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{{short description|Country in South America}}
{{About|the country|its predecessor|Gran Colombia|other uses|Colombia (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Columbia (disambiguation){{!}}Columbia|Colombo}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2021}}
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| footnote_b = {{note|iboxb}}The official Colombian time<ref>{{cite web|url=http://horalegal.inm.gov.co/|title=The official Colombian time|publisher=horalegal.inm.gov.co|language=es|access-date=23 February 2014|archive-date=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209074753/http://horalegal.inm.gov.co/|url-status=live}}</ref> is controlled and coordinated by the National Institute of Metrology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/decreto_4175_2011.html |title=Decreto 4175 de 2011, artículo 6, numeral 14 |publisher=Presidencia de la República de Colombia |language=es |access-date=14 March 2016 |archive-date=15 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415083653/http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/decreto_4175_2011.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
'''Colombia''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-Colombia-pronunciation.ogg|k|ə|ˈ|l|ʌ|m|b|i|ə}} {{respell|kə|LUM|bee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|l|ɒ|m|-}} {{respell|-|LOM|-}};<ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{IPA
Colombia has been home to many [[Indigenous peoples in Colombia|indigenous peoples and cultures]] since at least 12,000 BCE. The Spanish first landed in [[Guajira Peninsula|La Guajira]] in 1499, and by the mid-16th century, they had colonized much of present-day Colombia, and established the [[New Kingdom of Granada]], with [[Santa Fé de Bogotá]] as its capital. [[Spanish American wars of independence|Independence]] from the [[Spanish Empire]] was achieved in 1819, with what is now Colombia emerging as the [[United Provinces of New Granada]]. The new polity experimented with federalism as the [[Granadine Confederation]] (1858) and then the [[United States of Colombia]] (1863), before becoming a republic—the current Republic of Colombia—in 1886. With the backing of the United States and France, [[Separation of Panama from Colombia|Panama seceded]] from Colombia in 1903, resulting in Colombia's present borders. Beginning in the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity [[Colombian conflict|armed conflict]] and political violence, both of which escalated in the 1990s. Since 2005, there has been significant improvement in security, stability, and rule of law, as well as unprecedented economic growth and development.<ref name="Enough Already!" /><ref name="Colombia's GDP growth" /> Colombia is recognized for its [[Health care in Colombia|healthcare system]], being the best healthcare in [[Latin America]] according to the [[World Health Organization]] and 22nd in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Health Organization Assesses the World's Health Systems |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/07-02-2000-world-health-organization-assesses-the-world%27s-health-systems |access-date=30 March 2023 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en |archive-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409230742/https://www.who.int/whr/2000/media_centre/press_release/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Colombia Healthcare System |url=https://www.internationalinsurance.com/health/systems/colombia.php |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=International Citizens Insurance |language=en-US |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330020716/https://www.internationalinsurance.com/health/systems/colombia.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Its [[Economy of Colombia|diversified economy]] is the third-largest in South America, with macroeconomic stability and favorable long-term growth prospects.<ref name="GDP" /><ref name="strongmacroeconomicmanagement" />
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[[File:Retrato_de_Vasco_Nuñez_de_Balboa_(1475-1517)_-_Anónimo.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]], founder of [[Santa María la Antigua del Darién]], the first stable European settlement on the continent]]
[[Alonso de Ojeda]] (who had sailed with Columbus) reached the [[Guajira Peninsula]] in 1499.<ref name="LABLAA6">{{cite web|author=Nicolás del Castillo Mathieu|url=http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/marzo1992/marzo3.htm|title=La primera vision de las costas Colombianas, Repaso de Historia|work=Revista Credencial|date=March 1992|access-date=29 February 2008|language=es|archive-date=19 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019045321/http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/marzo1992/marzo3.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/o/ojeda.htm|title=Alonso de Ojeda|publisher=biografiasyvidas.com|language=es|access-date=2 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704180050/http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/o/ojeda.htm|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Spanish explorers, led by [[Rodrigo de Bastidas]], made the first exploration of the [[Caribbean Basin|Caribbean coast]] in 1500.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/b/bastidas.htm|title=Rodrigo de Bastidas|publisher=biografiasyvidas.com|language=es|access-date=2 April 2014|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423173935/http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/b/bastidas.