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{{short description|Country in South America}}
{{About|the country|its predecessor|Gran Colombia|other uses|Colombia (disambiguation)
{{Distinguish|Columbia (disambiguation) {{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2021}}
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{{Infobox country
| coordinates = {{Coord|4|35|N|74|4|W|type:city}}
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Colombia
| native_name = {{lang|es|República de Colombia}} ([[Colombian Spanish|Spanish]])
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| image_map = COL orthographic (San Andrés and Providencia special).svg
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green }}
| capital = [[Bogotá]]
| religion = {{unbulleted list
| 70.2% [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]
}}
| religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |website=Statista |date=26 October 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| religion_year = 2022
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| recognized_regional_languages = [[San Andrés–Providencia Creole|Creole English]] (in [[San Andrés and Providencia]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Por la cual se dictan normas especiales para la organización y el funcionamiento del Departamento Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina. |url=http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_0047_1993.html |access-date=18 October 2023 |quote=ARTÍCULO 42. IDIOMA Y LENGUA OFICIAL EN EL DEPARTAMENTO ARCHIPIELAGO. Son oficiales en el Departamento Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina el castellano y el inglés comunmente hablado por las comunidades nativas del Archipiélago. |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105153804/http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_0047_1993.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br>[[Languages of Colombia|64 other languages]]{{ref label|iboxa|a|}}
| ethnic_groups = {{vunblist
| 6.84% [[Afro-Colombians]]
| 4.31% [[Indigenous peoples in Colombia|Indigenous]]
| 0.05% [[Raizal]]
| 0.01% [[Palenquero]]
| 1.35% not stated
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2018 census<ref name="grupos étnicos" /><ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{cite journal| title=Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America |year=2015 |pmc=4670080 |last1=Homburger |first1=J. R. |last2=Moreno-Estrada |first2=A. |last3=Gignoux |first3=C. R. |last4=Nelson |first4=D. |last5=Sanchez |first5=E. |last6=Ortiz-Tello |first6=P. |last7=Pons-Estel |first7=B. A. |last8=Acevedo-Vasquez |first8=E. |last9=Miranda |first9=P. |last10=Langefeld |first10=C. D. |last11=Gravel |first11=S. |last12=Alarcón-Riquelme |first12=M. E. |last13=Bustamante |first13=C. D. |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=e1005602 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602 |pmid=26636962 |doi-access=free |issn = 1553-7390}}</ref>
| demonym = [[Colombians|Colombian]]
| government_type = Unitary [[Presidential system|presidential republic]]
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| leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Colombia|Vice President]]
| leader_name2 = [[Francia Márquez]]
| legislature = [[Congress of Colombia|Congress]]
| upper_house = [[Senate of Colombia|Senate]]
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| time_zone = [[Time in Colombia|COT]]
| utc_offset = −5{{ref label|iboxb|b|}}
|
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Colombia|+57]]
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[[Colombian Constitution]] of 1991 (Title I – Concerning Fundamental Principles – Article 10)</ref> English is also official in the [[archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina]].<ref name="LEY47DE1993">{{cite web|url=http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=2780|title=LEY 47 DE 1993|publisher=alcaldiabogota.gov.co|language=es|access-date=23 February 2014|archive-date=11 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111165257/http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=2780|url-status=live}}</ref>
| footnote_b = {{note|iboxb}}The official Colombian time<ref>{{cite web|url=http://horalegal.inm.gov.co/|title=The official Colombian time|publisher=horalegal.inm.gov.co|language=es|access-date=23 February 2014|archive-date=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209074753/http://horalegal.inm.gov.co/|url-status=live}}</ref> is controlled and coordinated by the National Institute of Metrology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/decreto_4175_2011.html |title=Decreto 4175 de 2011, artículo 6, numeral 14 |publisher=Presidencia de la República de Colombia |language=es |access-date=14 March 2016 |archive-date=15 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415083653/http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/decreto_4175_2011.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
'''Colombia''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-Colombia-pronunciation.ogg|k|ə|ˈ|l|ʌ|m|b|i|ə}} {{respell|kə|LUM|bee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|l|ɒ|m|-}} {{respell|-|LOM|-}};<ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{IPA
Colombia has been home to many [[Indigenous peoples in Colombia|indigenous peoples and cultures]] since at least 12,000 BCE. The Spanish first landed in [[Guajira Peninsula|La Guajira]] in 1499, and by the mid-16th century, they had colonized much of present-day Colombia, and established the [[New Kingdom of Granada]], with [[Santa Fé de Bogotá]] as its capital. [[Spanish American wars of independence|Independence]] from the [[Spanish Empire]] was achieved in 1819, with what is now Colombia emerging as the [[United Provinces of New Granada]]. The new polity experimented with federalism as the [[Granadine Confederation]] (1858) and then the [[United States of Colombia]] (1863), before becoming a republic—the current Republic of Colombia—in 1886. With the backing of the United States and France, [[Separation of Panama from Colombia|Panama seceded]] from Colombia in 1903, resulting in Colombia's present borders. Beginning in the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity [[Colombian conflict|armed conflict]] and political violence, both of which escalated in the 1990s. Since 2005, there has been significant improvement in security, stability, and rule of law, as well as unprecedented economic growth and development.<ref name="Enough Already!" /><ref name="Colombia's GDP growth" /> Colombia is recognized for its [[Health care in Colombia|healthcare system]], being the best healthcare in [[Latin America]] according to the [[World Health Organization]] and 22nd in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Health Organization Assesses the World's Health Systems |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/07-02-2000-world-health-organization-assesses-the-world%27s-health-systems |access-date=30 March 2023 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en |archive-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409230742/https://www.who.int/whr/2000/media_centre/press_release/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Colombia Healthcare System |url=https://www.internationalinsurance.com/health/systems/colombia.php |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=International Citizens Insurance |language=en-US |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330020716/https://www.internationalinsurance.com/health/systems/colombia.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Its [[Economy of Colombia|diversified economy]] is the third-largest in South America, with macroeconomic stability and favorable long-term growth prospects.<ref name="GDP" /><ref name="strongmacroeconomicmanagement" />
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{{Main|New Kingdom of Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada}}
{{See also|Spanish conquest of New Granada|Spanish conquest of the Muisca|Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish Empire}}
[[File:Retrato_de_Vasco_Nuñez_de_Balboa_(1475-1517)_-_Anónimo.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]], founder of [[Santa María la Antigua del Darién]], the first stable European settlement on the continent
[[Alonso de Ojeda]] (who had sailed with Columbus) reached the [[Guajira Peninsula]] in 1499.<ref name="LABLAA6">{{cite web|author=Nicolás del Castillo Mathieu|url=http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/marzo1992/marzo3.htm|title=La primera vision de las costas Colombianas, Repaso de Historia|work=Revista Credencial|date=March 1992|access-date=29 February 2008|language=es|archive-date=19 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019045321/http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/marzo1992/marzo3.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/o/ojeda.htm|title=Alonso de Ojeda|publisher=biografiasyvidas.com|language=es|access-date=2 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704180050/http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/o/ojeda.htm|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Spanish explorers, led by [[Rodrigo de Bastidas]], made the first exploration of the [[Caribbean Basin|Caribbean coast]] in 1500.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/b/bastidas.htm|title=Rodrigo de Bastidas|publisher=biografiasyvidas.com|language=es|access-date=2 April 2014|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423173935/http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/b/bastidas.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Christopher Columbus]] navigated near the Caribbean in 1502.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/c/colon_cristobal.htm|title=Cristóbal Colón|publisher=biografiasyvidas.com|language=es|access-date=2 April 2014|archive-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306173922/http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/c/colon_cristobal.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1508, [[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]] accompanied an expedition to the territory through the region of [[Gulf of Urabá]] and they founded the town of [[Santa María la Antigua del Darién]] in 1510, the first stable settlement on the continent. {{efn|Balboa is best known for being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1513, which he called ''Mar del Sur'' (or "Sea of the South") and would facilitate Spanish exploration and settlement of South America.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/b/balboa.htm|title=Vasco Núñez de Balboa|publisher=biografiasyvidas.com|language=es|access-date=2 April 2014|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072547/http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/b/balboa.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Santa Marta]] was founded in 1525,<ref>{{cite book|title=La gobernación de Santa Marta (1570–1670) Vol. 232|author=Vázquez, Trinidad Miranda|publisher=Editorial CSIC-CSIC Press|isbn=978-84-00-04276-9|year=1976|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m5zI94b6u_4C&pg=PP1|page=3|language=es|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202233342/https://books.google.com/books?id=m5zI94b6u_4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]] in 1533.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cartagena de Indias en el siglo XVI. Vol. 288|author=Plá, María del Carmen Borrego|publisher=Editorial CSIC-CSIC Press|isbn=978-84-00-05440-3|year=1983|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hV-bQJo8wOIC&pg=PP1|pages=3–5|language=es|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202233355/https://books.google.com/books?id=hV-bQJo8wOIC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Spanish [[conquistador]] [[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada]] led an expedition to the interior in April 1536, and christened the districts through which he passed "[[New Kingdom of Granada]]". In August 1538, he provisionally founded its capital near the Muisca [[cacicazgo]] of [[Bacatá|Muyquytá]], and named it "Santa Fe". The name soon acquired a suffix and was called Santa Fe de Bogotá.<ref>{{cite book|title=Invading Colombia: Spanish accounts of the Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada expedition of conquest Vol. 1|editor=Francis, John Michael|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=978-0-271-02936-8|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P1DEFqZ6c5QC&pg=PP1|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202233341/https://books.google.com/books?id=P1DEFqZ6c5QC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JaramilloUribe1989">{{Cite journal |last=Jaramillo Uribe |first=Jaime |year=1989 |title=Perfil histórico de Bogotá |url=https://revistas.uniandes.edu.co/index.php/hiscrit/article/view/3641 |journal=Historia Crítica |language=es |issue=1 |pages=5–19 |doi=10.7440/histcrit1.1989.01 |issn=0121-1617}}</ref> Two other notable journeys by early conquistadors to the interior took place in the same period. [[Sebastián de Belalcázar]], conqueror of [[Quito]], traveled north and founded [[Cali]], in 1536, and [[Popayán]], in 1537;<ref>{{cite book|title=La encomienda en Popayán: tres estudios|author=Silvia Padilla Altamirano|publisher=Editorial CSIC Press|isbn=978-84-00-03612-6|year=1977|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=785fTqvsPSEC&pg=PP1|pages=4–5|language=es|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202233342/https://books.google.com/books?id=785fTqvsPSEC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> from 1536 to 1539, German conquistador [[Nikolaus Federmann]] crossed the [[Orinoquía natural region|Llanos Orientales]] and went over the [[Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)|Cordillera Oriental]] in a search for [[El Dorado]], the "city of gold".<ref>{{cite book|title=El dorado en el pantano|author=Massimo Livi Bacci|publisher=Marcial Pons Historia|isbn=978-84-92820-65-8|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMEp1OPtF7QC&pg=PP1|language=es|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202233402/https://books.google.com/books?id=tMEp1OPtF7QC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ramírez, Natalia |author2=Gutiérrez, Germán |url=http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/5001/ |title=Félix de Azara: Observaciones conductuales en su viaje por el Virreinato del Río de la Plata |journal=Revista de historia de la psicología |volume=31 |issue=4 |year=2010 |pages=52–53 |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-date=17 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617142800/http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/5001/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The legend and the gold would play a pivotal role in luring the Spanish and other Europeans to New Granada during the 16th and 17th centuries.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/el-dorado/| work=National Geographic| title=El Dorado Legend Snared Sir Walter Raleigh| access-date=23 August 2013| archive-date=13 February 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213054547/http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/el-dorado/| url-status=dead}}</ref>
