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{{Redirect|Evora|other uses of Évora and Evora|Évora (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox Portuguese subdivision
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| leader_name = Carlos Pinto de Sá
| area_total_km2 = 1307.08
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| parishes = [[#Human geography|12]]
| holiday = [[Saint Peter]]<br />29 June
| website = {{
| Official_name = Historic Centre of Évora
| Criteria = ii, iv
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}}
}}
'''Évora''' ({{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|ɛ|v|ʊr|ə}} {{respell|EV|uurr|ə}},<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Évora|accessdate=5 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Évora|accessdate=5 May 2019}}</ref> {{IPA
▲'''Évora''' ({{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|ɛ|v|ʊr|ə}} {{respell|EV|uurr|ə}},<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Évora|accessdate=5 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Évora|accessdate=5 May 2019}}</ref> {{IPA-pt|ˈɛvuɾɐ|lang|Pt-pt Évora FF.ogg}}; {{lang-cel-x-proto|Ebora}}) is a [[city]] and a [[municipalities of Portugal|municipality]] in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 56,596,<ref>[http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xlang=en&xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0005889&contexto=pi&selTab=tab0 Instituto Nacional de Estatística]</ref> in an area of 1307.08 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=dgt>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/ |title=Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país |access-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105172426/http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/ |archive-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It is the historic capital of the [[Alentejo]] and serves as the capital of the [[Évora District]].
Due to its well-preserved old town centre, still partially enclosed by medieval walls, and many monuments dating from various historical periods, including a [[Roman Temple of Évora|Roman Temple]], Évora is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].
Due to its inland position, Évora is one of Portugal's hottest cities in the summer, frequently subject to [[
Évora is ranked number two in the Portuguese most livable cities survey of [[quality of life|living conditions]] published yearly by ''[[Expresso (
Along with [[Liepāja]], [[Latvia]], Évora was chosen to be [[European Capital of Culture]] in 2027.<ref name="capital_culture">{{Cite web|title=Évora named 2027 European Capital of Culture|url=https://www.portugalresident.com/evora-named-2027-european-capital-of-culture/|date=2022-12-07|access-date=2022-12-12}}</ref>
==History==
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It was known as ''Ebora'' by the [[Celtici]], a tribal confederacy, south of the [[Lusitanians]] (and of [[Tagus]] river), who made the town their regional capital.
The etymological origin of the name ''Ebora'' is from the ancient [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] word ''ebora/ebura'', the genitive plural form of the word ''eburos'' ([[yew]]), the name of a species of
It may have been capital of the kingdom of Astolpas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fikeonline.net/2001/en/evora.php |title=Évora |publisher=Fikeonline.net |accessdate=2009-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723125625/http://www.fikeonline.net/2001/en/evora.php |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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=== Moorish rule ===
In 715, the city was conquered by the [[Moors]] under [[Tariq ibn-Ziyad]]. During the Moorish rule (715–1165), the town, part of the [[Taifa of Badajoz]], slowly began to prosper again and developed into an agricultural center with a fortress and a mosque. The Moorish influence can still be observed in the character of the historical city. During that time, several notables hailed from
=== Reconquest ===
{{Main|Conquest of Évora}}
Évora was wrested from the Moors through a surprise attack by [[Gerald the Fearless]] (Geraldo Sem Pavor) in September 1165. The town came under the rule of the Portuguese king [[Afonso I of Portugal|Afonso I]] in 1166. The last documented mention of a Muslim attempt to regain the city was in 1181 when Almohad forces briefly besieged the city for two days. It then flourished as one of the most dynamic cities in the Kingdom of Portugal during the [[Middle Ages]], especially in the 15th century. The court of the first and second dynasties resided here for long periods, constructing palaces, monuments, and religious buildings. Évora became the scene for many [[royal family|royal]] weddings and a site where many important decisions were made.{{cn|date=September 2023}}
=== Manueline favour ===
[[File:Porta de Aviz (litografia, 1839 - 1847).jpg|thumb|right|260px|In the 19th century, Évora declined in national power, as a result of the [[Liberal Wars|War of Two Brothers]].]]
Particularly thriving during the Avis Dynasty (1385–1580), especially under the reign of [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]] and [[John III of Portugal|John III]], Évora became a major centre for the [[Renaissance humanism|humanities]] ([[André de Resende]] - buried in the cathedral) and artists, such as the sculptor [[Nicolau Chanterene]]; the painters [[Cristóvão de Figueiredo]] and [[Gregório Lopes]]; the composers [[Manuel Cardoso (composer)|Manuel Cardoso]] and [[Duarte Lobo]]; the [[chronicler]] [[Duarte Galvão]]; and the father of Portuguese drama, [[Gil Vicente]].
The city became the seat of an archbishopric in 1540. The [[University of Évora|university]] was founded by the [[Jesuits]] in 1559, and it was here that great European Masters such as the Flemish humanists [[
=== Recent history ===
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In 1834, Évora was the site of the surrender of the forces of [[Miguel I of Portugal|King Miguel I]], which marked the end of the [[Liberal Wars]]. The many monuments erected by major artists of each period now testify to Évora's lively cultural and rich artistic and historical heritage. The variety of architectural styles ([[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Manueline]], [[Renaissance]], [[Baroque]]), the palaces and the picturesque labyrinth of squares and narrow streets of the city centre are all part of the rich heritage of this museum-city.