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Christopher Columbus]] navigated near the Caribbean in 1502.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/c/colon_cristobal.htm|title=Cristóbal Colón|publisher=biografiasyvidas.com|language=es|access-date=2 April 2014|archive-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306173922/http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/c/colon_cristobal.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1508, [[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]] accompanied an expedition to the territory through the region of [[Gulf of Urabá]] and they founded the town of [[Santa María la Antigua del Darién]] in 1510, the first stable settlement on the continent. {{efn|Balboa is best known for being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1513, which he called ''Mar del Sur'' (or "Sea of the South") and would facilitate Spanish exploration and settlement of South America.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/b/balboa.htm|title=Vasco Núñez de Balboa|publisher=biografiasyvidas.com|language=es|access-date=2 April 2014|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072547/http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/b/balboa.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Santa Marta]] was founded in 1525,<ref>{{cite book|title=La gobernación de Santa Marta (1570–1670) Vol. 232|author=Vázquez, Trinidad Miranda|publisher=Editorial CSIC-CSIC Press|isbn=978-84-00-04276-9|year=1976|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m5zI94b6u_4C&pg=PP1|page=3|language=es|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202233342/https://books.google.com/books?id=m5zI94b6u_4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]] in 1533.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cartagena de Indias en el siglo XVI. Vol. 288|author=Plá, María del Carmen Borrego|publisher=Editorial CSIC-CSIC Press|isbn=978-84-00-05440-3|year=1983|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hV-bQJo8wOIC&pg=PP1|pages=3–5|language=es|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202233355/https://books.google.com/books?id=hV-bQJo8wOIC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Spanish [[conquistador]] [[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada]] led an expedition to the interior in April 1536, and christened the districts through which he passed "[[New Kingdom of Granada]]". In August 1538, he provisionally founded its capital near the Muisca [[cacicazgo]] of [[Bacatá|Muyquytá]], and named it "Santa Fe". The name soon acquired a suffix and was called Santa Fe de Bogotá.<ref>{{cite book|title=Invading Colombia: Spanish accounts of the Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada expedition of conquest Vol. 1|editor=Francis, John Michael|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=978-0-271-02936-8|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P1DEFqZ6c5QC&pg=PP1|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202233341/https://books.google.com/books?id=P1DEFqZ6c5QC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JaramilloUribe1989">{{Cite journal |last=Jaramillo Uribe
The [[List of conquistadors in Colombia|conquistadors]] made frequent alliances with the enemies of different indigenous communities. [[Indian auxiliaries|Indigenous allies]] were crucial to conquest, as well as to creating and maintaining empire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://queaprendemoshoy.com/la-conquista-del-nuevo-reino-de-granada-la-interpretacion-de-los-siete-mitos-iii/|title=La Conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada: la interpretación de los siete mitos (III) – RESTALL, Matthew: Los siete mitos de la conquista española, Barcelona, 2004|publisher=queaprendemoshoy.com/|language=es|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-date=9 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209181225/http://queaprendemoshoy.com/la-conquista-del-nuevo-reino-de-granada-la-interpretacion-de-los-siete-mitos-iii/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Indigenous peoples in Colombia experienced a decline in population due to conquest as well as Eurasian diseases, such as [[smallpox]], to which they had no immunity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icanh.gov.co/recursos_user/documentos/editores/201/Articulos/SociedadesIndigenas-Reyes2009.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.icanh.gov.co/recursos_user/documentos/editores/201/Articulos/SociedadesIndigenas-Reyes2009.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Las sociedades indígenas del Nuevo Reino de Granada bajo el dominio español|author=Jorge Augusto Gamboa M.|publisher=Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/productos/1685/articles-242836_proyecto_documento.pdf|title=Las plantas medicinales en la época de la colonia y de la independencia|publisher=colombiaaprende.edu.co|language=es|access-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408212640/http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/productos/1685/articles-242836_proyecto_documento.pdf|archive-date=8 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Regarding the land as deserted, the Spanish Crown sold properties to all persons interested in colonized territories, creating large farms and possession of mines.