The [[List of conquistadors in Colombia|conquistadors]] made frequent alliances with the enemies of different indigenous communities. [[Indian auxiliaries|Indigenous allies]] were crucial to conquest, as well as to creating and maintaining empire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://queaprendemoshoy.com/la-conquista-del-nuevo-reino-de-granada-la-interpretacion-de-los-siete-mitos-iii/|title=La Conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada: la interpretación de los siete mitos (III) – RESTALL, Matthew: Los siete mitos de la conquista española, Barcelona, 2004|publisher=queaprendemoshoy.com/|language=es|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-date=9 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209181225/http://queaprendemoshoy.com/la-conquista-del-nuevo-reino-de-granada-la-interpretacion-de-los-siete-mitos-iii/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Indigenous peoples in Colombia experienced a decline in population due to conquest as well as Eurasian diseases, such as [[smallpox]], to which they had no immunity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icanh.gov.co/recursos_user/documentos/editores/201/Articulos/SociedadesIndigenas-Reyes2009.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.icanh.gov.co/recursos_user/documentos/editores/201/Articulos/SociedadesIndigenas-Reyes2009.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Las sociedades indígenas del Nuevo Reino de Granada bajo el dominio español|author=Jorge Augusto Gamboa M.|publisher=Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/productos/1685/articles-242836_proyecto_documento.pdf|title=Las plantas medicinales en la época de la colonia y de la independencia|publisher=colombiaaprende.edu.co|language=es|access-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408212640/http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/productos/1685/articles-242836_proyecto_documento.pdf|archive-date=8 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Regarding the land as deserted, the Spanish Crown sold properties to all persons interested in colonized territories, creating large farms and possession of mines.<ref name="TierrasColonia">{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/mayo2002/propdetierras.htm|title=La propiedad de tierras en la Colonia: Mercedes, composición de títulos y resguardos indígenas|author=Mayorga, Fernando|publisher=Revista Credencial Historia|website=banrepcultural.org|year=2002|language=es|access-date=7 April 2014|archive-date=8 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408213109/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/mayo2002/propdetierras.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="EconomíaColonial">{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/economia/histecon/histecon2a.htm|title=Historia económica y órdenes de magnitud, Capítulo 1: La Formación de la Economía Colonial (1500–1740).|author=Germán Colmenares|publisher=banrepcultural.org|language=es|access-date=7 April 2014|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109160412/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/economia/histecon/histecon2a.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="políticaeconómica">{{cite web|url=http://admin.banrepcultural.org/sites/default/files/lablaa/revistas/revanuario/ancolh11/articul/art5/art5a.pdf |title=La política económica virreinal en el Nuevo Reino de Granada: 1750–1810 |author=Margarita González |publisher=banrepcultural.org |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211849/http://admin.banrepcultural.org/sites/default/files/lablaa/revistas/revanuario/ancolh11/articul/art5/art5a.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2014 }}</ref> In the 16th century, the [[Navigation|nautical science]] in Spain reached a great development thanks to numerous scientific figures of the [[Casa de Contratación]] and nautical science was an essential pillar of the [[Iberian ship development, 1400–1600|Iberian expansion]].<ref name="Alonso de Santa Cruz">{{cite journal |last1=Domingo |first1=Mariano Cuesta |title=Alonso de Santa Cruz, cartógrafo y fabricante de instrumentos náuticos de la Casa de Contratación |trans-title=Alonso de Santa Cruz, Cartographer and Maker of Nautical Instruments of the Spanish Casa de Contratación |language=es |journal=Revista Complutense de Historia de América |date=2004 |volume=30 |pages=7–40 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1086671 |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203234102/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1086671 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1542, the region of New Granada, along with all other Spanish possessions in South America, became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]], with its capital in [[Lima]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492–1830|author=John Huxtable Elliott|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-12399-9|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6ucuphGA3YC&pg=PA124|pages=124–125|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202233440/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6ucuphGA3YC&pg=PA124|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1547, New Granada became a separate captaincy-general within the viceroyalty, with its capital at Santa Fe de Bogota.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shaw|first=Jeffrey M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vt-vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA429|title=Religion and Contemporary Politics: A Global Encyclopedia|year=2019|isbn=9781440839337|pages=429|publisher=Abc-Clio|access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date=15 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715073548/https://books.google.com/books?id=vt-vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA429|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1549, the [[Real Audiencia|Royal Audiencia]] was created by a royal decree, and New Granada was ruled by the [[Royal Audience of Santa Fe de Bogotá]], which at that time comprised the provinces of Santa Marta, Rio de San Juan, Popayán, Guayana and Cartagena.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.congreso.gob.pe/ntley/Imagenes/LeyIndia/0102015.pdf |title=Law VIII ("Royal Audiencia and Chancery of Santa Fe in the New Kingdom of Granada") of Title XV ("Of the Royal Audiencias and Chanceries of the Indies") of Book II |publisher=congreso.gob.pe |access-date=4 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629092003/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/ntley/Imagenes/LeyIndia/0102015.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2014 }}</ref> But important decisions were taken from the colony to Spain by the [[Council of the Indies]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.archivobogota.gov.co/libreria/pdf/LIBRO_PATRIMONIO_DOCUMENTAL.pdf |title=El patrimonio documental de Bogotá, Siglos XVI – XIX: Instituciones y Archivos |author1=Fernando Mayorga García |author2=Juana M. Marín Leoz |author3=Adelaida Sourdis Nájera |publisher=Subdirección Imprenta Distrital – D.D.D.I |isbn=978-958-717-064-1|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095333/http://www.archivobogota.gov.co/libreria/pdf/LIBRO_PATRIMONIO_DOCUMENTAL.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2014 |year=2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encomienda y mita en Nueva Granada en el siglo XVII|author=Julián Bautista Ruiz Rivera|publisher=Editorial CSIC Press|isbn=978-84-00-04176-2|year=1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5R0dPbOImsUC&pg=PP1|pages=xxi–xxii|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202233403/https://books.google.com/books?id=5R0dPbOImsUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
Line 156 ⟶ 147:
=== Independence ===
{{Main|Colombian War of Independence|First Republic of New Granada|Gran Colombia}}
[[File:AGHRC (1890) - Carta XI - División política de Colombia, 1824.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The departments of Gran Colombia in 1824]]
Rebellions against Spanish rule had occurred in the empire since the advent of conquest and colonization, but most were either crushed or remained too weak to change the overall situation. The last one that sought outright independence from Spain sprang up around 1810 and culminated in the Colombian Declaration of Independence, issued on 20 July 1810, the day that is now celebrated as the nation's Independence Day.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/07/20/colombia/1500541945_902382.html |title=Independencia de Colombia: ¿por qué se celebra el 20 de julio? |trans-title=Independence of Colombia: Why is it celebrated on 20 July? |date=20 July 2017 |work=El País |access-date=18 July 2018 |language=es |issn=1134-6582 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718205151/https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/07/20/colombia/1500541945_902382.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> This movement followed the independence of [[Saint-Domingue]] (present-day Haiti) in 1804, which provided some support to an eventual leader of this rebellion: [[Simón Bolívar]]. [[Francisco de Paula Santander]] also would play a decisive role.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McFarlane |first1=Anthony |title=El colapso de la autoridad española y la génesis de la independencia en la Nueva Granada |journal=Revista Desarrollo y Sociedad |date=January 1982 |issue=7 |pages=99–120 |doi=10.13043/dys.7.3 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/febrero2010/socorro.htm|title=La independencia del Socorro en la génesis de la emancipación colombiana.|last=Rodriguez Gómez |first=Juan Camilo|publisher=banrepcultural.org|language=es|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-date=10 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110174547/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/febrero2010/socorro.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gutiérrez Ardila |first1=Daniel |title=Colombia y Haití: historia de un desencuentro (1819–1831) |trans-title=Colombia and Haití: History of a Misunderstanding (1819–1831) |language=es |journal=Secuencia |date=December 2011 |issue=81 |pages=67–93 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0186-03482011000300003&script=sci_arttext |access-date=28 March 2015 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707192322/http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0186-03482011000300003 |url-status=live }}</ref>
A movement was initiated by [[Antonio Nariño]], who opposed Spanish centralism and led the opposition against the [[Viceroyalty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/29874/1/Antonio%20Nari%C3%B1o-Gutierrez%20Escudero.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/29874/1/Antonio%20Nari%C3%B1o-Gutierrez%20Escudero.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Un precursor de la emancipación americana: Antonio Nariño y Álvarez.|last=Gutiérrez Escudero |first=Antonio|publisher=Araucaria. Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofía, Política y Humanidades 8.13 (2005)|pages=205–220|language=es}}</ref> [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]] became independent in November 1811.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/febrero2010/caribe.htm|title=Independencia del Caribe colombiano 1810–1821|last=Sourdis Nájera |first=Adelaida|publisher=Revista Credencial Historia – Edición 242|language=es|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109105253/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/febrero2010/caribe.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1811, the [[United Provinces of New Granada]] were proclaimed, headed by [[Camilo Torres Tenorio]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/node/88606|title=Confederación de las Provincias Unidas de la Nueva Granada|last=Martínez Garnica |first=Armandao|publisher=Revista Credencial Historia – Edición 244|year=2010|language=es|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=24 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624131937/http://www.banrepcultural.org/node/88606|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor-din/acta-de-federacion-de-las-provincias-unidas-de-la-nueva-granada-27-de-noviembre-de-1811--0/html/008e5574-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html#I_0_|title=Acta de la Federación de las Provincias Unidas de Nueva Granada|year=1811|language=es|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=25 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625133814/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor-din/acta-de-federacion-de-las-provincias-unidas-de-la-nueva-granada-27-de-noviembre-de-1811--0/html/008e5574-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html#I_0_|url-status=live}}</ref> The emergence of two distinct ideological currents among the patriots ([[federalism]] and [[Unitary state|centralism]]) gave rise to a period of instability called the [[Patria Boba]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ocampo López |first=Javier |author-link=Javier Ocampo López |year=1998 |title=La patria boba. Cuadernillos de historia |publisher=Panamericana Editorial |isbn=978-958-30-0533-6}}</ref> Shortly after the [[Napoleonic Wars]] ended, [[Ferdinand VII]], recently restored to the throne in Spain, unexpectedly decided [[Spanish reconquest of New Granada|to send military forces]] to retake most of northern South America. The viceroyalty was restored under the command of [[Juan de Sámano]], whose regime punished those who participated in the patriotic movements, ignoring the political nuances of the [[Junta (Spanish American Independence)|junta]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Morillo y la reconquista, 1816–1819|url=http://docencia.udea.edu.co/regionalizacion/irs-406/contenido/morillo.html|publisher=udea.edu.co|language=es|access-date=3 July 2017|archive-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027064057/http://docencia.udea.edu.co/regionalizacion/irs-406/contenido/morillo.