by 21 users not shown) | |||
Line 47:
| nickname = ''Ciudad de los Reyes'' (City of the Kings) <br /> ''La Tres Veces Coronada Villa'' (The Three Times Crowned Ville) <br /> ''La Perla del Pacífico'' (The Pearl of the Pacific)
| motto = ''Hoc Signum Vere Regum Est'' ([[Latin language|Latin]])<br />"This is the real sign of the [[Biblical Magi|Kings]]")
| pushpin_map = Peru
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|12|03|36|S|77|02|15|W|type:city_region:PE-LMA|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
Line 56 ⟶ 54:
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Peru|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Lima Province|Lima]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Distrito Federal]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
Line 88 ⟶ 86:
| demographics1_title2 = Total
| demographics1_info2 = $210.4 billion<ref name="TelluBase">{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_per.pdf|publisher=Tellusant|title=TelluBase—Peru Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)| access-date = 2024-01-11}}</ref>
| timezone = [[Peru Time
| utc_offset =
| timezone_DST = (Not Observed)
| postal_code_type = [[UBIGEO]]
| postal_code = 15000
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area code]]
| area_code = 1
|
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = [[Historic Centre of Lima]]
| designation1_date = 1988, 1991 <small>(12th, 15th [[World Heritage Committee|sessions]])</small>
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria = iv
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/500 500]
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in North America|Latin America and the Caribbean]]
}}
| website = {{URL|www.munlima.gob.pe/}}
}}
'''Lima''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|iː|m|ə}} {{respell|LEE|mə}}; {{IPA|es|ˈlima|local}}), founded in 1535 as the '''Ciudad de los Reyes''' ({{IPA-es|sjuˈðað ðe los ˈreʝes|local}}, Spanish for "City of [[Biblical Magi|Kings]]"), is the capital and largest city of [[Peru]]. It is located in the valleys of the [[Chillón River|Chillón]], [[Rímac River|Rímac]] and [[Lurín River]]s, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean. The city is considered the political, cultural, financial and commercial center of Peru. Due to its geostrategic importance, the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] has categorized it as a "beta" tier city. Jurisdictionally, the metropolis extends mainly within the [[province of Lima]] and in a smaller portion, to the west, within the [[Constitutional Province of Callao]], where the seaport and the [[Jorge Chávez Airport]] are located. Both provinces have regional autonomy since 2002.▼
▲'''Lima''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|iː|m|ə}} {{respell|LEE|mə}}; {{IPA|es|ˈlima|local}}), founded in 1535 as the '''Ciudad de los Reyes''' ({{IPA
The 2023 census projection indicates that the city of Lima has an estimated population of 10,092,000 inhabitants, making it the most populated city in the country, and the second most populous in the Americas after São Paulo.<ref name="inei23p33">{{harvnb|INEI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática)|2023|p=23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/America.html|title=America: Population Statistics in Maps and Charts for Cities, Agglomerations and Administrative Divisions of all Countries in America|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> Together with the seaside city of [[Callao]], it forms a contiguous urban area known as the [[Lima Metropolitan Area]], which encompasses a total of 10,151,200 inhabitants.<ref name="inei20p33">{{harvnb|INEI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática)|2023|p=23}}</ref><ref group="note">This includes the 43 districts of the Lima province</ref> When considering the constitutional province of [[Callao]], the total agglomeration reaches a population of 11,342,100 inhabitants, one of the [[List of urban areas by population|thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world]].▼
▲The 2023 census projection indicates that the city of Lima has an estimated population of 10,092,000 inhabitants, making it the most populated city in the country, and the second most populous in the Americas after São Paulo.<ref name="
Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by [[native Peruvians]] as ''Limaq''. It became the capital and most important city in the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]. Following the [[Peruvian War of Independence]], it became the capital of the Republic of Peru (República del Perú). Around one-third of the national population now lives in its [[Lima Metropolitan Area|metropolitan area]].
Line 140:
==History==
{{Main|History of Lima|Timeline of Lima}}
===Pre-Columbian era===
Line 149 ⟶ 148:
These cultures were conquered by the [[Wari culture|Wari Empire]] during the height of its imperial expansion. It is during this time that the ceremonial center of [[Cajamarquilla]] was built.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wmf.org/project/cajamarquilla-archaeological-site|title=Cajamarquilla Archaeological Site - World Monuments Watch - 2006|website=[[World Monuments Fund]]}}</ref><ref name="James Higgins">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YErY-1GD7o8C&dq=Lima:+A+cultural+history&pg=PP1|title=Lima: A Cultural History|author=James Higgins|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-19-517890-4|pages=22, 45}}</ref> As Wari importance declined, local cultures regained autonomy, highlighting the [[Chancay culture]]. Later, in the 15th century, these territories were incorporated into the [[Inca Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://es.calameo.com/read/0005981349455e89ae19a|title=Identidad - Cultura Chancay|author=Alberto Colán Falcón|page=1}}</ref> From this time we can find a great variety of [[huaca]]s throughout the city, some of which are under investigation.