<ref name="TierrasColonia">{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/mayo2002/propdetierras.htm|title=La propiedad de tierras en la Colonia: Mercedes, composición de títulos y resguardos indígenas|author=Mayorga, Fernando|publisher=Revista Credencial Historia|website=banrepcultural.org|year=2002|language=es|access-date=7 April 2014|archive-date=8 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408213109/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/mayo2002/propdetierras.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="EconomíaColonial">{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/economia/histecon/histecon2a.htm|title=Historia económica y órdenes de magnitud, Capítulo 1: La Formación de la Economía Colonial (1500–1740).|author=Germán Colmenares|publisher=banrepcultural.org|language=es|access-date=7 April 2014|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109160412/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/economia/histecon/histecon2a.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="políticaeconómica">{{cite web|url=http://admin.banrepcultural.org/sites/default/files/lablaa/revistas/revanuario/ancolh11/articul/art5/art5a.pdf |title=La política económica virreinal en el Nuevo Reino de Granada: 1750–1810 |author=Margarita González |publisher=banrepcultural.org |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211849/http://admin.banrepcultural.org/sites/default/files/lablaa/revistas/revanuario/ancolh11/articul/art5/art5a.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2014 }}</ref> In the 16th century, the [[Navigation|nautical science]] in Spain reached a great development thanks to numerous scientific figures of the [[Casa de Contratación]] and nautical science was an essential pillar of the [[Iberian ship development, 1400–1600|Iberian expansion]].<ref name="Alonso de Santa Cruz">{{cite journal |last1=Domingo |first1=Mariano Cuesta |title=Alonso de Santa Cruz, cartógrafo y fabricante de instrumentos náuticos de la Casa de Contratación |trans-title=Alonso de Santa Cruz, Cartographer and Maker of Nautical Instruments of the Spanish Casa de Contratación |language=es |journal=Revista Complutense de Historia de América |date=2004 |volume=30 |pages=7–40 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1086671 |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203234102/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1086671 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1542, the region of New Granada, along with all other Spanish possessions in South America, became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]], with its capital in [[Lima]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492–1830|author=John Huxtable Elliott|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-12399-9|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6ucuphGA3YC&pg=PA124|pages=124–125|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202233440/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6ucuphGA3YC&pg=PA124|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1547, New Granada became a separate captaincy-general within the viceroyalty, with its capital at Santa Fe de Bogota.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shaw|first=Jeffrey M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vt-vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA429|title=Religion and Contemporary Politics: A Global Encyclopedia|year=2019|isbn=9781440839337|pages=429|publisher=Abc-Clio|access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date=15 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715073548/https://books.google.com/books?id=vt-vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA429|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1549, the [[Real Audiencia|Royal Audiencia]] was created by a royal decree, and New Granada was ruled by the [[Royal Audience of Santa Fe de Bogotá]], which at that time comprised the provinces of Santa Marta, Rio de San Juan, Popayán, Guayana and Cartagena.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.congreso.gob.pe/ntley/Imagenes/LeyIndia/0102015.pdf |title=Law VIII ("Royal Audiencia and Chancery of Santa Fe in the New Kingdom of Granada") of Title XV ("Of the Royal Audiencias and Chanceries of the Indies") of Book II |publisher=congreso.gob.pe |access-date=4 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629092003/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/ntley/Imagenes/LeyIndia/0102015.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2014 }}</ref> But important decisions were taken from the colony to Spain by the [[Council of the Indies]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.archivobogota.gov.co/libreria/pdf/LIBRO_PATRIMONIO_DOCUMENTAL.pdf |title=El patrimonio documental de Bogotá, Siglos XVI – XIX: Instituciones y Archivos |author1=Fernando Mayorga García |author2=Juana M. Marín Leoz |author3=Adelaida Sourdis Nájera |publisher=Subdirección Imprenta Distrital – D.D.D.I |isbn=978-958-717-064-1|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095333/http://www.archivobogota.gov.co/libreria/pdf/LIBRO_PATRIMONIO_DOCUMENTAL.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2014 |year=2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encomienda y mita en Nueva Granada en el siglo XVII|author=Julián Bautista Ruiz Rivera|publisher=Editorial CSIC Press|isbn=978-84-00-04176-2|year=1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5R0dPbOImsUC&pg=PP1|pages=xxi–xxii|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202233403/https://books.google.com/books?id=5R0dPbOImsUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