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The retribution stoked renewed rebellion, which, combined with a weakened Spain, made possible a successful rebellion led by the Venezuelan-born [[Military career of Simón Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]], who finally proclaimed [[Spanish American wars of independence|independence]] in 1819.<ref name="Historia ilustrada de Colombia">{{cite book |last=Ocampo López |first=Javier |author-link=Javier Ocampo López |year=2006 |title=Historia ilustrada de Colombia – Capítulo VI |publisher=Plaza y Janes Editores Colombia sa |isbn=978-958-14-0370-7 |language=es |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzgpwLiJs5gC&pg=PA1 |access-date=7 December 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129012918/https://books.google.com/books?id=XzgpwLiJs5gC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Cartagena de Indias en la independencia |publisher=[[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]] |year=2011 |url=http://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/publicaciones/archivos/lbr_cartagena_independencia.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/publicaciones/archivos/lbr_cartagena_independencia.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Royalist (Spanish American Independence)|pro-Spanish resistance]] was defeated in 1822 in the present territory of Colombia and in 1823 in Venezuela.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantes.es/lengua_y_ensenanza/hispanismo/independencia_americana/bicentenario_independencia_calendario.htm|title=Cronología de las independencias americanas|publisher=cervantes.es|language=es|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216202647/http://www.cervantes.es/lengua_y_ensenanza/hispanismo/independencia_americana/bicentenario_independencia_calendario.htm|archive-date=16 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://revistadeindias.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistadeindias/article/view/640/706|title=La Constitución de Cádiz en la Provincia de Pasto, Virreinato de Nueva Granada, 1812–1822.|last=Gutiérrez Ramos |first=Jairo|journal=Revista de Indias|publisher=Revista de Indias 68, no. 242|page=222|year=2008|volume=68|issue=242|doi=10.3989/revindias.2008.i242.640|language=es|doi-access=free|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=12 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712040017/http://revistadeindias.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistadeindias/article/view/640/706|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=La Independencia de Venezuela relatada en clave de paz: las regulaciones pacíficas entre patriotas y realistas (1810–1846).|first1=Alfaro |last1=Pareja |first2=Francisco |last2=José |year=2013|language=es|url=http://repositori.uji.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10234/74784/falfaropareja.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142358/http://repositori.uji.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10234/74784/falfaropareja.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> During the Independence War, between 250 and 400 thousand people (12–20% of the pre-war population) died.<ref name="19thcentury">http://necrometrics.com/wars19c.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150430180518/http://necrometrics.com/wars19c.htm%23Venez1859 |date=30 April 2015}} | “Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century“</ref><ref name="Deremilitari">http://remilitari.com/guias/victimario6.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509084644/http://remilitari.com/guias/victimario6.htm |date=9 May 2008 }} | In Spanish “De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios. Capítulo VI”</ref><ref>Silvio Arturo Zavala (1971). ''Revista de historia de América''. Números 69-70. Ciudad de México: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, pp. 303. "Para el primero, de 1400000 habs. que la futura Colombia tendría en 1809 (entre ellos 78000 negros esclavos), (...) mortaldad que él mismo señala a tal guerra (unos 400 000 muertos para la Gran Colombia, entre ellos, 250 000 venezolanos)."</ref>
[[File:Cambios territoriales de Colombia.gif|thumb
The territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada became the [[Gran Colombia|Republic of Colombia]], organized as a [[subdivisions of Gran Colombia|union of the current territories]] of Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela, parts of Guyana and Brazil and north of [[Marañón River]].<ref>{{cite book|title=(Gran) Colombia, relación geográfica, topográfica, agrícola, comercial y política de este país: Adaptada para todo lector en general y para el comerciante y colono en particular |volume=1 |first=Alexander |last=Walker|publisher=Banco de la República|year=1822|language=es|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVZsAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1}}</ref> The [[Congress of Cúcuta]] in 1821 adopted a [[Colombian Constitution of 1821|constitution]] for the new Republic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/21805/1/18324-59371-1-PB.pdf|title=Los ciudadanos en la Constitución de Cúcuta – Citizenship in the Constitution of Cúcuta|last=Sosa Abella |first=Guillermo|publisher=Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia (icanh)|year=2009|language=es|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183203/http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/21805/1/18324-59371-1-PB.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/vireco/vireco11.htm|title=El viaje de Gaspard-Théodore Mollien por la República de Colombia en 1823. CAPÍTULO IX|last=Mollien |first=Gaspard-Théodore |publisher=Biblioteca Virtual del Banco de la República|language=es|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109010323/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/vireco/vireco11.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Simón Bolívar became the first [[President of Colombia]], and Francisco de Paula Santander was made [[Vice President of Colombia|Vice President]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docencia.udea.edu.co/regionalizacion/irs-406/contenido/laconstitucion.html|title=Avatares de una Joven República – 2. La Constitución de Cúcuta|publisher=Universidad de Antioquia|language=es|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025729/http://docencia.udea.edu.co/regionalizacion/irs-406/contenido/laconstitucion.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the new republic was unstable and the Gran Colombia ultimately collapsed.
Modern Colombia comes from one of the countries that emerged after the [[dissolution of Gran Colombia]], the other two being Ecuador and Venezuela.<ref name="EtHisColombia">{{Cite news |date=27 August 2012 |title=Colombia profile - Timeline |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19390164 |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926221001/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19390164 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GranColombiaNuevaGranada">{{cite web|url=http://www.unimilitar.edu.co/documents/63968/72398/04.GranColANvaGranada.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.unimilitar.edu.co/documents/63968/72398/04.GranColANvaGranada.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=De la gran Colombia a la Nueva Granada, contexto histórico-político de la transición constitucional|last=Blanco Blanco |first=Jacqueline|publisher=Universidad Militar Nueva Granada|year=2007|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Colombia|date=12 January 2022}}</ref> Colombia was the first [[constitutional government]] in South America,<ref name="HistoriaConstitucional">{{cite web |url=http://unilibrepereira.edu.co/catehortua/posgrados/archivos2/HISTORIA%20CONSTITUCIONAL%20COLOMBIANA.pdf |title=Historia Constitucional Colombiana |first=Edgar |last=Arana |publisher=Universidad Libre Seccional Pereira |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327033803/http://unilibrepereira.edu.co/catehortua/posgrados/archivos2/HISTORIA%20CONSTITUCIONAL%20COLOMBIANA.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2015}}</ref> and the [[Colombian Liberal Party|Liberal]] and [[Colombian Conservative Party|Conservative]] parties, founded in 1848 and 1849, respectively, are two of the oldest surviving political parties in the Americas.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://174.129.218.71/publications/thinking_politics/upload/thinking_politics_sp_chap4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327041239/http://174.129.218.71/publications/thinking_politics/upload/thinking_politics_sp_chap4.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2015 |year=2009 |title=Partidos políticos y think tanks en Colombia |first=Juan Fernando |last=Londoño |publisher=International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance |page=129 |isbn=978-91-85724-73-4 |language=es }}</ref> [[Slavery]] was abolished in the country in 1851.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aguilera |first=Miguel |year=1965 |title=La Legislación y el derecho en Colombia |series=Historia extensa de Colombia |volume=14 |publisher=Lemer |location=Bogotá |pages=428–442}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://revistas.unisinos.br/index.php/historia/article/view/6183 |year=2006 |title=Abolitionist arguments in Colombia |last=Restrepo |first=Eduardo |journal=História Unisinos |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=293–306 |language=es |access-date=28 March 2015 |archive-date=8 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708173736/http://revistas.unisinos.br/index.php/historia/article/view/6183 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Internal political and territorial divisions led to the dissolution of [[Gran Colombia]] in 1830.<ref name="EtHisColombia" /><ref name="GranColombiaNuevaGranada" /> The so-called "[[Cundinamarca Province|Department of Cundinamarca]]" adopted the name "[[Republic of the New Granada|New Granada]]", which it kept until 1858 when it became the "Confederación Granadina" ([[Granadine Confederation]]). After a [[Colombian Civil War (1860–1862)|two-year civil war]] in 1863, the [[United States of Colombia]] was created, which became known as the Republic of Colombia in 1886.<ref name="HistoriaConstitucional" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/poli/poli57.htm |title=Constituciones que han existido en Colombia |publisher=[[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]] |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807093959/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/poli/poli57.htm |archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> Internal divisions remained between the bipartisan political forces, occasionally igniting very bloody civil wars, the most significant being the [[Thousand Days' War]] (1899–1902), in which between 100 and 180 thousand Colombians lost their lives when the [[Colombian Liberal Party|Liberal Party]], supported by [[United States of Venezuela|Venezuela]], [[History of Ecuador (1895–1925)|Ecuador]], [[Nicaragua]], and [[Guatemala]] rebelled against the [[Colombian Conservative Party|Nationalist government]] and took control of [[Santander State|Santander]], ultimately being defeated in 1902 by nationalist forces.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gonzalo |last=España |year=2013 |title=El país que se hizo a tiros |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-958-8613-90-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IordAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |language=es |access-date=7 December 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129012814/https://books.google.com/books?id=IordAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== 20th century ===
Line 217 ⟶ 182:
===21st century===
{{See also|Colombian peace process}}
[[File:Jefa de Estado participa en ceremonia de la Firma de la Paz entre el Gobierno de Colombia y las FARC E.P. (29953487045).jpg|thumb|Former President [[Juan Manuel Santos]]
The administration of President [[Álvaro Uribe]] (2002–2010) adopted the [[democratic security policy]] which included an integrated [[counter-terrorism]] and [[counter-insurgency]] campaign.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/desmovilizacion-principal-arma-contra-las-guerrillas_13077339-4 |title=Desmovilización, principal arma contra las guerrillas |trans-title=Demobilization, main weapon against the guerrillas |first=Juan Guillermo |last=Mercado |work=[[El Tiempo (Colombia)|El Tiempo]] |language=es |date=22 September 2013 |access-date=26 September 2013 |archive-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923064310/http://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/desmovilizacion-principal-arma-contra-las-guerrillas_13077339-4 |url-status=live }}</ref> The government economic plan also promoted confidence in investors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://som.yale.edu/news/news/former-colombian-president-alvaro-uribe-speaks-yale-som |title=Former Colombian President Alvaro Uribe Speaks at Yale SOM |publisher=Yale School of Management |date=3 December 2012 |access-date=25 June 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220195312/https://som.yale.edu/news/news/former-colombian-president-alvaro-uribe-speaks-yale-som |url-status=dead }}</ref> As part of a controversial peace process, the [[United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia|AUC]] (right-wing paramilitaries) had ceased to function formally as an organization .<ref name="CIAWFB">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Colombia|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> In February 2008, millions of Colombians demonstrated against FARC and other outlawed groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.movements.org/case-study/entry/oscar-morales-and-one-million-voices-against-farc/ |title=Oscar Morales and One Million Voices Against FARC |website=Movements.org |date=23 July 2010 |access-date=1 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022220325/http://www.movements.org/case-study/entry/oscar-morales-and-one-million-voices-against-farc/ |archive-date=22 October 2013 }}</ref>
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[[File:Inauguration_Petro.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gustavo Petro]], the country's first [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] president]]
