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| key_people = {{Ubl
| [[Sundar Pichai]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])
| [[
| [[Thomas Kurian]] ([[CEO]] of [[Google Cloud Platform|Google Cloud]])
}}
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[[File:Schmidt-Brin-Page-20080520.jpg|thumb|Then Chairman and CEO [[Eric Schmidt]] (left) with co-founders [[Sergey Brin]] (center) and [[Larry Page]] (right) in 2008|alt=Eric Schmidt, Sergey Brin, and Larry Page sitting together]]
'''Google LLC''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-googol.ogg|ˈ|ɡ|uː|ɡ|ə|l|}}
Google was founded on September 4, 1998, by American computer scientists [[Larry Page]] and [[Sergey Brin]] while they were [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] students at [[Stanford University]] in [[California]]. Together, they own about 14% of its publicly listed shares and control 56% of its stockholder voting power through [[super-voting stock]]. The company went [[public company|public]] via an [[initial public offering]] (IPO) in 2004. In 2015, Google was reorganized as a wholly owned [[subsidiary]] of [[Alphabet Inc.]] Google is Alphabet's largest subsidiary and is a [[holding company]] for Alphabet's internet properties and interests. [[Sundar Pichai]] was appointed CEO of Google on October 24, 2015, replacing [[Larry Page]], who became the CEO of Alphabet. On December 3, 2019, Pichai also became the CEO of Alphabet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feiner |first=Lauren |date=December 3, 2019 |title=Larry Page steps down as CEO of Alphabet, Sundar Pichai to take over |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/03/larry-page-steps-down-as-ceo-of-alphabet.html |access-date=June 16, 2021 |website=[[CNBC]] |language=en |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824015937/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/03/larry-page-steps-down-as-ceo-of-alphabet.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
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Google's other ventures outside of [[Internet|internet services]] and [[consumer electronics]] include [[quantum computing]] ([[Sycamore processor|Sycamore]]), [[self-driving car]]s ([[Waymo]], formerly the [[Waymo#History|Google Self-Driving Car Project]]), smart cities ([[Sidewalk Labs]]), and [[Transformer (deep learning architecture)|transformer models]] ([[Google DeepMind]]).<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Inside X, Google's top-secret moonshot factory |language=en-GB |magazine=Wired UK |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ten-years-of-google-x |access-date=May 17, 2022 |issn=1357-0978 |archive-date=May 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519211935/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ten-years-of-google-x |url-status=live }}</ref>
Google and YouTube are the two [[List of most-visited websites|most-visited websites]] worldwide followed by [[Facebook]] and [[Twitter|X]] (formerly known as Twitter). Google is also the largest [[search engine]], mapping and [[navigation]] [[Application software|application]], [[Mailbox provider|email provider]], [[Productivity software#Office suite|office suite]], [[online video platform]], [[Photograph|photo]] and [[cloud storage]] provider, [[mobile operating system]], [[web browser]], machine learning framework, and [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] [[virtual assistant]] provider in the world as measured by market share.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanief |first=Mohammad |date=April 7, 2023 |title=How Google has made our life easy |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/op-ed-2/how-google-has-made-our-life-easy/ |access-date=December 23, 2023 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US |archive-date=December 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223193822/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/op-ed-2/how-google-has-made-our-life-easy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On the list of most valuable brands, Google is ranked second by [[Forbes]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swant |first=Marty |title=The World's Valuable Brands |url=https://www.forbes.com/the-worlds-most-valuable-brands/ |access-date=January 19, 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en-US |archive-date=October 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018162839/https://www.forbes.com/the-worlds-most-valuable-brands/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and fourth by Interbrand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Global Brands |url=https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/ |access-date=March 7, 2011 |publisher=Interbrand |language=en-US |archive-date=February 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201213456/https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It has [[Criticism of Google|received significant criticism]] involving issues such as [[Privacy concerns with Google|privacy concerns]], [[#Tax avoidance strategies|tax avoidance]], [[Censorship by Google|censorship]], [[search neutrality]], [[Competition law#United States antitrust|antitrust]] and abuse of its [[monopoly]] position. On August 5, 2024, D.C. Circuit Court Judge Amit P. Mehta ruled that Google held an illegal monopoly over Internet search.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/google-antitrust-search-engine-verdict-apple-319a61f20fb11510097845a30abaefd8|title=Google illegally maintains monopoly over internet search, judge rules|first1=Matthew|last1=Barakat|first2=Michale|last2=Liedtke|publisher=Associated Press|date=August 5, 2024|accessdate=August 6, 2024}}</ref>
== History ==
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=== Early years ===
[[File:Google page brin.jpg|thumb|[[Larry Page]] and [[Sergey Brin]] in 2003|alt=|left]]