The most important or well-known huacas are those of [[Huaca Huallamarca|Huallamarca]], [[Huaca Pucllana|Pucllana]], and Mateo Salado, all located in the middle of Lima districts with very high urban growth, so they are surrounded by business and residential buildings; however, that does not prevent its perfect state of conservation.
During the time of the Incas, the valley of Lima was highly populated and organized into an Inca province, or huamani (wamani), called Pachacamac. The colonial Spanish historian [[Bernabé Cobo]] mentions that the huamani of Pachacamac was subdivided into three hunu of tributary men, rather than the conventional four hunu. It has also been argued that a fourth hunu may have existed but was not recorded.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Díaz |first1=Luisa |last2=Vallejo |first2=Francisco |date=2002-04-09 |title=Armatambo y el dominio incaico en el valle de Lima |url=https://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/boletindearqueologia/article/view/1856 |journal=Boletín de Arqueología PUCP |issue=6 |pages=355–374 |doi=10.18800/boletindearqueologiapucp.200201.014 |issn=2304-4292}}</ref> The primary meaning of the word hunu in Quechua is 10,000, leading to the assumption that 30,000 families lived in the valley. This assumption has been criticized, including by the historian Åke Wedin, because hunu can also mean countless, and therefore could simply refer to a very large group of men. The scholar [[John Howland Rowe|John Rowe]] suggested that the valley had a population of about 150,000 during Inca times.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gonzáles |first=César W. Astuhuamán |date=2011-01-01 |title=The concept of Inca province at Tawantinsuyu |url=https://journals.iai.spk-berlin.de/index.php/indiana/article/view/2002 |journal=INDIANA - Estudios Antropológicos sobre América Latina y el Caribe |language=en |volume=28 |pages=79–107 |doi=10.18441/ind.v28i0.79-107 |issn=2365-2225}}</ref>
Whatever the case, each recorded hunu of Pachacamac had a head town, corresponding to some of the most populated settlements in the valley: Caraguayllo ([[Carabayllo District|Carabayllo]]), Maranga, and Surco (or Sulco, also known as the archaeological site Armatambo).<ref name=":2" /><blockquote>... this valley was divided, according to the government of the Inca kings, into three 'unos' or governorships of ten thousand families each; the town of Caraguayllo was the head of the first; that of Maranga, which is situated in the middle of the valley, of the second, and the third, that of Surco; this last town was the largest of all ...<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cobo |first=Bernabé |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opOPx386EzYC&pg=PA42 |title=Historia de la fundación de Lima |date=1882 |publisher=Imprenta liberal |language=es}}</ref></blockquote>The inhabitants of the pre-Columbian town of Surco were relocated to the modern district of Santiago de Surco early in the colonial period. In addition to Aymara and Quechua, the inhabitants of the northern part of the valley, specifically in the hunu of Carabayllo, spoke an additional language believed to be [[Quingnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lenguas supérstites del Tahuantinsuyo |url=https://elperuano.pe/noticia/86091-lenguas-superstites-del-tahuantinsuyo |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=elperuano.pe |language=es}}</ref>
Regarding the pre-Hispanic settlement of Lima, it is recorded that this part of the valley, near the Rimac river, was administered by a curaca, or local lord, named Taulichusco. He was a former [[Yanakuna|yana]], or servant, of Mama Vilo, one of the wives of Emperor Huayna Capac. Lima was awarded to Taulichusco in recognition of his services to the Inca royalty. Some of Peru's most important buildings were erected on the sites of major constructions of the pre-Hispanic settlement. For example, the residential palace of Taulichusco was located where the modern [[Palacio de Gobierno]] of Peru stands today. A temple called Puma Inti once occupied the site where the [[Cathedral of Lima]] is now, and the [[Teatro Municipal de Lima|Municipal Theatre of Lima]] is situated where a pre-Columbian structure, referred to as Huaca El Cabildo by the Spaniards, once stood. These buildings were centered around a plaza, which was later expanded to become the [[Plaza Mayor de Lima|Plaza Mayor]]. The Huaca de Aliaga and Huaca Riquelme were other major buildings near the plaza. Other nearby constructions included the temple-oracle of Rímac, one of the main places of worship in the valley, also known as the so-called "huaca grande" that once stood in [[Barrios Altos]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guzmán-García |first=Carlos Enrique |date=2012-01-01 |title=REDESCUBRIENDO LIMA INCA, Carlos Enrique Guzmán (2012) |url=https://www.academia.edu/50845131 |journal=Arquivisión}}</ref>