In June 2018, [[
[[2021 Colombian protests|Protests]] started on 28 April 2021 when the government proposed a tax bill that would greatly expand the range of the 19 percent [[value-added tax]].<ref name="nyb220721">{{cite news |last1=Guillermoprieto |first1=Alma |title=Confrontation in Colombia {{!}} by Alma Guillermoprieto {{!}} The New York Review of Books |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2021/07/22/confrontation-in-colombia/ |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=2 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701142820/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2021/07/22/confrontation-in-colombia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The 19 June 2022 [[2022 Colombian presidential election|election]] run-off vote ended in a win for former guerrilla, [[Gustavo Petro]], taking 50.47% of the vote compared to 47.27% for independent candidate [[Rodolfo Hernández Suárez|Rodolfo Hernández]]. The single-term limit for the country's presidency prevented President Iván Duque from seeking re-election. On 7 August 2022, Petro was sworn in, becoming the country's first leftist president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former guerrilla Gustavo Petro wins Colombian election to become first leftist president |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/20/former-guerrilla-gustavo-petro-wins-colombian-election-to-become-first-leftist-president |work=The Guardian |date=20 June 2022 |language=en |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802080758/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/20/former-guerrilla-gustavo-petro-wins-colombian-election-to-become-first-leftist-president |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-rebel takes oath as Colombia's first left-wing president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/8/gustavo-petro-ex-rebel-fighter-sworn-in-as-colombias-president |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808091808/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/8/gustavo-petro-ex-rebel-fighter-sworn-in-as-colombias-president/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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Colombia has about 2,000 species of [[marine fish]] and is the second most diverse country in [[freshwater fish]]. It is also the country with the most endemic species of [[List of butterflies of Colombia|butterflies]], is first in [[orchid]] species, and has approximately 7,000 species of [[beetle]]s. Colombia is second in the number of amphibian species and is the third most diverse country in [[List of reptiles of Colombia|reptiles]] and [[Arecaceae|palms]]. There are about 1,900 species of [[mollusk]]s and according to estimates there are about 300,000 species of [[invertebrates]] in the country. In Colombia there are 32 terrestrial [[biomes]] and 314 types of [[ecosystems]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sibcolombia.net/web/sib/cifras|title=System of information about biodiversity of Colombia|publisher=Sistema de Información sobre Biodiversidad de Colombia|language=es|access-date=5 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523121645/http://www.sibcolombia.net/web/sib/cifras|archive-date=23 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="humboldt">{{cite web |url=http://www.humboldt.org.co/images/documentos/pdf/documentos/iern-biodiversidad-2010-2011.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.humboldt.org.co/images/documentos/pdf/documentos/iern-biodiversidad-2010-2011.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Informe sobre el estado de los recursos naturales renovables y del ambiente Componente de biodiversidad, 2010–2011 |publisher=humboldt.org.co|language=es|access-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
Protected areas and the "National Park System" cover an area of about {{convert|14268224|ha|km2|sp=us}} and account for 12.77% of the Colombian territory.<ref>{{cite web |language=es |url=http://www.parquesnacionales.gov.co/portal/sistema-de-parques-nacionales-naturales/ |title=Dirección de Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033857/http://parquesnacionales.gov.co/portal/sistema-de-parques-nacionales-naturales |url-status=dead }}</ref> Compared to neighboring countries, rates of [[deforestation in Colombia]] are still relatively low.<ref name="United Nations Deforestation">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/change-forest-area-19902011 |title=Change in forest area, 1990/2011 (%) |publisher=undp.org |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215040216/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/change-forest-area-19902011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Colombia had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 8.26/10, ranking it 25th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref> Colombia is the sixth country in the world by magnitude of total renewable freshwater supply, and still has large reserves of freshwater.<ref name=worldwater>{{cite web|url=http://worldwater.org/water-data/|title=Table 1: Total Renewable Freshwater Supply, by Country|publisher=worldwater.org|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731123429/http://www.worldwater.org/water-data/|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Government and politics ==
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{{See also|Colombian Constitution of 1991}}
[[File:Casa_de_Nariño_y_Vigilantes.jpg|thumb|[[Casa de Nariño]] is the official home and principal workplace of the [[President of Colombia]].]]
The government of Colombia takes place within the framework of a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[Participatory democracy|participatory democratic]] republic as established in the Constitution of 1991.<ref name="Colombian Constitution of 1991" /> In accordance with the principle of [[separation of powers]], government is divided into three branches: the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judicial branch.<ref>Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title V – Concerning the organization of the state – Chapter 1 – Concerning the structure of the state – Article 113)</ref>
As the head of the executive branch, the [[President of Colombia]] serves as both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]], followed by the [[Vice President of Colombia|Vice President]] and the [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of Colombia|Council of Ministers]]. The president is elected by popular vote to serve a single four-year term (In 2015, Colombia's Congress approved the repeal of a 2004 constitutional amendment that changed the one-term limit for presidents to a two-term limit).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/hoy-san-diego/sdhoy-colombian-lawmakers-vote-to-limit-presidents-to-2015jun04-story.html|title=Colombian lawmakers vote to limit presidents to single term|work=The San Diego Union-Tribune|date=4 June 2015|access-date=3 May 2017|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731153517/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/hoy-san-diego/sdhoy-colombian-lawmakers-vote-to-limit-presidents-to-2015jun04-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At the provincial level executive power is vested in [[List of Colombian Department Governors|department governors]], [[municipalities of Colombia|municipal mayors]] and local administrators for smaller administrative subdivisions, such as ''[[Corregimientos of Colombia|corregimientos]]'' or ''comunas''.<ref>Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title V – Concerning the organization of the state – Chapter 1 – Concerning the structure of the state – Article 115)</ref> All regional elections are held one year and five months after the presidential election.<ref name="Government">{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/gobierno/gob3a.htm|title=The Government of Colombia|publisher=banrepcultural.org|access-date=14 March 2014|language=es|archive-date=15 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315042920/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/gobierno/gob3a.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title VII – Concerning the executive branch)</ref>
[[File:Capitalio National de Colombia, Bogotá.jpg|thumb|[[Capitolio Nacional]] seat of the [[Congress of Colombia|Congress]]
The legislative branch of government is represented nationally by the [[Congress of Colombia|Congress]], a bicameral institution comprising a 166-seat [[Chamber of Representatives of Colombia|Chamber of Representatives]] and a 102-seat [[Senate of Colombia|Senate]].<ref>Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title V – Concerning the organization of the state – Chapter 1 – Concerning the structure of the state – Article 114)</ref><ref>Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Chapter 4 – Concerning the senate – Article 171)</ref> The Senate is elected nationally and the Chamber of Representatives is elected in electoral districts.<ref>Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Chapter 5 – Concerning the chamber of representatives – Article 176)</ref> Members of both houses are elected to serve four-year terms two months before the president, also by popular vote.<ref>Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title VI – Concerning the legislative branch – Chapter 1 – Concerning its structure and functions – Article 132)</ref>
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The [[financial sector]] has grown favorably due to good liquidity in the economy, the growth of credit and the positive performance of the Colombian economy.<ref name="strongmacroeconomicmanagement">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2018/04/30/pr18154-imf-executive-board-concludes-2018-article-iv-consultation-with-colombia |title=IMF Executive Board Concludes 2018 Article IV Consultation with Colombia |access-date=2 May 2018 |publisher=imf.org |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604213121/https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2018/04/30/pr18154-imf-executive-board-concludes-2018-article-iv-consultation-with-colombia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.superfinanciera.gov.co/jsp/loader.jsf?lServicio=Publicaciones&lTipo=publicaciones&lFuncion=loadContenidoPublicacion&id=61066|title=Informe de operaciones|access-date=9 March 2014|publisher=superfinanciera.gov.co|language=es|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601230140/https://www.superfinanciera.gov.co/jsp/loader.jsf?lServicio=Publicaciones&lTipo=publicaciones&lFuncion=loadContenidoPublicacion&id=61066|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banrep.gov.co/reporte-estabilidad-financiera|title=Reporte de Estabilidad Financiera|access-date=9 March 2014|publisher=banrep.gov.co|language=es|archive-date=21 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321200635/https://www.banrep.gov.co/reporte-estabilidad-financiera|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Colombian Stock Exchange]] through the Latin American Integrated Market ([[Mercado Integrado Latinoamericano|MILA]]) offers a regional market to trade equities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mercadomila.com/QuienesSomos|title=The Latin American Integrated Market (MILA)|access-date=14 March 2014|publisher=mercadomila.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315042207/http://www.mercadomila.com/QuienesSomos|archive-date=15 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banrep.org/series-estadisticas/see_m_bursatil.htm|title=Colombia's Colcap Index|access-date=9 March 2014|publisher=banrep.org|language=es|archive-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717083555/http://www.banrep.org/series-estadisticas/see_m_bursatil.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Colombia is now one of only three economies with a perfect score on the strength of legal rights index, according to the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/WBG/DoingBusiness/Documents/Annual-Reports/English/DB17-Report.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/WBG/DoingBusiness/Documents/Annual-Reports/English/DB17-Report.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=World Bank's 2017 Doing Business ranking|access-date=29 October 2016|publisher=doingbusiness.org}}</ref>
Colombia is rich in natural resources, and it is heavily dependent on energy and mining exports.<ref>{{cite web |title=Is Colombia a poor country? {{!}} – CountryReports |url=https://www.countryreports.org/country/Colombia/economy.htm |website=countryreports.org |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318083341/https://www.countryreports.org/country/Colombia/economy.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Colombia's main exports include mineral fuels, oils, [[distillation
Non-traditional exports have boosted the growth of Colombian foreign sales as well as the diversification of destinations of export thanks to new free [[Colombia trade agreements|trade agreements]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mincit.gov.co/publicaciones.php?id=4930|title=Non-traditional exports|access-date=31 January 2014|publisher=mincit.gov.co|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202205854/http://www.mincit.gov.co/publicaciones.php?id=4930|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Recent economic growth has led to a considerable increase of new millionaires, including the new entrepreneurs, Colombians with a net worth exceeding US$1 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2013/10/21/colombia-making-many-millionaires/|title=Colombia: making many millionaires|access-date=29 March 2014|work=Financial Times|archive-date=9 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709123707/http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2013/10/21/colombia-making-many-millionaires/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinero.com/edicion-impresa/negocios/articulo/pais-ricos/163667 |title=País de ricos |access-date=8 April 2013 |publisher=dinero.com |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329100504/http://www.dinero.com/edicion-impresa/negocios/articulo/pais-ricos/163667 |archive-date=29 March 2014 }}</ref>
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=== Agriculture and natural resources ===
{{Main|Agriculture in Colombia|Mining in Colombia}}
[[File:Cerrejón mine.JPG|thumb|[[Cerrejón]] is an [[open-pit coal mine]], the largest of its type, the largest in Latin America and the tenth biggest in the world.]]
