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Changing short description from "Plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems or runners" to "Plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent stems or runners" (Shortdesc helper)
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{{Short description|Plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent stems or runners}}
{{about|climbing plants in general|the short-form video service|Vine (service)|grapevines|Vitis|other uses}}
[[File:Betel 20020400 3.jpg|thumb|[[Betel]], a climbing plant]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
[[File:"A Momordica charantia- bitter guard plant".jpg|thumb|''[[Momordica charantia]]'' (bitter melon), a climbing plant]]
[[File:Vine.jpg|thumb|A [[tendril]]]]
A '''vine''' ({{etymology|la|{{Wikt-lang|la|vīnea}}|[[LatinVitis|grapevine]] ''vīnea'' "grapevine", "[[vineyard",]]}}; from ''{{etymology||{{Wikt-lang|la|vīnum'' "}}|wine"}}) is any [[plant]] with a growth [[Habit (biology)|habit]] of trailing or [[wikt:scandent|scandent]] (that is, climbing) stems, [[liana]]slianas, or runners. The word ''vine'' can also refer to such stems or runners themselves, for instance, when used in [[wicker]] work.<ref name="isbn0-19-861271-0">{{cite book |author=Brown, Lesley |title=The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles |publisher=Clarendon |location=Oxford [Eng.] |year=1993 |isbn=0-19-861271-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/newshorteroxford00lesl }}</ref><ref name="BotGloss">Jackson; Benjamin; Daydon (1928). ''A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent'', 4th ed. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co.</ref>
 
In parts of the world, including the [[British Isles]], the term "vine" usually applies exclusively to grapevines (''[[Vitis]]''),<ref name="Putz1991">{{cite book |author=Francis E. Putz|title=The Biology of Vines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_w8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR13 |year=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-39250-1|pages=xiii |quote=Using 'vines' to denote all climbing plants may initially confuse some readers from lands where, with due respect for wine, 'the vine' is used solely in reference to grapes.}}</ref> while the term "climber" is used for all climbing plants.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed.|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0199206872|pages=3804}}</ref>
 
== Growth forms ==
[[File:Vine-1.jpg|thumb|left|175px|[[Convolvulus]] vine twining around a steel [[fixed ladder]]]]
[[Image:Schornstein Kletterpflanze Meidling.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Grapevine[[Boston ivy]] covering a chimney]]
 
Certain plants always grow as vines, while a few grow as vines only part of the time. For instance, [[poison ivy]] and [[Solanum dulcamara|bittersweet]] can grow as low [[shrubs]] when support is not available, but will become vines when support is available.<ref>{{cite web|title=Creepers|url=http://www.mannuthynursery.com/creepers.php|publisher=mannuthynursery|access-date=17 July 2013|archive-date=16 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916093245/http://www.mannuthynursery.com/creepers.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
A vine displays a growth form based on very long [[Plant stem|stems]]. This has two purposes. A vine may use rock exposures, other plants, or other supports for growth rather than investing energy in a lot of supportive tissue, enabling the plant to reach sunlight with a minimum investment of energy. This has been a highly successful growth form for plants such as [[kudzu]] and [[Japanese honeysuckle]], both of which are [[invasive exotic]]s in parts of [[North America]]. There are some tropical vines that develop skototropism, and grow away from the light, a type of negative [[phototropism]]. Growth away from light allows the vine to reach a tree trunk, which it can then climb to brighter regions.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Janice |last1=Glimn-Lacy |first2=Peter B. |last2=Kaufman |url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-387-28875-9 |title=Botany Illustrated |publisher=Springer |year=2006|doi=10.1007/0-387-28875-9 |isbn=978-0-387-28870-3 }}</ref>
 
The vine growth form may also enable plants to colonize large areas quickly, even without climbing high. This is the case with [[Vinca|periwinkle]] and [[ground ivy]]. It is also an adaptation to life in areas where small patches of fertile soil are adjacent to exposed areas with more sunlight but little or no soil. A vine can root in the soil but have most of its leaves in the brighter, exposed area, getting the best of both environments.
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* using [[tendril]]s, which can be specialized shoots ([[Vitaceae]]), leaves ([[Bignoniaceae]]), or even inflorescences (''[[Passiflora]]'')
* using tendrils which also produce adhesive pads at the end that attach themselves quite strongly to the support (''[[Parthenocissus]]'')
* using thorns (e.g. climbing [[rose]]) or other hooked structures, such as hooked branches (e.g. ''[[Artabotrys hexapetalus]]'')
 