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Rebellions against Spanish rule had occurred in the empire since the advent of conquest and colonization, but most were either crushed or remained too weak to change the overall situation. The last one that sought outright independence from Spain sprang up around 1810 and culminated in the Colombian Declaration of Independence, issued on 20 July 1810, the day that is now celebrated as the nation's Independence Day.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/07/20/colombia/1500541945_902382.html |title=Independencia de Colombia: ¿por qué se celebra el 20 de julio? |trans-title=Independence of Colombia: Why is it celebrated on 20 July? |date=20 July 2017 |work=El País |access-date=18 July 2018 |language=es |issn=1134-6582 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718205151/https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/07/20/colombia/1500541945_902382.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> This movement followed the independence of [[Saint-Domingue]] (present-day Haiti) in 1804, which provided some support to an eventual leader of this rebellion: [[Simón Bolívar]]. [[Francisco de Paula Santander]] also would play a decisive role.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McFarlane |first1=Anthony |title=El colapso de la autoridad española y la génesis de la independencia en la Nueva Granada |journal=Revista Desarrollo y Sociedad |date=January 1982 |issue=7 |pages=99–120 |doi=10.13043/dys.7.3 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/febrero2010/socorro.htm|title=La independencia del Socorro en la génesis de la emancipación colombiana.|last=Rodriguez Gómez |first=Juan Camilo|publisher=banrepcultural.org|language=es|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-date=10 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110174547/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/febrero2010/socorro.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gutiérrez Ardila |first1=Daniel |title=Colombia y Haití: historia de un desencuentro (1819–1831) |trans-title=Colombia and Haití: History of a Misunderstanding (1819–1831) |language=es |journal=Secuencia |date=December 2011 |issue=81 |pages=67–93 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0186-03482011000300003&script=sci_arttext |access-date=28 March 2015 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707192322/http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0186-03482011000300003 |url-status=live }}</ref>
A movement was initiated by [[Antonio Nariño]], who opposed Spanish centralism and led the opposition against the [[Viceroyalty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/29874/1/Antonio%20Nari%C3%B1o-Gutierrez%20Escudero.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/29874/1/Antonio%20Nari%C3%B1o-Gutierrez%20Escudero.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Un precursor de la emancipación americana: Antonio Nariño y Álvarez.|last=Gutiérrez Escudero |first=Antonio|publisher=Araucaria. Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofía, Política y Humanidades 8.13 (2005)|pages=205–220|language=es}}</ref> [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]] became independent in November 1811.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/febrero2010/caribe.htm|title=Independencia del Caribe colombiano 1810–1821|last=Sourdis Nájera |first=Adelaida|publisher=Revista Credencial Historia – Edición 242|language=es|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109105253/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/febrero2010/caribe.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1811, the [[United Provinces of New Granada]] were proclaimed, headed by [[Camilo Torres Tenorio]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/node/88606|title=Confederación de las Provincias Unidas de la Nueva Granada|last=Martínez Garnica |first=Armandao|publisher=Revista Credencial Historia – Edición 244|year=2010|language=es|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=24 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624131937/http://www.banrepcultural.org/node/88606|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor-din/acta-de-federacion-de-las-provincias-unidas-de-la-nueva-granada-27-de-noviembre-de-1811--0/html/008e5574-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html#I_0_|title=Acta de la Federación de las Provincias Unidas de Nueva Granada|year=1811|language=es|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=25 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625133814/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor-din/acta-de-federacion-de-las-provincias-unidas-de-la-nueva-granada-27-de-noviembre-de-1811--0/html/008e5574-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html#I_0_|url-status=live}}</ref> The emergence of two distinct ideological currents among the patriots ([[federalism]] and [[Unitary state|centralism]]) gave rise to a period of instability called the [[Patria Boba]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ocampo López |first=Javier |author-link=Javier Ocampo López |year=1998 |title=La patria boba. Cuadernillos de historia |publisher=Panamericana Editorial |isbn=978-958-30-0533-6}}</ref> Shortly after the [[Napoleonic Wars]] ended, [[Ferdinand VII]], recently restored to the throne in Spain, unexpectedly decided [[Spanish reconquest of New Granada|to send military forces]] to retake most of northern South America. The viceroyalty was restored under the command of [[Juan de Sámano]], whose regime punished those who participated in the patriotic movements, ignoring the political nuances of the [[Junta (Spanish American Independence)|junta]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Morillo y la reconquista, 1816–1819|url=http://docencia.udea.edu.co/regionalizacion/irs-406/contenido/morillo.html|publisher=udea.edu.co|language=es|access-date=3 July 2017|archive-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027064057/http://docencia.udea.edu.co/regionalizacion/irs-406/contenido/morillo.