===Spanish Founding===
[[File:Old Coat of arms of Lima.svg|thumb|upright|The colonial [[Coat of arms of Lima|Lima's coat of arms]] official since 7 December 1537<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0_po3dEBqwC&q=escudo+de+lima|title=Colección de documentos literarios del Peru: Lima fundada|author=Pedro de Peralta Barnuevo Rocha y Benavides|year=1863|publisher=Establecimiento de tipografía y encuadernación de A. Alfaro}}</ref>]]
Line 158 ⟶ 163:
He considered that Lima was strategically located, close to a favorable coast for the construction of a [[Callao|port]] but prudently far from it in order to prevent attacks by [[Piracy|pirates]] and foreign powers, on fertile lands and with a suitable cool climate. Thus, on 6 January 1535, Lima was founded with the name "City of the Kings", named in this way in honor of the [[Epiphany (holiday)|epiphany]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmrhAybM6lMC&dq=city+of+the+kings+lima+epiphany&pg=PA34|title=Peru. Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas|author=[[Ephraim George Squier]]|date=1877|publisher=[[Macmillan Inc.]]|isbn=978-1-59884-777-2|page=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/peru/peru/lima.php|title=Lima, City of Kings|website=brown.edu}}</ref> on territories that had been of the [[kuraka]] [[Taulichusco]]. The explanation of this name is due to the fact that "around the same time in January, the Spaniards were looking for the place to lay the foundation for the new city, [...] not far from the [[Pachacámac]] sanctuary, near the [[Rímac River|Rímac river]].
However, as had happened with the region, initially called [[Governorate of New Castile|New Castile]] and later [[Peru]], the City of the Kings soon lost its name in favor of "Lima". Pizarro, with the collaboration of [[Nicolás de Ribera]], Diego de Agüero and Francisco Quintero personally traced the [[Plaza Mayor de Lima|Plaza Mayor]] and the rest of the city grid, building the Viceroyalty Palace (today transformed into the [[Government Palace, Peru|Government Palace of Peru]], which hence retains the traditional name of ''Casa de Pizarro'') and the [[Lima Metropolitan Cathedral|Cathedral]], whose first stone Pizarro laid with his own hands.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-9m2UTFCGkC&dq=Settlements%20in%20the%20Americas%3A%20Cross-Cultural%20Perspectives&pg=PP1|title=Settlements in the Americas: Cross-cultural Perspectives|author=Ralph Francis Bennett - Center for Renaissance and Baroque Studies|year=1986|publisher=[[University of Delaware Press]]|isbn=0-87413-411-0|page=35}}</ref> In August 1536, the flourishing city was besieged by the troops of the Inca general Quizu Yupanqui under orders from the monarch [[Manco Inca Yupanqui]] who was in Cusco, but the Spanish and their indigenous allies managed to defeat them. The [[Huaylas Province|Huaylas]] (Wayllas) army's assistance was of special importance to the Spanish. The army arrived personally led by Contarhuancho<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rostworowski |first=María |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDtFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22 |title=Doña Francisca Pizarro: Una ilustre mestiza 1534-1598 |date=2017-12-28 |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |isbn=978-9972-51-667-2 |language=en}}</ref> (Kuntur-Wanchu), a secondary wife of the deceased Emperor [[Wayna Qhapaq]] and now a respected kuraka of half the province of Huaylas, the Hanan Huaylas or Upper Huaylas moiety. Contarhuancho came to Lima after receiving a plea for help in a quipu message from her daughter, the Huaylas-Inca princess Doña [[Inés Huaylas Yupanqui]].