Google began in January 1996 as a research project by [[Larry Page]] and [[Sergey Brin]] while they were both PhD students at [[Stanford University]] in [[California]].<ref name="howwestarted">{{Cite web |title=How we started and where we are today – Google |url=https://about.google/our-story/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200422134018/https://about.google/our-story/ |archive-date=April 22, 2020 |access-date=April 24, 2021 |website=about.google |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Coronabook">{{Cite book |last=Brezina |first=Corona |title=Sergey Brin, Larry Page, Eric Schmidt, and Google |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4488-6911-4 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=18 |lccn=2011039480}}</ref><ref name="milestones">{{Cite web |title=Our history in depth |url=https://www.google.com/about/company/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401035737/http://www.google.com/about/company/history/ |archive-date=April 1, 2012 |access-date=July 15, 2017 |website=Google Company}}</ref> The project initially involved an unofficial "third founder", [[Scott Hassan]], the original lead programmer who wrote much of the code for the original [[Google Search]] engine, but he left before Google was officially founded as a company;<ref name="vanityfair">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Adam |date=July 10, 2018 |title=Brin, Page, and Mayer on the Accidental Birth of the Company that Changed Everything |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/07/valley-of-genius-excerpt-google |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704184309/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/07/valley-of-genius-excerpt-google |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |access-date=August 23, 2019 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=McHugh |first=Josh |date=January 1, 2003 |title=Google vs. Evil |url=https://www.wired.com/2003/01/google-10/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602064540/https://www.wired.com/2003/01/google-10/ |archive-date=June 2, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]}}</ref> Hassan went on to pursue a career in [[robotics]] and founded the company [[Willow Garage]] in 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 5, 2014 |title=Willow Garage Founder Scott Hassan Aims To Build A Startup Village |work=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org
While conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many times the search terms appeared on the page, they theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships among websites.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Page |first1=Lawrence |author-link=Larry Page |last2=Brin |first2=Sergey |author-link2=Sergey Brin |last3=Motwani |first3=Rajeev |last4=Winograd |first4=Terry |date=November 11, 1999 |title=The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web |url=http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118014915/http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/ |archive-date=November 18, 2009 |website=Stanford University}}</ref> They called this algorithm [[PageRank]]; it determined a website's [[Relevance (information retrieval)|relevance]] by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages that linked back to the original site.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Helpful products. For everyone. |url=https://about.google/products/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210175913/http://www.google.com/corporate/tech.html |archive-date=February 10, 2010 |website=Google, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Page |date=August 18, 1997 |title=PageRank: Bringing Order to the Web |url=http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020506051802/http://www-diglib.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/WP/get/SIDL-WP-1997-0072?1 |archive-date=May 6, 2002 |access-date=November 27, 2010 |website=Stanford Digital Library Project}}</ref> Page told his ideas to Hassan, who began writing the code to implement Page's ideas.<ref name="vanityfair" /> Page and Brin would also use their friend [[Susan Wojcicki]]'s garage as their office when the search engine was set up in 1998.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/10/business/susan-wojcicki-dead.html|title=Susan Wojcicki, Former Chief of YouTube, Dies at 56|first1=John|last1=Yoon|first2=Mike|last2=Isaac|work=New York Times|date=August 10, 2024|accessdate=August 10, 2024}}</ref>
Page and Brin originally nicknamed the new search engine "[[Google Search|BackRub]]", because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site.<ref name="howwestarted" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Battelle |first=John |date=August 2005 |title=The Birth of Google |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle.html |url-status=live |access-date=October 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107160749/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle.html?tw=wn_tophead_4 |archive-date=November 7, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Backrub search engine at Stanford University |url=http://huron.stanford.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961224105215/http://huron.stanford.edu/ |archive-date=December 24, 1996 |access-date=March 12, 2011}}</ref> Hassan as well as Alan Steremberg were cited by Page and Brin as being critical to the development of Google. [[Rajeev Motwani]] and [[Terry Winograd]] later co-authored with Page and Brin the first paper about the project, describing PageRank and the initial prototype of the Google search engine, published in 1998. [[Héctor García-Molina]] and [[Jeffrey Ullman]] were also cited as contributors to the project.<ref name="originalpaper" /> PageRank was influenced by a similar page-ranking and site-scoring algorithm earlier used for [[Baidu#History|RankDex]], developed by [[Robin Li]] in 1996, with Larry Page's PageRank patent including a citation to Li's earlier RankDex patent; Li later went on to create the Chinese search engine [[Baidu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About: RankDex |url=http://www.rankdex.com/about.html |access-date=September 29, 2010 |archive-date=January 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120002301/http://www.rankdex.com/about.html |url-status=dead }}, ''[[RankDex]]''</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Method for node ranking in a linked database |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6285999 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015185034/http://www.google.com/patents/US6285999 |archive-date=October 15, 2015 |access-date=October 19, 2015 |publisher=Google Patents}}</ref>