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The retribution stoked renewed rebellion, which, combined with a weakened Spain, made possible a successful rebellion led by the Venezuelan-born [[Military career of Simón Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]], who finally proclaimed [[Spanish American wars of independence|independence]] in 1819.<ref name="Historia ilustrada de Colombia">{{cite book |last=Ocampo López |first=Javier |author-link=Javier Ocampo López |year=2006 |title=Historia ilustrada de Colombia – Capítulo VI |publisher=Plaza y Janes Editores Colombia sa |isbn=978-958-14-0370-7 |language=es |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzgpwLiJs5gC&pg=PA1 |access-date=7 December 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129012918/https://books.google.com/books?id=XzgpwLiJs5gC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Cartagena de Indias en la independencia |publisher=[[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]] |year=2011 |url=http://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/publicaciones/archivos/lbr_cartagena_independencia.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/publicaciones/archivos/lbr_cartagena_independencia.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Royalist (Spanish American Independence)|pro-Spanish resistance]] was defeated in 1822 in the present territory of Colombia and in 1823 in Venezuela.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantes.es/lengua_y_ensenanza/hispanismo/independencia_americana/bicentenario_independencia_calendario.htm|title=Cronología de las independencias americanas|publisher=cervantes.es|language=es|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216202647/http://www.cervantes.es/lengua_y_ensenanza/hispanismo/independencia_americana/bicentenario_independencia_calendario.htm|archive-date=16 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://revistadeindias.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistadeindias/article/view/640/706|title=La Constitución de Cádiz en la Provincia de Pasto, Virreinato de Nueva Granada, 1812–1822.|last=Gutiérrez Ramos |first=Jairo|journal=Revista de Indias|publisher=Revista de Indias 68, no. 242|page=222|year=2008|volume=68|issue=242|doi=10.3989/revindias.2008.i242.640|language=es|doi-access=free|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=12 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712040017/http://revistadeindias.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistadeindias/article/view/640/706|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=La Independencia de Venezuela relatada en clave de paz: las regulaciones pacíficas entre patriotas y realistas (1810–1846).|
[[File:Cambios territoriales de Colombia.gif|thumb|upright=1.2]]
The territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada became the [[Gran Colombia|Republic of Colombia]], organized as a [[subdivisions of Gran Colombia|union of the current territories]] of Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela, parts of Guyana and Brazil and north of [[Marañón River]].<ref>{{cite book|title=(Gran) Colombia, relación geográfica, topográfica, agrícola, comercial y política de este país: Adaptada para todo lector en general y para el comerciante y colono en particular |volume=1 |first=Alexander |last=Walker|publisher=Banco de la República|year=1822|language=es|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVZsAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1}}</ref> The [[Congress of Cúcuta]] in 1821 adopted a [[Colombian Constitution of 1821|constitution]] for the new Republic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/21805/1/18324-59371-1-PB.pdf|title=Los ciudadanos en la Constitución de Cúcuta – Citizenship in the Constitution of Cúcuta|last=Sosa Abella |first=Guillermo|publisher=Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia (icanh)|year=2009|language=es|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183203/http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/21805/1/18324-59371-1-PB.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/vireco/vireco11.htm|title=El viaje de Gaspard-Théodore Mollien por la República de Colombia en 1823. CAPÍTULO IX|last=Mollien |first=Gaspard-Théodore |publisher=Biblioteca Virtual del Banco de la República|language=es|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109010323/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/vireco/vireco11.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Simón Bolívar became the first [[President of Colombia]], and Francisco de Paula Santander was made [[Vice President of Colombia|Vice President]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docencia.udea.edu.co/regionalizacion/irs-406/contenido/laconstitucion.html|title=Avatares de una Joven República – 2. La Constitución de Cúcuta|publisher=Universidad de Antioquia|language=es|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025729/http://docencia.udea.edu.co/regionalizacion/irs-406/contenido/laconstitucion.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the new republic was unstable and the Gran Colombia ultimately collapsed.