In the following years, Lima gained prestige by being designated the capital of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] and the seat of a ''[[Real Audiencia]]'' in 1543. Since the location of the coastal city was conditioned by the ease of communications with [[Spain]], a close bond with the port of [[Callao]] was soon established.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/export/drupaljda/publicacion/21/05/60acb153b9883-guia_lima_y_callao.pdf|location=Lima, Seville|title=Lima and El Callao - An Architectural and Landscape Guide|isbn=978-84-7595-215-4|year=2009|last1=Tolla|first1=Enrique Bonilla di |publisher=Universidad Ricardo Palma}}</ref>
Line 189 ⟶ 194:
===Republican era===
[[File:Defunct Main City Gate of Lima, 19th century.jpg|thumb|This was a gate of the [[Walls of Lima|colonial wall of Lima]], the "[[Gate of Lima|Arco del Puente]]", its partially wooden structures were consumed by a fire caused by street vendors in 1879.<ref name="Arco Puente">{{cite web|website=camp.ucss.edu.pe|title=Un arco para Lima|date=3 December 2021 |url=https://camp.ucss.edu.pe/blog/el-arco-de-lima/|page=59}}</ref> The colonial wall of Lima had ten gates,<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Johann Jakob von Tschudi]]|publisher=Outlook Verlag|year=1847|title=Travels in Peru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CItRDwAAQBAJ&dq=city+walls+of+lima&pg=PA59|page=59|isbn=978-3-7326-3675-4 }}</ref><ref name="Arco Puente"/> now demolished.]]
[[File:Casa Roosevelt o Edificio Rímac.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Edificio Rímac]]]]
After the War of Independence, Lima became the capital of the [[Republic of Peru]], but the country's economic stagnation and political disorder paralyzed its urban development. This situation was reversed in the 1850s, when the growing public and private income derived from the export of [[guano]] allowed a rapid expansion of the city. In the following twenty years, the State financed the construction of large public buildings to replace the old viceregal establishments, among these are the Central Market, the General Slaughterhouse, the Mental Asylum, the [[Lima Penitentiary|Penitentiary]] and the Hospital Dos de Mayo. There were also improvements in communications; in 1850 a railway line between Lima and Callao was completed and in 1870 an iron bridge was inaugurated over the Rímac River, baptized as Puente Balta. In 1872 the [[Walls of Lima|colonial City Walls]] were demolished by the US engineer [[Henry Meiggs]] under contract with the Peruvian government,<ref>{{cite book|author=John Carlos Rowe |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2000|title=Literary Culture and U.S. Imperialism. From the Revolution to World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s53mCwAAQBAJ&dq=walls+of+lima+demolished&pg=PA436|page=436|isbn=978-0-19-513150-5}}</ref> in anticipation of further urban growth in the future. However, this period of economic expansion also widened the gap between rich and poor, producing widespread social unrest.
Line 211 ⟶ 216:
[[Lima metropolitan area|Metropolitan Lima]] covers {{convert|2672.28|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, of which {{convert|825.88|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (31%) comprise the actual city and {{convert|1846.40|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (69%) the city outskirts.<ref name="inei.gob.pe">{{Cite web |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1168/libro.pdf |title=Una mirada a Lima Metropolitana |trans-title=A look at Metropolitan Lima |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |location=Lima |date=September 2014 |access-date=1 September 2019 |language=es}}</ref> The urban area extends around {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on}} from north to south and around {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from west to east. The city center is located {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} inland at the shore of the Rímac River, a vital resource for the city, since it carries what will become drinking water for its inhabitants and fuels the hydroelectric dams that provide electricity to the area. While no official administrative definition for the city exists, it is usually considered to be composed of the central 30 of 43 districts of [[Lima Province]], corresponding to an urban area centered around the historic [[Lima District|Cercado de Lima]] district. The city is the core of the [[Lima Metropolitan Area|Lima Metro Area]], one of the ten [[List of metropolitan areas in the Americas|largest metro areas in the Americas]]. Lima is the world's third largest desert city, after [[Karachi]], Pakistan, and [[Cairo]], Egypt.