In agriculture, Colombia is one of the five largest producers in the world of [[coffee]], [[avocado]] and [[palm oil]], and one of the 10 largest producers in the world of [[sugarcane]], [[banana]], [[pineapple]] and [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]]. The country also has considerable production of [[rice]], [[potato]] and [[cassava]]. Although it is not the largest coffee producer in the world (Brazil claims that title), the country has been able to carry out, for decades, a global marketing campaign to add value to the country's product. Colombian palm oil production is one of the most sustainable on the planet, compared to the largest existing producers. Colombia is also among the 20 largest producers in the world of [[beef]] and [[chicken meat]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Agriculture and Livestock in Colombia, by FAO |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629173611/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://revistacafeicultura.com.br/?mat=35160 |title=Juan Valdez, garoto propaganda do Café da Colômbia chega aos 50 anos |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129012817/https://revistacafeicultura.com.br/?mat=35160 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://summitagro.estadao.com.br/noticias-do-campo/como-e-possivel-produzir-oleo-de-palma-de-maneira-sustentavel-2/ |title=Como é possível produzir óleo de palma de maneira sustentável |date=6 January 2020 |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715073551/https://summitagro.estadao.com.br/noticias-do-campo/como-e-possivel-produzir-oleo-de-palma-de-maneira-sustentavel-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Colombia is also the 2nd largest [[flower]] exporter in the world, after the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.negocioscomflores.com.br/noticias/como-funciona-a-industria-de-flores-na-colombia-maior-exportador-mundial/ |title=COMO FUNCIONA A INDUSTRIA DE FLORES NA COLOMBIA – MAIOR EXPORTADOR MUNDIAL |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715073552/https://www.negocioscomflores.com.br/noticias/como-funciona-a-industria-de-flores-na-colombia-maior-exportador-mundial/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Colombian agriculture emits 55% of Colombia's [[greenhouse gas]] emissions, mostly from deforestation, over-extensive cattle ranching, land grabbing, and illegal agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kliefoth |first=Willis |date=2021-10-06 |title=Towards a greener, fairer and more productive land use sector in Colombia |url=https://climatefocus.com/towards-greener-fairer-and-more-productive-land-use-sector-colombia/ |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Climate Focus |language=en-US |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418115650/https://climatefocus.com/towards-greener-fairer-and-more-productive-land-use-sector-colombia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Colombia is an important exporter of [[coal]] and [[petroleum]] – in 2020, more than 40% of the country's exports were based on these two products.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/country/col |title=Colombian exports, by OEC |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603062300/https://oec.world/en/profile/country/col |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018 it was the 5th largest coal exporter in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Coal Exports |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/coal-and-coke/coal-and-coke-exports |publisher=[[Energy Information Administration|US Energy Information Administration]] |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813010028/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/coal-and-coke/coal-and-coke-exports |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, Colombia was the 20th largest petroleum producer in the world, with 791 thousand barrels/day, exporting a good part of its production – the country was the 19th largest oil exporter in the world in 2020.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?pd=5&p=0000000000000000000000000000000000vg&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=94694400000&e=1577836800000| title=EIA 2019 Petroleum production| access-date=14 July 2022| archive-date=15 July 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715213839/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?pd=5&p=0000000000000000000000000000000000vg&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=94694400000&e=1577836800000| url-status=live}}</ref> In mining, Colombia is the world's largest producer of [[emerald]],<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2012/10/121025_colombia_esmeraldas_ru| title=Colombian emeralds| access-date=14 July 2022| archive-date=21 December 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221174300/https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2012/10/121025_colombia_esmeraldas_ru| url-status=live}}</ref> and in the production of [[gold]], between 2006 and 2017, the country produced 15 tons per year until 2007, when its production increased significantly, beating the record of 66.1 tons extracted in 2012. In 2017, it extracted 52.2 tons. Currently, the country is among the 25 largest gold producers in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/colombia/gold-production |title=Colombia Gold Production |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816022625/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/colombia/gold-production |url-status=live }}</ref>
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[[File:Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg|thumb|Port of [[Cartagena de Indias|Cartagena]]]]
Transportation in Colombia is regulated within the functions of the [[Ministry of Transport (Colombia)|Ministry of Transport]]<ref name="MTransport">{{cite web|url=https://www.mintransporte.gov.co/publicaciones.php?id=33|title=Ministry of Transport|date=8 May 2011 |publisher=mintransporte.gov.co|language=es|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=1 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201163042/https://www.mintransporte.gov.co/publicaciones.php?id=33|url-status=live}}</ref> and entities such as the National Roads Institute ([[INVÍAS]]) responsible for the [[Highways in Colombia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.invias.gov.co/index.php/informacion-institucional/objetivos-y-funciones|title=INVÍAS – Objectives and Functions|publisher=invias.gov.co|language=es|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=6 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206040650/http://www.invias.gov.co/index.php/informacion-institucional/objetivos-y-funciones|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Aerocivil]], responsible for civil aviation and [[List of airports in Colombia|airports]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aerocivil.gov.co/aerocivil/funciones|title=Aerocivil – Funciones y Deberes|publisher=aerocivil.gov.co|language=es|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709104232/http://www.aerocivil.gov.co/aerocivil/funciones|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[National Infrastructure Agency (Colombia)|National Infrastructure Agency]], in charge of [[concession (contract)|concessions]] through [[public–private partnership]]s, for the design, construction, maintenance, operation, and administration of the transport infrastructure,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ani.gov.co/informacion-de-la-ani/quienes-somos|title=ANI – Objectives and Functions|date=24 December 2012|publisher=ani.gov.co|language=es|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=24 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924102833/http://www.ani.gov.co/informacion-de-la-ani/quienes-somos|url-status=live}}</ref> the General Maritime Directorate (Dimar) has the responsibility of coordinating maritime traffic control along with the Colombian Navy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dimar.mil.co/en/content/roles-and-responsibilities|title=the General Maritime Directorate (Dimar)|publisher=dimar.mil.co|access-date=9 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221203751/http://www.dimar.mil.co/en/content/roles-and-responsibilities|archive-date=21 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> among others, and under the supervision of the [[Superintendency of Ports and Transport (Colombia)|Superintendency of Ports and Transport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supertransporte.gov.co/index.php/la-entidad/objetivos-y-funciones|title=Superintendency of Ports and Transport- Objectives and Functions|publisher=supertransporte.gov.co|language=es|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=19 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219084606/http://www.supertransporte.gov.co/index.php/la-entidad/objetivos-y-funciones|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2021, Colombia had {{convert|204389|km|0|abbr=on}} of roads, {{convert|32280|km|0|abbr=on}} of which were paved. At the end of 2017, the country had around {{convert|2100|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[Dual carriageway|duplicated highways]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Econ%C3%B3micos/4039.pdf |title=Declaración de importancia estratégica de los proyectos de inversión del programa vías |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706014411/https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Econ%C3%B3micos/4039.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.larepublica.co/infraestructura/colombia-paso-de-tener-700-km-de-doble-calzada-en-2010-a-2100-km-2573137 |title=Colombia pasó de 700 kilómetros de doble calzada en 2010 a 2.100 |date=22 November 2017 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818210134/https://www.larepublica.co/infraestructura/colombia-paso-de-tener-700-km-de-doble-calzada-en-2010-a-2100-km-2573137 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="transporte">Champin, J., Cortés, R., Kohon, J., & Rodríguez, M. (2016). Desafíos del transporte ferroviario de carga en Colombia</ref> [[Rail transport in Colombia|Rail transportation]] in Colombia is dedicated almost entirely to [[Rail freight transport|freight shipments]] and the railway network has a length of 1,700 km of potentially active rails.<ref name="transporte" /> Colombia has 3,960 kilometers of gas pipelines, 4,900 kilometers of [[oil pipelines]], and 2,990 kilometers of refined-products pipelines.<ref name="transporte" />
The
=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Colombia}}
[[File:CEMSA 271215 01.JPG|thumb|left|[[Colciencias]] is a Colombian Government agency that supports fundamental and applied research.]]