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[[File:Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg|thumb|Port of [[Cartagena de Indias|Cartagena]]]]
Transportation in Colombia is regulated within the functions of the [[Ministry of Transport (Colombia)|Ministry of Transport]]<ref name="MTransport">{{cite web|url=https://www.mintransporte.gov.co/publicaciones.php?id=33|title=Ministry of Transport|date=8 May 2011 |publisher=mintransporte.gov.co|language=es|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=1 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201163042/https://www.mintransporte.gov.co/publicaciones.php?id=33|url-status=live}}</ref> and entities such as the National Roads Institute ([[INVÍAS]]) responsible for the [[Highways in Colombia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.invias.gov.co/index.php/informacion-institucional/objetivos-y-funciones|title=INVÍAS – Objectives and Functions|publisher=invias.gov.co|language=es|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=6 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206040650/http://www.invias.gov.co/index.php/informacion-institucional/objetivos-y-funciones|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Aerocivil]], responsible for civil aviation and [[List of airports in Colombia|airports]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aerocivil.gov.co/aerocivil/funciones|title=Aerocivil – Funciones y Deberes|publisher=aerocivil.gov.co|language=es|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709104232/http://www.aerocivil.gov.co/aerocivil/funciones|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[National Infrastructure Agency (Colombia)|National Infrastructure Agency]], in charge of [[concession (contract)|concessions]] through [[public–private partnership]]s, for the design, construction, maintenance, operation, and administration of the transport infrastructure,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ani.gov.co/informacion-de-la-ani/quienes-somos|title=ANI – Objectives and Functions|date=24 December 2012|publisher=ani.gov.co|language=es|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=24 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924102833/http://www.ani.gov.co/informacion-de-la-ani/quienes-somos|url-status=live}}</ref> the General Maritime Directorate (Dimar) has the responsibility of coordinating maritime traffic control along with the Colombian Navy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dimar.mil.co/en/content/roles-and-responsibilities|title=the General Maritime Directorate (Dimar)|publisher=dimar.mil.co|access-date=9 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221203751/http://www.dimar.mil.co/en/content/roles-and-responsibilities|archive-date=21 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> among others, and under the supervision of the [[Superintendency of Ports and Transport (Colombia)|Superintendency of Ports and Transport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supertransporte.gov.co/index.php/la-entidad/objetivos-y-funciones|title=Superintendency of Ports and Transport- Objectives and Functions|publisher=supertransporte.gov.co|language=es|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=19 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219084606/http://www.supertransporte.gov.co/index.php/la-entidad/objetivos-y-funciones|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2021, Colombia had {{convert|204389|km|0|abbr=on}} of roads, {{convert|32280|km|0|abbr=on}} of which were paved. At the end of 2017, the country had around {{convert|2100|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[Dual carriageway|duplicated highways]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Econ%C3%B3micos/4039.pdf |title=Declaración de importancia estratégica de los proyectos de inversión del programa vías |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706014411/https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Econ%C3%B3micos/4039.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.larepublica.co/infraestructura/colombia-paso-de-tener-700-km-de-doble-calzada-en-2010-a-2100-km-2573137 |title=Colombia pasó de 700 kilómetros de doble calzada en 2010 a 2.100 |date=22 November 2017 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818210134/https://www.larepublica.co/infraestructura/colombia-paso-de-tener-700-km-de-doble-calzada-en-2010-a-2100-km-2573137 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="transporte">Champin, J., Cortés, R., Kohon, J., & Rodríguez, M. (2016). Desafíos del transporte ferroviario de carga en Colombia</ref> [[Rail transport in Colombia|Rail transportation]] in Colombia is dedicated almost entirely to [[Rail freight transport|freight shipments]] and the railway network has a length of 1,700 km of potentially active rails.<ref name="transporte" /> Colombia has 3,960 kilometers of gas pipelines, 4,900 kilometers of [[oil pipelines]], and 2,990 kilometers of refined-products pipelines.<ref name="transporte" />