{{clear}}
===Climate===
Line 350 ⟶ 356:
{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_846280_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Lima-Callao (Int. Flugh.) / Peru |work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de| access-date = 18 November 2016}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat>
{{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1871 |title=Station Jorge Chavez |publisher=Météo Climat |language=fr| access-date = 27 June 2017}}</ref>
|source 2 =
|date=August 2010}}
{{Weather box
| location = Lima (Campo de Marte) 1991-2020
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan high C = 25.6
| Feb high C = 27.1
| Mar high C = 26.7
| Apr high C = 24.6
| May high C = 21.4
| Jun high C = 18.9
| Jul high C = 18.0
| Aug high C = 17.5
| Sep high C = 18.1
| Oct high C = 19.4
| Nov high C = 21.2
| Dec high C = 23.1
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = 23.0
| Feb mean C = 24.1
| Mar mean C = 23.7
| Apr mean C = 21.7
| May mean C = 19.2
| Jun mean C = 17.5
| Jul mean C = 16.7
| Aug mean C = 16.1
| Sep mean C = 16.4
| Oct mean C = 17.4
| Nov mean C = 18.9
| Dec mean C = 20.8
| year mean C = 20.9
| Jan low C = 20.4
| Feb low C = 21.1
| Mar low C = 20.6
| Apr low C = 18.8
| May low C = 17.0
| Jun low C = 16.0
| Jul low C = 15.4
| Aug low C = 14.6
| Sep low C = 14.7
| Oct low C = 15.4
| Nov low C = 16.7
| Dec low C = 18.4
| year low C =
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 0.6
| Feb precipitation mm = 0.5
| Mar precipitation mm = 0.4
| Apr precipitation mm = 0.1
| May precipitation mm = 0.4
| Jun precipitation mm = 1.3
| Jul precipitation mm = 2.1
| Aug precipitation mm = 1.9
| Sep precipitation mm = 1.2
| Oct precipitation mm = 0.5
| Nov precipitation mm = 0.5
| Dec precipitation mm = 0.3
| year precipitation mm = 9.8
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| source = [[National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology of Peru|National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology of Peru (SENAMHI)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/?p=normales-estaciones | title= SENAMHI - Normales Estaciones |publisher=SENAMHI | access-date = 13 July 2024 |language=es}}</ref>
}}
==Government==
Line 375 ⟶ 441:
Unlike the rest of the country, the Metropolitan Municipality has functions of regional government and is not part of any administrative region, according to Article 65. 27867 of the Law of Regional Governments enacted on 16 November 2002, 87 The previous political organization remains in the sense that a Governor is the political authority for the department and the city. The functions of this authority are mostly police and military. The same city administration covers the local municipal authority.
Lima has been rocked by corruption scandals: former mayors [[Susana Villarán|Susana Villaran]] (
===International organizations===
Lima is home to the headquarters of the [[Andean Community of Nations]] that is a [[customs union]] comprising the South American countries of [[Bolivia]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Peru]]
==Demographics==
Line 415 ⟶ 481:
==Economy==
[[File:
[[File:Bolsa de Valores, Lima, Perú, 2015-07-28, DD 101.JPG|alt=|thumb|The [[Lima Stock Exchange]] building]]
Lima is the country's industrial and financial center and one of Latin America's most important financial centers,<ref>Infoplease. [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0829787.html Lima]. Retrieved 8 December 2008.</ref> home to many national companies and hotels. It accounts for more than two-thirds of Peru's industrial production<ref>AttractionGuide. [http://attractionguide.com/lima/ Lima Attractions]. Retrieved 8 December 2008.</ref> and most of its [[tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sector]].
Line 428 ⟶ 494:
The [[APEC Peru 2008|Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit 2008]] and the [[Latin America, the Caribbean and the European Union Summit]] were held there.
Lima is the headquarters for banks such as [[Banco de Crédito del Perú]], [[Scotiabank]] Perú, [[Interbank]], [[Bank of the Nation (Peru)|Bank of the Nation]], Banco Continental, MiBanco, Banco Interamericano de Finanzas, Banco Financiero, [[Banco de Comercio]] and CrediScotia. It is a regional headquarters for [[Standard Chartered]]. Insurance companies based in Lima include Rimac Seguros, Mapfre Peru, Interseguro, Pacifico, Protecta and La Positiva.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohperu.com/empresas/seguros.htm |title=Compañías de Seguros Peru |publisher=Oh Perú |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref>
=== Tourism ===
Line 447 ⟶ 513:
These fine examples of medieval Spanish fortifications were used to defend the city from attacks by [[pirate]]s and [[Privateer|corsairs]]. For this, part of the Walls corresponding to the rear area of the Basilica of San Francisco, very close to the [[Government Palace, Peru|Government Palace]], was recovered, in which a park was built (called Parque de la Muralla) and in which you can see remains of it.<ref>{{cite web|title=El Parque de la Muralla|url=http://www.perutoptours.com/index14limuralla.html|website=perutoptours.com}}</ref> Half an hour from the historic center, in the [[Miraflores District, Lima|district of Miraflores]] you can visit the tourist and entertainment center [[Larcomar]] which is located on the [[cliff]]s facing the sea.
[[File:
The city has two traditional zoological parks: the main and oldest is the Parque de las Leyendas, located in the [[San Miguel District, Lima|San Miguel district]], and the other is the Parque Zoológico Huachipa located east of the city in the [[Lurigancho-Chosica]] district. On the other hand, the offer of [[Movie theater|cinema]]s is wide and has numerous state-of-the-art rooms (4D) that program international film premieres.