In 1909, the city was damaged by an [[1909 Benavente earthquake|earthquake]].<ref name="IMPA">{{cite web |title=110 ANOS DO SISMO DE BENAVENTE|trans-title=110 YEARS OF THE BENAVENTE EARTHQUAKE |url=https://www.ipma.pt/pt/media/noticias/news.detail.jsp?f=/pt/media/noticias/arquivo/2019/110_anos_sismo_benavente.html |publisher=IPMA |access-date=29 October 2021 |date=24 April 2019}}</ref>
==Geography==
===Physical geography===
Évora (altitude
The seat of the municipality is the city of Évora, composed by the [[freguesia|civil parishes]] of [[Évora (São Mamede, Sé, São Pedro e Santo Antão)]] in the historical centre and the urban parishes of Bacelo e Senhora da Saúde and Malagueira e Horta das Figueiras outside the ancient city walls where most of the population in fact reside. The remaining civil parishes in the municipality are rural or suburban and do not form part of the city for statistical purposes. The city's historical centre has about 4,000 buildings and an area of {{convert|1.05|km2|2|abbr=on}}. ===Climate===
Évora has a hot-summer [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Csa'') with hot, dry summers and mild, moist winters. Its location in the interior of southern [[Portugal]] makes it subject to frequent [[drought]]s and [[desertification]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=75580&cityname=Evora%2C+Portugal&units=|title=Evora, Portugal Climate Summary|publisher=Weatherbase|accessdate=7 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/handle/10174/18343|title=Climatologia e qualidade da água na Bacia Hidrográfica do Guadiana|last=Potes|first=Miguel Joaquim Fernandes|date=2008|website=dspace.uevora.pt|access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> As is typical of the interior Alentejo, Évora is prone to severe heat extremes with an all-time record of {{convert|
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| year record low C = -2.9
| precipitation colour = green▼
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| source 1 = [[Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera|IPMA]]<ref name=ipma>{{cite web|url =
| source =
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{{Weather box
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* São Miguel de Machede
* São Sebastião da Giesteira e Nossa Senhora da Boa Fé
* [[Torre de Coelheiros]]
{{div col end}}
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==Economy==
[[File:Evora_Sé-and-fountain-largo-das-portas-de-moura.jpg|thumb|
Évora is the chief city of the [[Alentejo]] region, and plays a role as an important [[Agriculture in Portugal|agricultural]] and [[service (economics)|services]] center. It is home to several institutions with great importance for the region, like the state-run [[University of Évora]] and the [[district hospital]].
In 2015, [[Embraer]] built two factories for the production of aircraft parts along with its European Engineering Center.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economico.sapo.pt/noticias/fabricas-da-embraer-em-evora-vao-aumentar-numero-de-trabalhadores-em-30_212126.html |title=Fábricas da Embraer em Évora vão aumentar número de trabalhadores em 30% |work=Económico |date=16 February 2015 |accessdate=12 January 2016 |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129122259/http://economico.sapo.pt/noticias/fabricas-da-embraer-em-evora-vao-aumentar-numero-de-trabalhadores-em-30_212126.html |archive-date=29 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Due to its extensive historical and cultural importance, Évora, as well as the surrounding area,
===Transport===
Évora can be reached by bus or train. Its [[Évora Railway Station|railway station]] is the terminus of the [[Linha de Évora]]; as of 2023, an extension to [[Elvas]] is under construction, the {{ill|Nova Linha de Évora|pt}}. This single-track electrified line is mainly intended for freight traffic, but would also carry some passenger trains, with speeds up to {{Cvt|250|km/h|4=0}}.
There is a small airfield, the [[Évora Airport|Évora Municipal Airport]], currently without commercial airline service. The closest major airports are: [[Beja Airport|Beja]], [[Lisbon Airport|Lisbon]], [[Faro Airport|Faro]] and [[Badajoz Airport|Badajoz]].
==Architecture==
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===Prehistoric===
* [[Anta Grande do Zambujeiro]], about {{convert|10|km|
* [[Cromeleque dos Almendres]], {{convert|15|km|
===Civic===
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* [[João dos Santos]] (Évora – Goa 1622) a Dominican missionary in India and Africa<ref>{{cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Joao dos Santos |volume= 13 |short=x}}</ref>
* [[Estevão Brioso de Figueiredo]] (1630–1689) a Roman Catholic prelate, served as [[Bishop of Funchal]] (1683–1689) and the first [[Bishop of Olinda]] (1676–1683)
* [[José Ribeiro da Fonseca]] (1690–1752) a Portuguese Franciscan, became [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Porto, Portugal|Bishop of Porto]]<ref>{{cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle= José Ribeiro da Fonseca |volume=
* [[Joaquim Heliodoro da Cunha Rivara]] (1809–1879) a Portuguese physician, professor, intellectual and politician
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* [[Orlanda Velez Isidro]] (born 1972) a Portuguese classically trained coloratura soprano; preferred genre is Renaissance and Baroque repertoire
* [[Inês Zuber]] (born 1980) a Portuguese politician, was [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]] from 2012 to 2016 for the [[Portuguese Communist Party]]
* [[Carla Matadinho]] (born 1982) a Portuguese model
* [[Pedro Rebocho]] (born 1995) a football player
==Gallery==
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*[[University of Évora]]
*[[Evora Tambacounda 2004]]
*[[
==References==
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