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=== Initial public offering ===
On August 19, 2004, Google became a [[public company]] via an [[initial public offering]], listing the company on the [[Nasdaq Global Select Market]] under the ticker symbol GOOG. At that time Page, Brin and Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lashinsky |first=Adam |date=January 29, 2008 |title=Google wins again |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |publisher=Time Warner |url=https://money.cnn.com/2008/01/18/news/companies/google.fortune/index.htm |url-status=live |access-date=January 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022200031/http://money.cnn.com/2008/01/18/news/companies/google.fortune/index.htm |archive-date=October 22, 2012}}</ref> The company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share.<ref name="IPO">{{Cite web |title=GOOG Stock |date=July 31, 2023 |url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/goog-stock |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=April 6, 2021 |archive-date=April 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410114859/https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/goog-stock |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=2004 Annual Report |url=http://investor.google.com/pdf/2004_AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114064401/http://investor.google.com/pdf/2004_AnnualReport.pdf |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |access-date=February 19, 2010 |website=Google, Inc. |location=Mountain View, California |page=29}}</ref> Shares were sold in an online auction format using a system built by [[Morgan Stanley]] and [[Credit Suisse]], underwriters for the deal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=La Monica |first=Paul R. |date=April 30, 2004 |title=Google sets $2.7 billion IPO |work=[[CNN]] Money |url=https://money.cnn.com/2004/04/29/technology/google/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 19, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022154717/http://money.cnn.com/2004/04/29/technology/google/ |archive-date=October 22, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kawamoto |first=Dawn |date=April 29, 2004 |title=Want In on Google's IPO? |url=
[[File:Eric Schmidt at the 37th G8 Summit in Deauville 037.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Eric Schmidt]], CEO of Google from 2001 to 2011]]
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In early 2023, following the success of [[ChatGPT]] and concerns that Google was falling behind in the AI race, Google's senior management issued a "code red" and a "directive that all of its most important products—those with more than a billion users—must incorporate generative AI within months".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Love |first1=Julia |last2=Alba |first2=Davey |date=March 8, 2023 |title=Google's Plan to Catch ChatGPT Is to Stuff AI Into Everything |language=en |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] Businessweek |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-08/chatgpt-success-drives-google-to-put-ai-in-all-its-products |access-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-date=March 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312010416/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-08/chatgpt-success-drives-google-to-put-ai-in-all-its-products |url-status=live }}</ref>
In early May 2023, Google announced its plans to build two additional data centers in Ohio. These centers, which will be built in Columbus and Lancaster, will power up the company's tools, including AI technology. The said data hub will add to the already operational center near Columbus, bringing Google's total investment in Ohio to over $2 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/google-open-data-centers-ohio-99041576 |title=Google to open two more data centers in Ohio |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=May 6, 2023 |archive-date=May 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506082230/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/google-open-data-centers-ohio-99041576 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In August 2024, Google would lose a [[United States v. Google LLC (2020)|lawsuit which started in 2020]] in lower court, as it was found that the company had an illegal monopoly over Internet search.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/8/6/24214641/google-us-monopoly-ruling-what-happens|title=Now that Google is a monopolist, what's next? / Reaching a decision on what to do about Google Search could take a very long time.|first=Jay|last=Peters|publisher=The Verge|date=August 6, 2024|accessdate=August 6, 2024}}</ref> D.C. Circuit Court Judge Amit Mehta held that this monopoly was in violation of Section 2 of the [[Sherman Act]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/google-violated-antitrust-laws-maintain-dominance-online-search/story?id=112591120|title=Google violated antitrust laws to maintain dominance over online search, judge says|first=Alexander|last=Mallin|publisher=ABC News|date=August 5, 2024|accessdate=August 6, 2024}}</ref>
== Products and services ==
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==== Web-based services ====