Line 495 ⟶ 561:
[[File:Causa Rellena.jpg|thumb|270x270px|[[Causa limeña]]]]
Lima is known as the ''Gastronomical Capital of the Americas''. A center of immigration and the center of the Spanish Viceroyalty, chefs incorporated dishes brought by the conquistadors and waves of immigrants: African, European, Chinese and Japanese.<ref name="mixtura.biz" /> Since the second half of the 20th century, international immigrants were joined by internal migrants from rural areas.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-15424982_ITM |title=Peru's revolution in tastes: innovative chefs in Lima are dishing up a fusion of Andean and European cuisines with seasoning from around the world. (01-MAY-06) Americas (English Edition) |publisher=Accessmylibrary.com |date=1 May 2006 |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> Lima cuisines include [[Creole peoples|Creole food]], [[Chifa]]s, [[Ceviche|Cebicherias]] and [[Pollo a la Brasa|Pollerias]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://filer.livinginperu.com/101reasons.pdf |title=101 Reasons to be proud of Peru |publisher=Peru Experience |location=Lima |year=2008 |access-date=10 October 2009 |isbn=978-603-45260-1-3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118052410/http://filer.livinginperu.com/101reasons.pdf |archive-date=18 November 2018}}</ref> The city is home to [[Central Restaurante]], which holds the title as [[Best restaurant in the world]], be voted for the title in 2023.
In the 21st century, its restaurants became recognized internationally.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.go2peru.com/spa/guia_viajes/lima/cocina_lima.htm |title=Gastronomía en Lima |website=go2peru.com |language=es |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011012623/http://www.go2peru.com/spa/guia_viajes/lima/cocina_lima.htm }}</ref>
Line 501 ⟶ 567:
In 2007, the Peruvian Society for Gastronomy was born with the objective of uniting Peruvian gastronomy to put together activities that would promote Peruvian food and reinforce the Peruvian national identity. The society, called APEGA, gathered chefs, nutritionists, institutes for gastronomical training, restaurant owners, chefs and cooks, researchers and journalists. They worked with universities, food producers, artisanal fishermen and sellers in food markets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apega.pe/apega/-que-es-apega-S1/C1.html |title=APEGA Sociedad Peruana de Gastronomía – ¿Qué es Apega? |work=apega.pe |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818095447/http://www.apega.pe/apega/-que-es-apega-S1/C1.html |archive-date=18 August 2018 }}</ref> One of their first projects (2008) was to create the largest food festival in Latin America, called Mistura ("mixture" in Portuguese). The fair takes place in September every year. The number of attendees has grown from 30,000 to 600,000 in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/09/17/349038162/mistura-food-fest-gives-peruvian-cuisine-a-chance-to-shine |title=Mistura Food Fest Gives Peruvian Cuisine A Chance To Shine |website=[[NPR]]|date=17 September 2014 |last1=Bloudoff-Indelicato |first1=Mollie }}</ref> The fair congregates restaurants, food producers, bakers, chefs, street vendors and cooking institutes from for ten days to celebrate excellent food.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mistura.pe/mistura-2014/ |title=Mistura.pe |author=Aunt Poison S.A.C.}}</ref>
Since 2011, several Lima restaurants have been recognized as among [[The World's 50 Best Restaurants]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/past-lists/2011 |title=Past List 2011 |publisher=Theworlds50best.com |access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref> In 2023, Central was named the Best Restaurant in the World.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
Line 571 ⟶ 637:
|}
In 2016, Central was awarded No. 4 (chefs [[Virgilio Martínez Véliz|Virgilio Martinez]] and Pia Leon), Maido was awarded No. 13 (chef Mitsuharu Tsumura) and Astrid & Gaston was awarded No. 30 (chef Diego Muñoz and owned by chef Gaston Acurio).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners#t1-50 |title=1–50 The Worlds 50 Best Restaurants |publisher=Theworlds50best.com |access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref> In addition, Central was named No. 1 restaurant in the list of Latin America's 50 Best Restaurants 2015. Out of the 50 best restaurants in Latin America, we find: Central #1, Astrid & Gaston #3, Maido #5, La Mar #12, Malabar #20, Fiesta #31, Osso Carnicería y Salumería #34, La Picanteria #36 and Rafael #50.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theworlds50best.com/latinamerica/en/the-list.html#t1-50 |title=Latin America's 50 Best Restaurants 1–50 |publisher=Theworlds50best.com |date=4 September 2013 |access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref> These restaurants fuse ideas from across the country and the world.[[File:Ceviche en Desaguadero, lado peruano.jpg|thumb|[[Ceviche]]]]In 2023, Central was named the Best Restaurant in the World.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.theworlds50best.com/the-list/1-10/central.html |title=Top 50 Restaurants in the World 2023 |publisher=Theworlds50best.com |date=20 June 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>
Peruvian coffee and chocolate have also won international awards.<ref name=":0" />
Line 577 ⟶ 643:
Lima is the Peruvian city with the greatest variety and where different dishes representing South American cuisine can be found.