Colombia has more than 3,950 research groups in science and technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colciencias.gov.co/sites/default/files/ckeditor_files/informes-anal-2014.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.colciencias.gov.co/sites/default/files/ckeditor_files/informes-anal-2014.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=research groups in science and technology|language=es |publisher=colciencias.gov.co |access-date=9 May 2016}}</ref> iNNpulsa, a government body that promotes entrepreneurship and innovation in the country, provides grants to startups, in addition to other services it and institutions provide. Colombia was ranked 66th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=www.wipo.int |date=2022 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=978-92-805-3432-0 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022042128/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Co-working spaces have arisen to serve as communities for startups large and small.<ref name="venturebeat.com">{{cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/2013/09/29/the-silicon-valleys-of-latin-america-a-tale-of-3-nations/ |publisher=venturebeat.com |title=entrepreneurship and innovation in Colombia |date=29 September 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013 |archive-date=1 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001122006/http://venturebeat.com/2013/09/29/the-silicon-valleys-of-latin-america-a-tale-of-3-nations/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://apps.co/|title=Colombia Startups|publisher=apps.co|language=es|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-date=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209081806/https://apps.co/|url-status=live}}</ref> Organizations such as the Corporation for Biological Research (CIB) for the support of young people interested in scientific work has been successfully developed in Colombia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cib.org.co/quienes-somos/|title=Corporation for Biological Research (CIB)|publisher=cib.org.co|language=es|access-date=28 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413214207/http://cib.org.co/quienes-somos/|archive-date=13 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[International Center for Tropical Agriculture]] based in Colombia investigates the increasing challenge of [[global warming]] and [[food security]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ciat.cgiar.org/|title=International Center for Tropical Agriculture|access-date=1 October 2013|archive-date=9 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609150224/http://ciat.cgiar.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Important inventions related to medicine have been made in Colombia, such as the first [[Artificial cardiac pacemaker|external artificial pacemaker with internal electrodes]], invented by the electrical engineer [[Jorge Reynolds Pombo]], an invention of great importance for those who suffer from heart failure. Also invented in Colombia were the [[microkeratome]] and keratomileusis technique, which form the fundamental basis of what now is known as [[LASIK]] (one of the most important techniques for the correction of [[refractive error]]s of vision) and the [[Salomón Hakim#The Invention of the valve|Hakim valve]] for the treatment of [[hydrocephalus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://listas.20minutos.es/lista/mejores-inventos-colombianos-320000/|title=Inventos colombianos|publisher=20minutos.es|language=es|access-date=1 October 2013|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213902/http://listas.20minutos.es/lista/mejores-inventos-colombianos-320000/|url-status=live}}</ref> Colombia has begun to innovate in military technology for its army and other armies of the world; especially in the design and creation of personal ballistic protection products, military hardware, [[military robot]]s, [[bomb]]s, simulators and radar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dialogo-americas.com/en/articles/colombian-military-industry-markets-weapons-and-technology-international-stage|title=Colombian military industry markets weapons and technology on international stage|publisher=dialogo-americas.com|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417045356/https://dialogo-americas.com/en/articles/colombian-military-industry-markets-weapons-and-technology-international-stage|archive-date=17 April 2017|url-status=dead
Some leading Colombian scientists are Joseph M. Tohme, researcher recognized for his work on the [[genetic diversity]] of food, [[Manuel Elkin Patarroyo]] who is known for his groundbreaking work on [[synthetic vaccine]]s for [[malaria]], Francisco Lopera who discovered the "Paisa Mutation" or a type of [[Early-onset Alzheimer's disease|early-onset Alzheimer's]],<ref name="Francisco Lopera">{{cite web|url=http://www.udea.edu.co/portal/page/portal/bActualidad/Principal_UdeA/News/Tab/AEF4F8549743CF0AE04018C8341F754F|publisher=udea.edu.co|title=Beyond Alzheimer's: the "Paisa Mutation"|access-date=1 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005012618/http://www.udea.edu.co/portal/page/portal/bActualidad/Principal_UdeA/News/Tab/AEF4F8549743CF0AE04018C8341F754F|archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> [[Rodolfo Llinás]] known for his study of the intrinsic [[neuron]]s properties and the theory of a syndrome that had changed the way of understanding the functioning of the brain, Jairo Quiroga Puello recognized for his studies on the characterization of [[synthetic substance]]s which can be used to fight fungus, [[tumor]]s, [[tuberculosis]] and even some viruses and Ángela Restrepo who established accurate [[Medical diagnosis|diagnoses]] and treatments to combat the effects of a disease caused by ''[[Paracoccidioides brasiliensis]]''.<ref name="Científicos colombianos">{{cite web|url=http://cienciagora.com.co/galeria_de_cientificos.html|title=Científicos colombianos|publisher=cienciagora.com.co|access-date=28 October 2013|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200254/http://cienciagora.com.co/galeria_de_cientificos.html|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="brillantes colombianos">{{cite web|url=http://portal.redcolombiana.com/foros/estos-son-los-8-cientificos-del-pais-mas-consultad|title=científicos del país más consultados|publisher=portal.redcolombiana.com|access-date=28 October 2013|language=es|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201546/http://portal.redcolombiana.com/foros/estos-son-los-8-cientificos-del-pais-mas-consultad|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="Científicos destacados">{{cite web|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-6672909|title=Estos son los científicos colombianos más destacados en el último lustro|date=25 November 2009|publisher=eltiempo.com|access-date=28 October 2013|language=es|archive-date=17 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317120558/http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-6672909|url-status=live}}</ref>
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== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Colombia}}
{{See also|List of Colombian
[[File:Densidad pop col only Colombia.png|thumb|[[Population density]] of Colombia in 2013]]
[[File:Colombia población.png|thumb|Population history of Colombia]]
With an estimated 50 million people in 2020, Colombia is the [[List of countries by population|third-most populous country]] in Latin America, after Brazil and Mexico.<ref name="PopulationProjections">{{cite web |url=https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/proyecciones-de-poblacion/anexos-proyecciones-pob-dptos-area-grupos-de-edad-2018-2023.xlsx |title=¿Cuántos somos? |publisher=Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327040110/https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/proyecciones-de-poblacion/anexos-proyecciones-pob-dptos-area-grupos-de-edad-2018-2023.xlsx |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the beginning of the 20th century, Colombia's population was approximately 4 million.<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/colombia/35.htm Colombia – Population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116145835/http://countrystudies.us/colombia/35.htm |date=16 January 2013 }}". [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> Since the early 1970s Colombia has experienced steady declines in its fertility, mortality, and
The population is concentrated in the [[Andean Region of Colombia|Andean highlands]] and along the [[Caribbean Region of Colombia|Caribbean coast]], also the population densities are generally higher in the Andean region. The nine eastern lowland departments, comprising about 54% of Colombia's area, have less than 6% of the population.<ref name="populationbyregions">{{cite web|url=https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/atlasestadistico/pages/tome01/tm01itm17.html|title=Distribution of the population by regions|publisher=geoportal.dane.gov.co|access-date=17 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617225957/https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/atlasestadistico/pages/tome01/tm01itm17.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Population density">{{cite web|url=https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/atlasestadistico/pages/tome01/tm01itm16.html|title=Population density of Colombia|publisher=geoportal.dane.gov.co|access-date=17 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617225927/https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/atlasestadistico/pages/tome01/tm01itm16.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Traditionally a rural society, [[Urbanization|movement to urban areas]] was very heavy in the mid-20th century, and Colombia is now one of the most urbanized countries in Latin America. The urban population increased from 31% of the total in 1938 to nearly 60% in 1973, and by 2014 the figure stood at 76%.<ref name="Country Study">{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/colombia/36.htm |title=Colombia: A Country Study |publisher=Countrystudies.us |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407023454/http://countrystudies.us/colombia/36.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf |title=World Urbanization Prospects |publisher=un.org |access-date=10 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102043800/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The population of [[Bogotá]] alone has increased from just over 300,000 in 1938 to approximately 8 million today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/agosto2008/bogota.htm|title=Bogotá: de paso por la capital|publisher=Revista Credencial Historia|author=León Soler, Natalia|access-date=17 June 2016|language=es|archive-date=18 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618004654/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/agosto2008/bogota.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In total seventy-two cities now have populations of 100,000 or more (2015). {{As of|2012}} Colombia has the world's largest populations of [[internally displaced person]]s (IDPs), estimated to be up to 4.9 million people.<ref name="UNHCR">{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c23.html|title=Internally Displaced People Figures|publisher=The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|access-date=18 May 2014|archive-date=18 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518072653/http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c23.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The life expectancy
===Languages===
Line 465 ⟶ 433:
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Ethnic groups in Colombia - '''[[2018 Colombian census|2018 Census]]'''<ref name="grupos étnicos">{{cite web|title=visibilización estadística de los grupos étnicos|url=https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/geovisores/sociedad/cnpv-2018/?lt=4.456007353293281&lg=-73.2781601239999&z=5|work=Censo General 2018|publisher=Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE)|access-date=10 February 2020|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816231845/https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/geovisores/sociedad/cnpv-2018/?lt=4.456007353293281&lg=-73.2781601239999&z=5|url-status=live}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Mestizo Colombians|Mestizo]]-[[White Colombians|White]]
Line 471 ⟶ 439:
|color1 = #008080
|label2= [[Afro-Colombian]] (includes [[Mulatto|
|value2 = 6.68
|color2 = #FFBF00
Line 479 ⟶ 447:
|color3 = #1C39BB
|label4= Not
|value4 = 1.35
|color4 = #008080
Line 496 ⟶ 464:
}}