Google offers [[Gmail]] for [[email]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gayomali |first=Chris |date=April 1, 2014 |title=When Gmail Launched On April 1, 2004, People Thought It Was A Joke |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3028513/when-gmail-launched-on-april-1-2004-people-thought-it-was-a-joke |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018201644/https://www.fastcompany.com/3028513/when-gmail-launched-on-april-1-2004-people-thought-it-was-a-joke |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |access-date=June 12, 2017 |website=[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]] |publisher=Mansueto Ventures}}</ref> [[Google Calendar]] for time-management and scheduling,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=January 5, 2017 |title=Google Calendar update makes it easier to track your New Year's fitness goals |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/5/14175830/google-calendar-track-fitness-goals-health-data |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113025213/http://www.theverge.com/2017/1/5/14175830/google-calendar-track-fitness-goals-health-data |archive-date=January 13, 2017 |access-date=June 12, 2017 |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref> [[Google Maps]] for mapping, navigation and [[satellite imagery]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Broussard |first=Mitchel |date=March 22, 2017 |title=Google Maps Introduces New Location Sharing Feature With Real-Time Friend Tracking |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2017/03/22/google-maps-location-sharing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327173708/https://www.macrumors.com/2017/03/22/google-maps-location-sharing/ |archive-date=March 27, 2017 |access-date=June 12, 2017 |website=[[MacRumors]]}}</ref> [[Google Drive]] for [[File hosting service|cloud storage]] of files,<ref name="verge-drive-announced">{{Cite web |last=Sottek |first=T.C. |date=April 24, 2012 |title=Google Drive officially launches with 5 GB free storage, Google Docs integration |url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/4/24/2971025/google-drive-official-launch-features |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226161807/http://www.theverge.com/2012/4/24/2971025/google-drive-official-launch-features |archive-date=December 26, 2016 |access-date=June 12, 2017 |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref> [[Google Docs]], [[Google Sheets|Sheets]] and [[Google Slides|Slides]] for productivity,<ref name="verge-drive-announced" /> [[Google Photos]] for photo storage and sharing,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=May 28, 2015 |title=Google Photos Breaks Free Of Google+, Now Offers Free, Unlimited Storage |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/28/google-photos-breaks-free-of-google-now-offers-free-unlimited-storage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706135643/https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/28/google-photos-breaks-free-of-google-now-offers-free-unlimited-storage/ |archive-date=July 6, 2017 |access-date=June 12, 2017 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> [[Google Keep]] for [[note-taking]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Graziano |first=Dan |date=March 20, 2013 |title=Google launches Google Keep note-taking service [video] |url=http://bgr.com/2013/03/20/google-keep-annnounced-388095/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008154306/http://bgr.com/2013/03/20/google-keep-annnounced-388095/ |archive-date=October 8, 2016 |access-date=June 12, 2017 |website=[[Boy Genius Report|BGR]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> [[Google Translate]] for language translation,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Eadicicco |first=Lisa |date=November 16, 2016 |title=Google's Translation App Is About To Get Much Better |url=http://time.com/4572942/google-translate-app-update-2016/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401152526/http://time.com/4572942/google-translate-app-update-2016/ |archive-date=April 1, 2017 |access-date=June 12, 2017}}</ref> [[YouTube]] for video viewing and sharing,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamedy |first=Saba |date=February 28, 2017 |title=People now spend 1 billion hours watching YouTube every day |url=http://mashable.com/2017/02/27/youtube-one-billion-hours-of-video-daily/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517233015/http://mashable.com/2017/02/27/youtube-one-billion-hours-of-video-daily/ |archive-date=May 17, 2017 |access-date=June 12, 2017 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> [[Google My Business]] for managing public business information,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google My Business – Stand Out on Google for Free |url=https://www.google.com/business/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207151521/https://www.google.com/business/ |archive-date=February 7, 2019 |access-date=February 6, 2019 |website=www.google.com}}</ref> and [[Google Duo|Duo]] for social interaction.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Levy |first=Steven |date=June 28, 2011 |title=Inside Google+ - How the search giant plans to go social |url=https://www.wired.com/2011/06/inside-google-plus-social/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Wired (website)|Wired]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405130052/https://www.wired.com/2011/06/inside-google-plus-social/ |archive-date=April 5, 2017 |access-date=June 12, 2017}}</ref> In March 2019, Google unveiled a [[cloud gaming]] service named [[Google Stadia|Stadia]].