Ceviche is Peru's national dish and it's made from salt, garlic, onions, hot Peruvian peppers, and raw fish that's all marinated in lime. In Northern Peru, one can find black-oyster ceviche, mixed seafood
ceviche, crab and lobster ceviche. In the Andes one can also find trout ceviche and chicken ceviche.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://treehouselodge.com/ceviche-perus-national-dish/ |title=Ceviche, Peru's National Dish |website=treehouselodge.com |date=18 March 2016 |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref>
Line 594 ⟶ 660:
{{Main|Sport in Lima}}
The city
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Vista aérea de la plaza de Acho en 2021.jpg|'''[[Plaza de toros de Acho]]'''; the plaza is classified as a national historic monument. It is the oldest [[bullring]] in the Americas.
File:
File:Estadio Monumental 2021.jpg|[[Estadio Monumental "U"]] is the highest capacity football stadium in South America and one of the largest in the world.
File:Lima Golf Club, San Isidro District.jpg|'''Lima Golf Club''' ([[San Isidro District, Lima|San Isidro District]])
Line 604 ⟶ 670:
</gallery>{{Clear}}
The historic [[Plaza de toros de Acho]], located in the [[Rímac District]], a few minutes from the [[Plaza Mayor, Lima|Plaza de Armas]], holds [[Bullfighting|bullfights]] yearly. The season runs from late October to December. It also holds concerts, convetions and small football matches. The bulling is the oldest in the Americas and the second oldest in the world. It has a capacity of 14,000.
The [[131st IOC Session]] was held in Lima. The meeting saw Paris elected to host the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] and Los Angeles elected to host the [[2028 Summer Olympics]].
Lima was going to have 2 venues for the [[2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup]] and the [[2023 FIFA U-17 World Cup]], however, they were stripped of hosting rights in the two tournaments. The city hosted the [[2004 Copa América]] and [[2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]] and hosted the final of those tournaments. Lima were also the hosts of [[2019 Pan American Games]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Mackay |first=Duncan |date=11 October 2013 |title=Lima awarded 2019 Pan American and Parapan Games |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/major-games/pan-american-games/2019/1016437-lima-awarded-2019-pan-american-and-parapan-games |work=insidethegames.biz – International Olympic Committee, Paralympic and Commonwealth Games News}}</ref> In 2024, they were selected once again to host the [[2027 Pan American Games]].
{| class="wikitable"
Line 680 ⟶ 744:
==Education==
[[File:Font al parque Universitario de Lima amb el Panteón de los Próceres al fons.jpg|thumb|250px|Colonial [[Casona of the National University of San Marcos|Casona and Chapel]] of the [[National University of San Marcos]]; it is the [[List of colonial universities in Hispanic America|
]]
Line 710 ⟶ 774:
===Air===
[[File:Airport lima peru.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Jorge Chávez International Airport]]]]
Lima is served by [[Jorge Chávez International Airport]], located in [[Callao]] (LIM). It is the country's largest airport hosting the largest number of domestic and international passengers. It serves as the fourth-largest hub in the Latin American air network. The airport is the hub for most Peruvian airlines, such as ATSA Airlines, [[Star Perú]], [[JetSmart Perú]], [[Sky Airline Peru]] and the Peruvian flag carrier, [[LATAM Airlines Perú|LATAM Perú]]. Lima possesses five other airports: the Las Palmas Air Force Base, Collique Airport and runways in [[Santa María del Mar (Peru)|Santa María del Mar]], [[San Bartolo District|San Bartolo]] and [[Chilca]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gc.kls2.com/ |title=Great Circle Mapper |publisher=Gc.kls2.com |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref>
[[Jorge Chávez International Airport]] is currently undergoing an expansion, with a new terminal being constructed along with an additional runway and multiple commercial areas. These new expansions will consist of the Lima Airport City. The airport will be the first airport city of Latin America and will increase the current airport capacity of 30 million to 40 million passengers. The expansion project will be complete in December 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Jorge Chávez – The New International Airport |url=https://nuevojorgechavez.com/en/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
===Road===
Line 725 ⟶ 789:
===Maritime===
[[File:Miraflores Costa Verde Skyline (Lima, Peru).jpg|thumb|285x285px|Miraflores District on the coast]]
Lima's proximity to the port of [[Callao]] allows Callao to act as the metropolitan area's major port and one of Latin America's largest. Callao hosts nearly all maritime transport for the metropolitan area. A small port in [[Lurín District|Lurín]] serves oil tankers due to a nearby refinery. Maritime transport inside Lima city limits is relatively insignificant compared to that of Callao.