Colombia is ethnically diverse, its people descending from the original [[Indigenous peoples in Colombia|Native]] inhabitants, Spanish conquistadors, [[African Colombian|Africans]] originally brought to the country as slaves, and 20th-century [[European diaspora|immigrants from Europe]] and the [[Arab Colombians|Middle East]], all contributing to a diverse cultural heritage.<ref name="Colombia is ethnically diverse">{{cite web |url=http://www.pedagogica.edu.co/storage/ps/articulos/pedysab15_09arti.pdf |title=The ethnic and cultural diversity of Colombia |publisher=pedagogica.edu.co |language=es |access-date=26 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327221138/http://www.pedagogica.edu.co/storage/ps/articulos/pedysab15_09arti.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2014 }}</ref> The demographic distribution reflects a pattern that is influenced by colonial history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://historico.unperiodico.unal.edu.co/ediciones/105/15.html |title=Mapa genético de los colombianos |publisher=historico.unperiodico.unal.edu.co |language=es |access-date=17 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617204901/http://historico.unperiodico.unal.edu.co/ediciones/105/15.html |archive-date=17 June 2016 }}</ref> Whites live all throughout the country, mainly in urban centers and the burgeoning highland and coastal cities. The populations of the major cities also include mestizos. [[Mestizo Colombian|Mestizo]] ''campesinos'' (people living in rural areas) also live in the Andean highlands where some Spanish conquerors mixed with the women of Amerindian [[chiefdoms]]. Mestizos include artisans and small tradesmen that have played a major part in the urban expansion of recent decades.<ref>Bushnell & Hudson, pp. 87–88.</ref><ref name="grupos étnicos" /> In a study by the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Colombians have an average ancestry of 47% Amerindian DNA, 42% European DNA, and 11% African DNA.<ref name=Rojas2010>{{cite journal |last1=Rojas |first1=Winston |last2=Parra |first2=María Victoria |last3=Campo |first3=Omer |last4=Caro |first4=María Antonieta |last5=Lopera |first5=Juan Guillermo |last6=Arias |first6=William |last7=Duque |first7=Constanza |last8=Naranjo |first8=Andrés |last9=García |first9=Jharley |last10=Vergara |first10=Candelaria |last11=Lopera |first11=Jaime |last12=Hernandez |first12=Erick |last13=Valencia |first13=Ana |last14=Caicedo |first14=Yuri |last15=Cuartas |first15=Mauricio |last16=Gutiérrez |first16=Javier |last17=López |first17=Sergio |last18=Ruiz-Linares |first18=Andrés |last19=Bedoya |first19=Gabriel |title=Genetic make up and structure of Colombian populations by means of uniparental and biparental DNA markers |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |date=September 2010 |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=13–20 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.21270 |pmid=20734436 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45822469 |access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref>
The [[2018 Colombian Census|2018 census]] reported that the "non-ethnic population", consisting of [[White Colombian|whites]] and mestizos (those of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry), constituted 87.6% of the national population. 6.7% is of [[Afro-Colombian|African]] ancestry. [[Indigenous peoples in Colombia|Indigenous Amerindians]] constitute 4.3% of the population. [[Raizal]] people constitute 0.06% of the population. [[Palenquero]] people constitute 0.02% of the population. 0.01% of the population are [[Romani people|Roma]]. A study by Latinobarómetro in 2023 estimates that 50.3% of the population are [[Mestizo Colombians|Mestizo]], 26.4% are [[White Colombians|White]], 9.5% are [[Indigenous peoples of Colombia|Indigenous]], 9.0% are [[Afro-Colombians|Black]], 4.4% are [[Mulatto]], and 0.4% are [[Asian People|Asian]], these estimates would equate to around 26 million people being Mestizo, 14 million being White, 5 million being Indigenous, 5 million being Black, 2 million being Mulatto, and 200k being Asian.<ref name="2023est">{{cite web |title=Raza/Etnia a la que pertenece |url=https://www.latinobarometro.org/latOnline.jsp |access-date=13 February 2024 |work=Latinobarómetro 2023 Colombia}}</ref>
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Ethnic groups of Colombia according to Latinobarómetro 2023<ref name="2023est"/>
|label1=[[Mestizo Colombians|Mestizo]]
|value1 = 50.3
|color1 = #2b70a7
|label2=[[White Colombians|White]]
|value2 =
|color2 = #008dbf
|label3=[[Indigenous peoples of Colombia|Amerindian]]
|value3 =
|color3 = #00a9c1
|label4=
|value4 =
|color4 = #00c2ac
|label5=[[Mulatto]]
|value5 = 4.4
|color5 = #18d886
|label6=[[Asian people|Asian]]
|value6 = 0.4
|color6 = #9ae758
}}
The [[Federal Research Division]] estimated that the 86% of the population that did not consider themselves part of one of the ethnic groups indicated by the 2006 census, white Colombians are mainly of [[Spanish immigration to Colombia|Spanish]] lineage, but there is also a large population of [[Arab Colombians|Middle East]] descent; in some areas there is a considerable input of [[German Colombian|German]] and [[Italian Colombian|Italian]] ancestry.<ref name="The Society and Its Environment">{{cite book|last1=Bushnell |first1=David |last2=Hudson |first2=Rex A. |year=2010 |title=The Society and Its Environment; Colombia: a country study |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Colombia.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Colombia.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |pages=87, 92 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.}}</ref><ref name="grupos étnicos" />
Many of the [[Indigenous peoples in Colombia|Indigenous peoples]] experienced a reduction in population during the Spanish rule<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.colombia.com/colombiainfo/nuestrahistoria/esclavista.asp |publisher=colombia.com |title=Society and slavery|language=es|access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref> and many others were absorbed into the mestizo population, but the remainder currently represents over eighty distinct cultures. Reserves (''resguardos'') established for indigenous peoples occupy {{convert|30571640|ha|km2|sp=us}} (27% of the country's total) and are inhabited by more than 800,000 people.<ref name="Resguardos Indígenas">{{cite web|url=https://www.siac.gov.co/Estado_Ecosistemas_Bosque/Resguardos_indigenas1.aspx |title=Resguardos indígenas – Concentra el 43% de los bosques naturales |publisher=siac.gov.co |access-date=27 March 2014 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328011617/https://www.siac.gov.co/Estado_Ecosistemas_Bosque/Resguardos_indigenas1.aspx |archive-date=28 March 2014}}</ref> Some of the largest indigenous groups are the [[Wayuu]],<ref name="wayuu">{{cite web|url=http://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/antropologia/article/view/2006/1973|title=Hostein, N. (2010). El pueblo wayuu de la Guajira colombo-venezolana: un panorama de su cultura. Cuadernos de Antropología, 20(1).|access-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> the [[Paez people|Paez]], the Pastos, the [[Emberá people|Emberá]] and the [[Zenú]].<ref name="pueblos indígenas">{{cite web |url=https://www.dnp.gov.co/programas/desarrollo-territorial/Paginas/pueblos-indigenas.aspx |title=Los pueblos indígenas de Colombia en el umbral del nuevo milenio. Población, cultura y territorio: bases para el fortalecimiento social y económico de los pueblos indígenas |publisher=dnp.gov.co |access-date=27 March 2014 |archive-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312221148/https://www.dnp.gov.co/programas/desarrollo-territorial/Paginas/pueblos-indigenas.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The departments of [[Department of La Guajira|La Guajira]], [[Cauca Department|Cauca]], [[Nariño Department|Nariño]], [[Córdoba Department|Córdoba]] and [[Sucre Department|Sucre]] have the largest indigenous populations.<ref name="grupos étnicos" />
The [[National Indigenous Organization of Colombia|Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia]] (ONIC), founded at the first National Indigenous Congress in 1982, is an organization representing the indigenous peoples of Colombia. In 1991, Colombia signed and ratified the current international law concerning indigenous peoples, [[Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989]].<ref name="Ratifications - ilo.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11200:0::NO:11200:P11200_COUNTRY_ID:102595 |title=Ratifications for Colombia |publisher=ilo.org |access-date=26 March 2014}}</ref>
[[Sub-Saharan Africans]] were brought as [[Atlantic slave trade|slaves]], mostly to the coastal lowlands, beginning early in the 16th century and continuing into the 19th century. Large Afro-Colombian communities are found today on the Pacific Coast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dane.gov.co/censo/files/presentaciones/grupos_etnicos.pdf |title=Ethnic groups in Colombia |publisher=dane.gov.co |language=es |access-date=26 March 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233546/http://www.dane.gov.co/censo/files/presentaciones/grupos_etnicos.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Numerous [[Jamaican people|Jamaicans]] migrated mainly to the islands of San Andres and Providencia. A number of other Europeans and North Americans migrated to the country in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including people from the former [[Soviet Union|USSR]] during and after the [[World War II|Second World War]].<ref name="Extranjeros en Colombia">{{cite web |url=http://www.rodriguezuribe.co/histories/Inmigrantes%20a%20Colombia%20-%20Luis%20Alvaro%20Gallo.pdf |title=Inmigrantes a Colombia: Personajes extranjeros llegados a Colombia |author=Luis Álvaro Gallo Martínez |publisher=rodriguezuribe.co |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924091807/http://www.rodriguezuribe.co/histories/Inmigrantes%20a%20Colombia%20-%20Luis%20Alvaro%20Gallo.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Migraciones Internacionales">{{cite web|url=http://rcientificas.uninorte.edu.co/index.php/investigacion/article/view/2116/2827|title=Las migraciones internacionales en Colombia. Investigación & Desarrollo, 20(1) 142–167.|author1=Wabgou, M. |author2=Vargas, D. |author3=Carabalí, J. A.|publisher=uninorte.edu.co|year=2012|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914172309/http://rcientificas.uninorte.edu.co/index.php/investigacion/article/view/2116/2827|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Many immigrant communities have settled on the Caribbean coast, in particular recent immigrants from the [[Ethnic groups in West Asia|Middle East]] and [[Europe]]. Barranquilla (the largest city of the Colombian Caribbean) and other Caribbean cities have the largest populations of [[Lebanese Colombian|Lebanese]], [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]], and other [[Arab Colombians|Levantines]].<ref name="arab colombians">Vargas Arana, Pilar, and Luz Marina Suaza Vargas. "Los árabes en Colombia: Del rechazo a la integración." (2007).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nodo50.org/csca/agenda08/misc/arti48.html |title=The Arab immigration to Colombia |publisher=nodo50.org |language=es|access-date=30 January 2014}}</ref> There are also important communities of [[Romani people|Romanis]] and [[History of the Jews in Colombia|Jews]].<ref name="Colombia is ethnically diverse" /> There is a major migration trend of [[Venezuelan people|Venezuelans]], due to the political and economic situation in Venezuela.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/c80f3a_d2e0a0b4821e4238ae021904026a4459.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/c80f3a_d2e0a0b4821e4238ae021904026a4459.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Características de los migrantes de Venezuela a Colombia |date=14 August 2017 |website=labourosario.com|language=es}}</ref> In August 2019, Colombia offered citizenship to more than 24,000 children of Venezuelan refugees who were born in Colombia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/05/world/americas/colombia-citizenship-venezuelans.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/05/world/americas/colombia-citizenship-venezuelans.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |url-access=limited|title=Colombia Offers Citizenship to 24,000 Children of Venezuelan Refugees|last1=Kurmanaev|first1=Anatoly|date=5 August 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=6 August 2019|last2=González|first2=Jenny Carolina|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Colombia}}
{{See also|Freedom of religion in Colombia|Jews in Colombia}}
[[File:Santuario de Las Lajas, Ipiales, Colombia, 2015-07-21, DD 21-23 HDR.jpg|thumb|The [[Las Lajas Sanctuary]] in the southern Colombian Department of [[Nariño Department|Nariño]]]]
The [[National Administrative Department of Statistics]] (DANE) does not collect religious statistics, and accurate reports are difficult to obtain. However, based on various studies and a survey, about 90% of the population adheres to Christianity, the majority of which (70.9%–79%) are [[Roman Catholic]], while a significant minority (16.7%) adhere to [[Protestantism]] (primarily [[Evangelicalism]]). Some 4.7% of the population is [[atheist]] or agnostic, while 3.5% claim to believe in God but do not follow a specific religion. 1.8% of Colombians adhere to [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Adventism]] and less than 1% adhere to other religions, such as the [[Baháʼí Faith]], [[Islam]], Judaism, [[Buddhism]], [[Mormonism]], [[Hinduism]], [[animism|Indigenous religions]], [[Hare Krishna movement]], [[Rastafari movement]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], and spiritual studies. The remaining people either did not respond or replied that they did not know. In addition to the above statistics, 35.9% of Colombians reported that they did not practice their faith actively.<ref name="Religion">{{cite book |url=http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/10780/1/Del%20monopolio%20cat%C3%B3lico%20a%20la%20explosi%C3%B3n%20pentecostal.pdf |title=Del monopolio católico a la explosión pentecostal' |author1=Beltrán Cely |author2=William Mauricio (2013) |publisher=Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Centro de Estudios Sociales (CES), Maestría en Sociología |language=es |isbn=978-958-761-465-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327173229/http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/10780/1/Del%20monopolio%20cat%C3%B3lico%20a%20la%20explosi%C3%B3n%20pentecostal.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2016 |year=2013 }}</ref><ref name="Religion2">{{cite web |url=http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/8486/1/williammauriciobeltran.2011.pdf |title=Descripción cuantitativa de la pluralización religiosa en Colombia |author1=Beltrán Cely |author2=William Mauricio |author-link=William Mauricio Beltrán Cely |publisher=Universitas humanística 73 (2012): 201–238. – bdigital.unal.edu.co |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329185722/http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/8486/1/williammauriciobeltran.2011.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="Religion in Latin America">{{cite web |title=Religion in Latin America, Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=13 November 2014}}</ref> 1,519,562 people in Colombia, or around 3% of the population reported following an Indigenous religion.