<ref name="unveils">{{Cite web |last=Warren |first=Tom |date=March 19, 2019 |title=Google unveils Stadia cloud gaming service, launches in 2019 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/19/18271702/google-stadia-cloud-gaming-service-announcement-gdc-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319173136/https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/19/18271702/google-stadia-cloud-gaming-service-announcement-gdc-2019 |archive-date=March 19, 2019 |access-date=April 8, 2019 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> A job search product has also existed since before 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zakrasek |first=Nick |year=2017 |title=Connecting more Americans with jobs |url=https://www.blog.google/products/search/connecting-more-americans-jobs/ |website=blog.google |access-date=June 21, 2021 |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204109/https://www.blog.google/products/search/connecting-more-americans-jobs/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Job Search on Google – Get Your Job Postings on Google Today |url=https://jobs.google.com/about |website=jobs.google.com |access-date=June 28, 2021 |archive-date=June 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628200911/https://jobs.google.com/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Search Job Opportunities & Expand Career Skills |url=https://grow.google/job-seekers/ |website=Grow With Google |access-date=June 21, 2021 |archive-date=June 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619224906/https://grow.google/job-seekers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Google for Jobs is an enhanced search feature that aggregates listings from [[job board]]s and career sites.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Robin |year=2019 |title=How To Use Google's Job Search Feature To Land A Job |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robinryan/2019/08/06/how-to-use-googles-new-job-search-feature-to-land-a-job |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806144615/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robinryan/2019/08/06/how-to-use-googles-new-job-search-feature-to-land-a-job/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 6, 2019 |website=forbes.com}}</ref> Some Google services are not web-based. [[Google Earth]], launched in 2005, allows users to see high-definition satellite pictures from all over the world for free through a client software downloaded to their computers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=Philippa |last2=Ailshire |first2=Jennifer |last3=Melendez |first3=Robert |last4=Bader |first4=Michael |last5=Morenoff |first5=Jeffrey |year=2010 |title=Using Google Earth to conduct a neighborhood audit: reliability of a virtual audit instrument |journal=Health & Place |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=1224–1229 |doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.08.007 |pmc=2952684 |pmid=20797897 |issn=1353-8292 }}</ref>
==== Software ====
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=== Corporate identity ===
{{further|History of Google#Name|Google (verb)|Google logo|Google Doodle|List of Google April Fools' Day jokes|List of Google Easter eggs}}
[[File:Google 2013 logo.svg|thumb|200px|Google's logo from 2013 to 2015. The logo was used with minor changes since 1999.]]
The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "[[googol]]",<ref>{{cite web|last=Koller |first=David|title=Origin of the name, "Google." |url=http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html |access-date=May 28, 2006 |archive-date=June 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627081942/http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html |url-status=dead |website=[[Stanford University]] |date=January 2004}}</ref><ref name="Hanley">Hanley, Rachael. "{{Cite web |title=From Googol to Google: Co-founder returns |url=http://www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google/ |access-date=February 15, 2010 |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511111017/http://www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google/ |url-status=dead }}." ''[[The Stanford Daily]].'' February 12, 2003. Retrieved on August 26, 2010.</ref> which refers to the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Page and Brin write in their original paper on [[PageRank]]:<ref name="originalpaper">{{Cite journal |last1=Brin |first1=Sergey |author-link=Sergey Brin |last2=Page |first2=Lawrence |author-link2=Larry Page |year=1998 |title=The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine |url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Computer Networks and ISDN Systems |volume=30 |issue=1–7 |pages=107–117 |citeseerx=10.1.1.115.5930 |doi=10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X |s2cid=7587743 |issn=0169-7552 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927004511/http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2015 |access-date=April 7, 2019}}</ref> "We chose our system name, Google, because it is a common spelling of googol, or 10<sup>100</sup>[,] and fits well with our goal of building very large-scale search engines." Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb "google" was added to the ''[[Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary|Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary]]'' and the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' in 2006, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harris |first=Scott D. |date=July 7, 2006 |title=Dictionary adds verb: to google |work=San Jose Mercury News |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/business/14985574.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=July 7, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206065348/http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/business/14985574.htm |archive-date=February 6, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bylund |first=Anders |date=July 5, 2006 |title=To Google or Not to Google |work=[[The Motley Fool]] |url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/ |url-status=dead |access-date=July 7, 2006 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20060707062623/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/ |archive-date=July 7, 2006 |via=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> Google's [[mission statement]], from the outset, was "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gibbs |first=Samuel |date=November 3, 2014 |title=Google has 'outgrown' its 14-year old mission statement, says Larry Page |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/03/larry-page-google-dont-be-evil-sergey-brin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326053031/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/03/larry-page-google-dont-be-evil-sergey-brin |archive-date=March 26, 2017 |access-date=March 25, 2017 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> and its unofficial slogan is "[[Don't be evil]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 11, 2012 |title=Google Code of Conduct |url=https://abc.xyz/investor/other/google-code-of-conduct.