The Colombian government aimed to build 7,000 km of roads between 2016 and 2020, which would reduce travel times by an estimated 30 per cent, and transport costs by an estimated 20 per cent. A toll road concession programme will comprise 40 projects, and is part of a larger strategic goal to invest nearly $50 bn in transport infrastructure, including railway systems, making the [[Magdalena River]] navigable again, improving port facilities, and an expansion of [[El Dorado International Airport]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dc5d5fe6-668d-11e4-8bf6-00144feabdc0.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dc5d5fe6-668d-11e4-8bf6-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Ambitious plans to transform Colombia|work=Financial Times|date=17 November 2014|access-date=27 November 2014|last1=Schipani|first1=Andres}}</ref>{{update inline|date=July 2021}} Colombia is a middle-income country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Colombia |url=https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/colombia/ |publisher=United States Department of State |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182840/https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/colombia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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[[File:CEMSA 271215 01.JPG|thumb|left|[[Colciencias]] is a Colombian Government agency that supports fundamental and applied research.]]
Colombia has more than 3,950 research groups in science and technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colciencias.gov.co/sites/default/files/ckeditor_files/informes-anal-2014.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.colciencias.gov.co/sites/default/files/ckeditor_files/informes-anal-2014.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=research groups in science and technology|language=es |publisher=colciencias.gov.co |access-date=9 May 2016}}</ref> iNNpulsa, a government body that promotes entrepreneurship and innovation in the country, provides grants to startups, in addition to other services it and institutions provide. Colombia was ranked 66th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite
Important inventions related to medicine have been made in Colombia, such as the first [[Artificial cardiac pacemaker|external artificial pacemaker with internal electrodes]], invented by the electrical engineer [[Jorge Reynolds Pombo]], an invention of great importance for those who suffer from heart failure. Also invented in Colombia were the [[microkeratome]] and keratomileusis technique, which form the fundamental basis of what now is known as [[LASIK]] (one of the most important techniques for the correction of [[refractive error]]s of vision) and the [[Salomón Hakim#The Invention of the valve|Hakim valve]] for the treatment of [[hydrocephalus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://listas.20minutos.es/lista/mejores-inventos-colombianos-320000/|title=Inventos colombianos|publisher=20minutos.es|language=es|access-date=1 October 2013|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213902/http://listas.20minutos.es/lista/mejores-inventos-colombianos-320000/|url-status=live}}</ref> Colombia has begun to innovate in military technology for its army and other armies of the world; especially in the design and creation of personal ballistic protection products, military hardware, [[military robot]]s, [[bomb]]s, simulators and radar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dialogo-americas.com/en/articles/colombian-military-industry-markets-weapons-and-technology-international-stage|title=Colombian military industry markets weapons and technology on international stage|publisher=dialogo-americas.com|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417045356/https://dialogo-americas.com/en/articles/colombian-military-industry-markets-weapons-and-technology-international-stage|archive-date=17 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://historico.unperiodico.unal.edu.co/ediciones/103/08.html|title=Robots antiexplosivos|publisher=historico.unperiodico.unal.edu.co|access-date=9 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509183603/http://historico.unperiodico.unal.edu.co/ediciones/103/08.html|archive-date=9 May 2016}}</ref>
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With an estimated 50 million people in 2020, Colombia is the [[List of countries by population|third-most populous country]] in Latin America, after Brazil and Mexico.<ref name="PopulationProjections">{{cite web |url=https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/proyecciones-de-poblacion/anexos-proyecciones-pob-dptos-area-grupos-de-edad-2018-2023.xlsx |title=¿Cuántos somos? |publisher=Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327040110/https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/proyecciones-de-poblacion/anexos-proyecciones-pob-dptos-area-grupos-de-edad-2018-2023.xlsx |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the beginning of the 20th century, Colombia's population was approximately 4 million.