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The overall [[life expectancy]] in Colombia at birth is 79.3 years (76.7 years for males and 81.9 years for females).<ref name="Life expectancy at birth" /> Healthcare reforms have led to massive improvements in the healthcare systems of the country, with health standards in Colombia improving very much since the 1980s. The new system has widened population coverage by the social and health security system from 21% (pre-1993) to 96% in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ministra de Salud dice que la cobertura en este sector subió al 96%|url=http://www.elpais.com.co/elpais/colombia/noticias/ministra-dice-cobertura-en-salud-fue-96|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728140425/http://www.elpais.com.co/elpais/colombia/noticias/ministra-dice-cobertura-en-salud-fue-96|archive-date=28 July 2014|access-date=18 August 2013|publisher=[[El País (Colombia)]]|language=es}}</ref> In 2017, the government declared a [[cancer research]] and treatment center as a Project of National Strategic Interest.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://es.presidencia.gov.co/noticia/171012-Luis-Carlos-Sarmiento-Angulo-agradece-apoyo-del-Gobierno-a-moderno-centro-de-tratamiento-del-cancer |title=Centro de Tratamiento e Investigación sobre Cáncer (CTIC) |date=12 October 2017 |language=es|website=presidencia.gov.co}}</ref>
A 2016 study conducted by ''[[América Economía]]'' magazine ranked 21 Colombian [[Health facility|health care institutions]] among the top 44 in Latin America, amounting to 48 percent of the total.<ref name="Colombian clinics">{{cite web|url=http://rankings.americaeconomia.com/2016/clinicas/ranking|publisher=America Economia magazine|title=21 Colombian clinics among the best 44 in Latin America|access-date=9 June 2017|archive-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623141648/http://rankings.americaeconomia.com/2016/clinicas/ranking|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2022, 26 Colombian hospitals were among the 61 best in [[Latin America]] (42% total).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinco hospitales colombianos en el top 10 de los mejores de Latinoamérica |url=https://www.agenciapi.co/noticia/salud/cinco-hospitales-colombianos-en-el-top-10-de-los-mejores-de-latinoamerica |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=Agenciapi.co |language=es}}</ref> Also in 2023, two Colombian hospitals were among the
=== Education ===
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{{Main|Music of Colombia}}
Colombia has a vibrant collage of talent that touches a full spectrum of [[rhythm]]s. It is known as the land of a thousand rhythms, at around 1,024 folk rhythms. Musicians, composers, music producers and singers from Colombia are recognized internationally such as [[Shakira]], [[Juanes]], [[Carlos Vives]] and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cromos.com.co/especial-colombia/articulo-147471-personajes-destacados-la-musica-vibra-los-cinco-continentes|publisher=cromos.com.co|title=Colombianos que se destacan: Música que vibra por todo el mundo|language=es|access-date=24 May 2016|archive-date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524214703/http://www.cromos.com.co/especial-colombia/articulo-147471-personajes-destacados-la-musica-vibra-los-cinco-continentes|url-status=dead}}</ref> Colombian music blends European-influenced guitar and song structure with large [[gaita flutes]] and percussion instruments from the indigenous population, while its percussion structure and dance forms come from Africa. Colombia has a diverse and dynamic musical environment.<ref name="about.com">{{cite web|url=http://latinmusic.about.com/od/countrie1/p/PRO04BASICS.htm|publisher=about.com|title=Colombian music|access-date=22 August 2013|archive-date=2 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102075148/http://latinmusic.about.com/od/countrie1/p/PRO04BASICS.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Ejes musicales de Colombia1.png|thumb|left|upright|Regions of Colombia by
[[Guillermo Uribe Holguín]], an important cultural figure in the [[National Symphony Orchestra of Colombia]], Luis Antonio Calvo and Blas Emilio Atehortúa are some of the greatest exponents of the [[art music]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://facartes.unal.edu.co/compositores/html/_compositores.html|publisher=facartes.unal.edu.co|title=Colombian composers|language=es|access-date=29 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411030708/http://facartes.unal.edu.co/compositores/html/_compositores.html|archive-date=11 April 2016}}</ref> The [[Bogotá Philharmonic Orchestra]] is one of the most active orchestras in Colombia.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://patrimoniocultural.bogota.unal.edu.co/internas-auditorio/acerca-de-la-ofb.html|publisher=patrimoniocultural.bogota.unal.edu.co|title=Bogotá Philharmonic|language=es|access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>
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[[File:Jorge Celedón in DC.JPG|thumb|[[Jorge Celedón]] of the [[Binomio de Oro de América]] band. The [[Vallenato]], along with [[Cumbia (Colombia)|Cumbia]], are the two most popular Colombian folk music genres heard in Latin America.]]
Important musical rhythms of the [[Andean Region (Colombia)|Andean Region]] are the [[danza]] (dance of Andean folklore arising from the transformation of the European contredance), the [[bambuco]] (it is played with guitar, [[Colombian tiple|tiple]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/musica/tiple/indice.htm|title=Los Caminos del tiple|publisher=Bogotá: Ediciones AMP Damel.|year=1988|author=Puerta Zuluaga, D.|access-date=3 May 2017|archive-date=3 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503084731/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/musica/tiple/indice.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[mandolin]], the rhythm is danced by couples), the [[pasillo]] (a rhythm inspired by the Austrian [[waltz]] and the Colombian "danza", the lyrics have been composed by well-known poets), the guabina (the [[tiple]], the [[bandola]] and the [[requinto]] are the basic instruments), the [[sanjuanero]] (it originated in [[Tolima Department|Tolima]] and [[Huila Department|Huila]] Departments, the rhythm is joyful and fast).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=11&COLTEM=222|title=Ritmos – Bogotá|publisher=sinic.gov.co|language=es|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524082507/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=11&COLTEM=222|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=73&COLTEM=222|title=Ritmos -Tolima|publisher=sinic.gov.co|language=es|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524082541/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=73&COLTEM=222|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=41&COLTEM=222|title=Ritmos – Huila|publisher=sinic.gov.co|language=es|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524082605/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=41&COLTEM=222|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/5|title=Músicas Andinas Centro-Oriente|publisher=territoriosonoro.org|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808030945/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/5|archive-date=8 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/6|title=Músicas Andinas Nor-Occidente|publisher=territoriosonoro.org|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808023624/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/6|archive-date=8 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Apart from these traditional rhythms, [[salsa music]] has spread throughout the country, and the city of [[Cali]] is considered by many salsa singers to be 'The New Salsa Capital of the World'.<ref name="Colombian music" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/7|title=Músicas Andinas Centro-Sur|publisher=territoriosonoro.org|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708222015/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/7|archive-date=8 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/10|title=Músicas Andinas Sur-Occidente|publisher=territoriosonoro.org|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812043609/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/10|archive-date=12 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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[[File:Statue India Catalina FICCI.JPG|thumb|The [[Cartagena Film Festival]] is the oldest cinema event in Latin America. The central focus is on films from Ibero-America.<ref name="fiapf" />]]
Theater was introduced in Colombia during the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish colonization]] in 1550 through [[zarzuela]] companies. Colombian theater is supported by the Ministry of Culture and a number of private and state owned organizations. The [[Theater of Colombia|Ibero-American Theater Festival of Bogotá]] is the cultural event of the highest importance in Colombia and one of the biggest theater festivals in the world.<ref name="Theater Festival">{{cite web|url=http://www.colombia.co/en/this-is-colombia/culture/art/six-surprising-facts-bogotas-ibero-american-theater-festival/|title=Six surprising facts about Bogota's Ibero-American Theater Festival|date=2 March 2016|publisher=colombia.co|access-date=17 November 2017|archive-date=17 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117141147/http://www.colombia.co/en/this-is-colombia/culture/art/six-surprising-facts-bogotas-ibero-american-theater-festival/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other important theater events are: The Festival of Puppet The Fanfare (Medellín), The Manizales Theater Festival, The Caribbean Theatre Festival (Santa Marta) and The Art Festival of Popular Culture "Cultural Invasion" (Bogotá).<ref name="Theatre in Colombia">{{cite web| url=http://www.iti-worldwide.org/amt/countries/p_COLOMBIA.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821123228/http://www.iti-worldwide.org/amt/countries/p_COLOMBIA.html |archive-date=21 August 2008 |publisher=iti-worldwide.org |title=Main performing arts festivals – Theatre History|access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="theatrical production">{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/colhoy/colo11.htm|publisher=banrepcultural.org|title=Theater of Colombia|language=es|access-date=9 October 2013|archive-date=20 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020050211/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/colhoy/colo11.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="teatro siglo XX">{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/revista-80|publisher=Revista Credencial Historia|author=Reyes, Carlos José|title=El teatro en Colombia en el siglo XX|language=es|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522220735/http://www.banrepcultural.org/revista-80|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Although the [[Cinema of Colombia|Colombian cinema]] is young as an industry, more recently the film industry was growing with support from the Film Act passed in 2003.<ref name="the Film Act passed in 2003">{{cite web| url=http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_0814_2003.html|publisher=secretariasenado.gov.co |title=the Film Act passed in 2003|language=es|access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref> Many film festivals take place in Colombia, but the two most important are the [[Cartagena Film Festival]], which is the oldest film festival in Latin America, and the [[Bogotá Film Festival]].<ref name="fiapf">{{cite web |url=http://www.fiapf.org/intfilmfestivals_2016_sites02.asp |publisher=fiapf.org |title=Competitive specialised film festivals |access-date=23 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161111113646/http://www.fiapf.org/intfilmfestivals_2016_sites02.asp |archive-date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="film festivals">{{cite web|
Some important national circulation newspapers are ''[[El Tiempo (Colombia)|El Tiempo]]'' and ''[[El Espectador]]''. [[Television in Colombia]] has two privately owned TV networks and three state-owned TV networks with national coverage, as well as six regional TV networks and dozens of local TV stations. Private channels, [[RCN TV|RCN]] and [[Caracol Televisión|Caracol]] are the highest-rated. The regional channels and regional newspapers cover a department or more and its content is made in these particular areas.<ref name="Television in Colombia">{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/exhibiciones/historia_tv/television_colombia.htm |publisher=banrepcultural.org |title=Television in Colombia |language=es |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413231621/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/exhibiciones/historia_tv/television_colombia.htm |archive-date=13 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name="press">{{cite web |url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/un-papel-a-toda-prueba |publisher=banrepcultural.org |title=Un papel a toda prueba. 223 años de prensa diaria en Colombia |language=es |access-date=22 May 2016 |archive-date=22 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522183614/http://www.banrepcultural.org/un-papel-a-toda-prueba |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="The press in Colombia">{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/comunicacion/la_prensa|publisher=banrepcultural.org|title=La prensa en Colombia|language=es|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522183517/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/comunicacion/la_prensa|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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{{Main|Sport in Colombia}}
[[File:Rio 2016. Ciclismo BMX-BMX Cycling (29016608602).jpg|thumb|[[Mariana Pajón]] is a Colombian cyclist, two-time Olympic gold medalist and [[UCI BMX World Championships|BMX World Champion]].]]
[[Tejo (sport)|Tejo]] is Colombia's national sport and is a team sport that involves launching projectiles to hit a target.<ref name="Tejo-Colombia's national sport.">{{cite web| url=http://thecitypaperbogota.com/uncategorized/homepage-featured/tejo-most-muddy-sport/ |publisher=thecitypaperbogota.com |title=Tejo – Colombia's national sport|date=28 August 2013 |access-date=28 August 2013}}</ref> But of all sports in Colombia, [[Association football|football]] is the most popular. [[Colombia national football team|Colombia]] was the champion of the [[2001 Copa América]], in which they set a new record of being undefeated, conceding no goals and winning each match. Colombia has been awarded "[[FIFA World Rankings#Best Mover of the Year|mover of the year]]" twice.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130521041140/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/r&a-wr/71/25/61/152246-factsheet-topteamandthebestmoveroftheyear.pdf Top Team and the Best Mover of the Year]. FIFA</ref>
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