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211223917/https://abc.xyz/investor/other/google-code-of-conduct.html |archive-date=February 11, 2017 |access-date=March 25, 2017 |website=Alphabet Investor Relations |publisher=Alphabet Inc.}}</ref> In October 2015, a related motto was adopted in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase: "Do the right thing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawler |first=Richard |date=October 2, 2015 |title=Alphabet replaces Google's 'Don't be evil' with 'Do the right thing' |url=https://www.engadget.com/2015/10/02/alphabet-do-the-right-thing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701225925/https://www.engadget.com/2015/10/02/alphabet-do-the-right-thing/ |archive-date=July 1, 2017 |access-date=March 25, 2017 |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> The original motto was retained in the code of conduct of Google, now a subsidiary of Alphabet.
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Google has data centers in [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], [[Asia]], and [[Europe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data center locations |url=https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/inside/locations/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517162154/https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/inside/locations/index.html |archive-date=May 17, 2018 |access-date=May 17, 2018}}</ref> There is no official data on the number of [[Server (computing)|servers]] in Google data centers; however, research and advisory firm [[Gartner]] estimated in a July 2016 report that Google at the time had 2.5 million servers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2017 |title=How Many Servers Does Google Have? |url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2017/03/16/google-data-center-faq |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217073018/https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2017/03/16/google-data-center-faq |archive-date=February 17, 2019 |access-date=September 20, 2018 |website=Data Center Knowledge}}</ref> Traditionally, Google relied on [[parallel computing]] on commodity hardware like mainstream [[x86]] computers (similar to home PCs) to keep costs per query low.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 10, 2003 |title=Google's Secret: 'Cheap and Fast' Hardware |url=https://research.google.com/archive/googlecluster-ieee.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214182753/http://research.google.com/archive/googlecluster-ieee.pdf |archive-date=December 14, 2009 |access-date=May 26, 2018 |website=PCWorld}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barroso |first1=L.A. |last2=Dean |first2=J. |last3=Holzle |first3=U. |date=April 29, 2003 |title=Web search for a planet: the google cluster architecture |journal=IEEE Micro |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=22–28 |doi=10.1109/mm.2003.1196112 |issn=0272-1732 |quote=We believe that the best price/performance tradeoff for our applications comes from fashioning a reliable computing infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs. |s2cid=15886858}}</ref><ref name="CNET2009">{{Cite news |date=April 1, 2009 |title=Google uncloaks once-secret server |work=CNET |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-uncloaks-once-secret-server-10209580/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606105133/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-uncloaks-once-secret-server-10209580/ |archive-date=June 6, 2018 |quote=Mainstream servers with x86 processors were the only option, he added. "Ten years ago...it was clear the only way to make (search) work as free product was to run on relatively cheap hardware. You can't run it on a [[mainframe server|mainframe]]. The margins just don't work out," he said.}}</ref> In 2005, it started developing its own designs, which were only revealed in 2009.<ref name="CNET2009" />
Google has built its own private [[submarine communications cable]]s. The first cable, named Curie, connects [[California]] with [[Chile]] and was completed on November 15, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home – Submarine Networks |url=https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/brazil-us/curie |access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=Submarine Networks |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801041348/https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/brazil-us/curie |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 6, 2019 |title=Google and other tech giants are quietly buying up the most important part of the internet |language=en-US |work=VentureBeat |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/06/google-and-other-tech-giants-are-quietly-buying-up-the-most-important-part-of-the-internet/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425024849/https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/06/google-and-other-tech-giants-are-quietly-buying-up-the-most-important-part-of-the-internet/ |archive-date=April 25, 2019}}</ref> The second fully Google-owned undersea cable, named Dunant, connects the United States with France and is planned to begin operation in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=April 24, 2019 |title=How Google