<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/colombia/35.htm Colombia – Population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116145835/http://countrystudies.us/colombia/35.htm |date=16 January 2013 }}". [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> Since the early 1970s Colombia has experienced steady declines in its fertility, mortality, and population growth rates. The population growth rate for 2016 is estimated to be 0.9%.<ref name="Population growth">{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW?locations=CO|title=Population growth (annual %)|publisher=World Bank|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116020705/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW?locations=CO|url-status=live}}</ref> About 26.8% of the population were 15 years old or younger, 65.7% were between 15 and 64 years old, and 7.4% were over 65 years old. The proportion of older persons in the total population has begun to increase substantially.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profamilia.org.co/docs/Libro%20RESUMEN%20EJECUTIVO.pdf|title=Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud (ENDS)|publisher=profamilia.org.co|access-date=5 May 2017|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408150728/http://profamilia.org.co/docs/Libro%20RESUMEN%20EJECUTIVO.pdf|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Colombia is projected to have a population of 55.3 million by 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cepal.org/en/long-term-population-estimates-and-projections-1950-2100|title=Long term population estimates and projections 1950–2100|publisher=cepal.org|access-date=17 June 2016|archive-date=18 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618072643/http://www.cepal.org/en/long-term-population-estimates-and-projections-1950-2100|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Estimates for the population
The population is concentrated in the [[Andean Region of Colombia|Andean highlands]] and along the [[Caribbean Region of Colombia|Caribbean coast]], also the population densities are generally higher in the Andean region. The nine eastern lowland departments, comprising about 54% of Colombia's area, have less than 6% of the population.<ref name="populationbyregions">{{cite web|url=https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/atlasestadistico/pages/tome01/tm01itm17.html|title=Distribution of the population by regions|publisher=geoportal.dane.gov.co|access-date=17 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617225957/https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/atlasestadistico/pages/tome01/tm01itm17.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Population density">{{cite web|url=https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/atlasestadistico/pages/tome01/tm01itm16.html|title=Population density of Colombia|publisher=geoportal.dane.gov.co|access-date=17 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617225927/https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/atlasestadistico/pages/tome01/tm01itm16.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Traditionally a rural society, [[Urbanization|movement to urban areas]] was very heavy in the mid-20th century, and Colombia is now one of the most urbanized countries in Latin America. The urban population increased from 31% of the total in 1938 to nearly 60% in 1973, and by 2014 the figure stood at 76%.<ref name="Country Study">{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/colombia/36.htm |title=Colombia: A Country Study |publisher=Countrystudies.us |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407023454/http://countrystudies.us/colombia/36.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf |title=World Urbanization Prospects |publisher=un.org |access-date=10 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102043800/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The population of [[Bogotá]] alone has increased from just over 300,000 in 1938 to approximately 8 million today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/agosto2008/bogota.htm|title=Bogotá: de paso por la capital|publisher=Revista Credencial Historia|author=León Soler, Natalia|access-date=17 June 2016|language=es|archive-date=18 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618004654/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/agosto2008/bogota.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In total seventy-two cities now have populations of 100,000 or more (2015). {{As of|2012}} Colombia has the world's largest populations of [[internally displaced person]]s (IDPs), estimated to be up to 4.9 million people.<ref name="UNHCR">{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c23.html|title=Internally Displaced People Figures|publisher=The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|access-date=18 May 2014|archive-date=18 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518072653/http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c23.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
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