A new port is currently being constructed north of Lima in [[Chancay]]. The new port will become the largest in South America and is expected to be complete and commence operations in late 2024.
Line 731 ⟶ 795:
===Rail===
[[File:Estación de Desamparados o Casa de la Literatura Peruana.jpg|thumb|Desamparados Railway Station]]
Lima is connected to the Central Andean region by the [[Ferrocarril Central Andino]] which runs from Lima through the departments of [[Junín Region|Junín]], [[Huancavelica Region|Huancavelica]], [[Pasco Region|Pasco]] and [[Huánuco Region|Huánuco]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ferrocarrilcentral.com.pe/index_.php |title=Ferrocarril Central Andino S.A. |publisher=Ferrocarrilcentral.com.pe |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-date=2 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702044459/http://www.ferrocarrilcentral.com.pe/index_.php }}</ref> Major cities along this line include [[Huancayo]], [[La Oroya]], [[Huancavelica]] and [[Cerro de Pasco]]. Another inactive line runs from Lima northwards to the city of [[Huacho]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huacho.info/bandurria/ferrocarril.html |title=Bandurria – El sitio – Ferrocarril Lima Huacho |publisher=Huacho.info |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> [[Commuter rail]] services for Lima are planned as part of the larger [[Tren de la Costa (Peru)|Tren de la Costa]] project. Lima's main railway station is the [[Desamparados station]].
===Public===
Line 759 ⟶ 823:
====Metro====
The [[Lima Metro]] is
Line 1 has twenty six passenger stations, with an average separation of {{convert|1.2|km|ft|sigfig=2}}. It begins in the Industrial Park of Villa El Salvador, south of the city, continuing on to Av. Pachacútec in Villa María del Triunfo and then to Av. Los Héroes in San Juan de Miraflores. Afterwards, it continues through Av. Tomás Marsano in Surco to reach Ov. Los Cabitos, to Av. Aviación and then cross the river Rimac to finish, after almost {{convert|35|km|0|abbr=on}}, in the east of the capital in [[San Juan de Lurigancho]]. The system operates 24 trains, each with six wagons. Each wagon has the capacity to transport 233 people. The metro system began operating in December 2012 and transported 78,224 people on average on a daily basis.<ref name="limacomovamos.org" />
Line 774 ⟶ 838:
==Challenges==
===
In the 1980s, the [[internal conflict in Peru]] led part of the rural population (between 600,000 and 1 million people) to take refuge in Lima. The new arrivals, often very poor, erected hastily
===Environment===
[[File:Parapentes Miraflores Lima PE.jpg|thumb|Paragliding in Miraflores]]
====Air====
Lima suffers the most from air pollution. The microscopic sediment contained within engine exhaust and industrial emissions floats in the air for extended periods of time, either continuing as air pollution or eventually coming to settle as dust upon different urban surfaces. The fine particles are the most dangerous, as if inhaled, are able to damage the human [[respiratory system]]. The recommended limit of these particles by the [[World Health Organization]] is 5 tons/km2/month. In February 2014, Lima recorded an average of 15.2 tons/km2. The two districts with the highest concentration of sedimentary dust are El Agustino (46.1 tons/km2) and Independencia (25.5 tons/km2) in February 2014.<ref name="limacomovamos.org"/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/boletines/estadisticas-ambientales-febrero-2014.pdf |title=Estadísticas Ambientales |date=February 2014 |website=inei.gob.pe }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Lima has built [[billboard]]s which serve as [[air purifier]]s.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://time.com/84013/this-billboard-sucks-pollution-from-the-sky-and-returns-purified-air/ |title=This Billboard Sucks Pollution from the Sky and Returns Purified Air |last=Peckham |first=Matt |date=1 May 2014 |magazine=Time |language=en |access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref>
[[File:Fiume Rimac.JPG|thumb|200x200px|Rimac river]]
====Water====
Line 846 ⟶ 914:
==See also==
{{Portal|Peru}}
*[[Largest cities in the Americas]]
*[[List of people from Lima]]
Line 932 ⟶ 999:
[[Category:1535 establishments in the Spanish Empire]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lima]]
[[Category:Cities built on a grid]]
| |||