is building its huge subsea cable infrastructure |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/24/how-google-is-building-its-huge-subsea-cable-infrastructure/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425163121/https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/24/how-google-is-building-its-huge-subsea-cable-infrastructure/ |archive-date=April 25, 2019 |access-date=April 26, 2019 |website=VentureBeat}}</ref> Google's third subsea cable, Equiano, will connect [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] with [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]] and [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=June 28, 2019 |title=Google announces Equiano, a privately funded subsea cable that connects Europe with Africa |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/28/google-announces-equiano-a-privately-funded-subsea-cable-that-connects-europe-with-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125060941/https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/28/google-announces-equiano-a-privately-funded-subsea-cable-that-connects-europe-with-africa/ |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |access-date=December 31, 2020 |website=VentureBeat |language=en-US}}</ref> The company's fourth cable, named Grace Hopper, connects landing points in [[New York (state)|New York, US]], [[Bude]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Bilbao]], [[Spain]], and is expected to become operational in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lardinois |first=Frederic |date=July 28, 2020 |title=Google is building a new private subsea cable between Europe and the US |url=https://
=== Environment ===
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In a 2022 [[National Labor Relations Board]] ruling, court documents suggested that Google sponsored a secretive project—''Project Vivian''—to counsel its employees and to discourage them from forming unions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Had Secret Project to 'Convince' Employees 'That Unions Suck'|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7d7j9/google-had-secret-project-to-convince-employees-that-unions-suck|access-date=January 11, 2022|website=Vice |date=January 10, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
Google reportedly paid Apple
=== 2023 ===
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=== 2024 ===
In March 2024, a former Google [[Software engineering|software engineer]] and [[China|Chinese]] national, Linwei Ding, was accused of stealing confidential artificial intelligence information from the company and handing it to Chinese corporations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=Ex-Google engineer charged with stealing AI trade secrets while working with Chinese companies |url=https://apnews.com/article/china-google-justice-department-63156ade1e564d15d92adbef91e9c5da |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Ding had allegedly stolen over 500 files from the company over the course of 5 years, having been hired in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lucas |first=Ryan |date=March 6, 2024 |title=Chinese national arrested and charged with stealing AI trade secrets from Google |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/03/06/1236380984/china-google-fbi-ai |website=npr.org}}</ref> Upon discovering Ding had been in contact with Chinese state-owned companies, Google notified the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], who carried on the investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |
In May 2024, a misconfiguration in [[Google Cloud Platform|Google Cloud]] led to the accidental deletion of [[UniSuper]]'s $135 billion Australian pension fund account, affecting over half a million members who were unable to access their accounts for a week. The outage, attributed to a cloud service error and not a cyberattack, prompted a joint apology from UniSuper and Google Cloud executives, who assured members that no personal data was compromised and restoration efforts were underway.<ref>{{Cite news |
In August 2024, Google sent an email to users informing them of its legal obligation to disclose certain confidential information to U.S. government authorities. The company stated that when it receives valid requests from government agencies to produce documents without redacting confidential customer information, it may produce such documents even if they are confidential to users. However, it will request confidential treatment of such information from the government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-06 |title=Google says it is obligated to disclose confidential information of users to U.S. government - TargetTrend |url=https://targettrend.com/google-says-it-is-obligated-to-disclose-confidential-information-of-users-to-u-s-government/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
▲In May 2024, a misconfiguration in [[Google Cloud Platform|Google Cloud]] led to the accidental deletion of [[UniSuper]]'s $135 billion Australian pension fund account, affecting over half a million members who were unable to access their accounts for a week. The outage, attributed to a cloud service error and not a cyberattack, prompted a joint apology from UniSuper and Google Cloud executives, who assured members that no personal data was compromised and restoration efforts were underway.<ref>{{Cite news |last=published |first=Ted Litchfield |date=2024-05-18 |title=Always keep backups: an 'unprecedented' Google Cloud debacle saw a $135 billion pension fund's entire account deleted and services knocked out for nearly two weeks |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/gaming-industry/always-keep-backups-an-unprecedented-google-cloud-debacle-saw-a-dollar135-billion-pension-funds-entire-account-deleted-and-services-knocked-out-for-nearly-two-weeks/ |access-date=2024-05-21 |work=PC Gamer |language=en}}</ref>
=== Racially-targeted surveillance ===
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