The [[climbing fetterbush]] (''[[Pieris phillyreifolia]]'') is a woody shrub-vine which climbs without clinging roots, tendrils, or thorns. It directs its stem into a crevice in the bark of fibrous barked trees (such as [[bald cypress]]) where the stem adopts a flattened profile and grows up the tree underneath the host tree's outer bark. The fetterbush then sends out branches that emerge near the top of the tree.<ref>{{cite book |last=Weakley |first=Alan |url=http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/WeakleyFlora2010Mar.pdf |title=Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States |year=2010 |page=661 |access-date=25 January 2011 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722005826/http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/WeakleyFlora2010Mar.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
Most vines are flowering plants. These may be divided into woody vines or [[liana]]s, such as [[Akebia quinata|akebia]] [[wisteria]], [[kiwifruit]], and [[Hedera|common ivy]], and herbaceous (nonwoody) vines, such as [[morning glory]].
 
One odd group of vining plants is the fern genus ''Lygodium'', called [[climbing fern]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Japanese climbing fern|url=httphttps://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/nodeplant-directory/lygodium-japonicum/639|publisher=Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants|access-date=176 JulyMarch 20132023}}</ref> The stem does not climb, but rather the fronds (leaves) do. The fronds unroll from the tip, and theoretically never stop growing; they can form thickets as they unroll over other plants, rockfaces, and fences.
 
[[File:Helix diagram-de.png|left|200px|thumb|'''L''': A left-handed bine grows in an [[anticlockwise]] direction (viewed from the ground.point of view of the plant: ([[Yarn#Structure|S-twist]]).
{{br}}'''R''': A right-handed bine grows in a [[clockwise]] direction from the ground. ([[Yarn#Structure|Z-twist]])<ref name="Haldeman">{{cite web|last1=Haldeman|first1=Jan|title=As the vine twines|url=http://www.namethatplant.net/article_asthevinetwines.shtml|website=Native and Naturalized Plants of the Carolinas and Georgia|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Weakley|first1=Alan S.|title=Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States|date=May 2015|publisher=UNC Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|url=http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>]]
 
===Twining vines===
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| caption2 = Tendril-supported vine (''[[Brunnichia|Brunnichia ovata]]'')
}}
A twining vine, also known as a '''bine''', is one that climbs by its shoots growing in a [[helix]], in contrast to vines that climb using [[tendril]]stendrils or suckers. Many bines have rough stems or downward-pointing bristles to aid their grip. [[Humulus|Hops]] (used in flavoring beer) are a commercially important example of a bine.<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bine ''bine''] at [[Merriam-Webster]]</ref><ref>[http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-25406-cone-heads.html Cone Heads] at ''[[Willamette Week]]''</ref>
 
The direction of rotation of the shoot tip during climbing is autonomous and does not (as sometimes imagined) derive from the shoot's following the sun around the sky – the direction of twist does not therefore depend upon which side of the [[equator]] the plant is growing on. This is shown by the fact that some bines always twine [[clockwise]], including runner bean (''[[Phaseolus coccineus]]'') and bindweed (''[[Convolvulus]]'' species), while others twine anticlockwise, including Frenchblack beanbryony (''[[PhaseolusDioscorea vulgariscommunis]]'') and climbing honeysuckles (''[[Lonicera]]'' species). The contrasting rotations of bindweed and honeysuckle was the theme of the satirical song "Misalliance", written and sung by [[Flanders and Swann|Michael Flanders and Donald Swann]] (but the lyrics confuse the direction of twining, describing honeysuckle as right-handed and bindweed as left-handed).<ref>[https://www.flashlyrics.com/lyrics/flanders-and-swann/misalliance-72 Misalliance]</ref> written and sung by [[Flanders and Swann|Michael Flanders and Donald Swann]].
{{clear|left}}
 
== Horticultural climbing plants ==
The term "vine" also applies to [[cucurbitaceae]] like [[cucumber]]scucumbers where botanists refer to creeping vines; in commercial [[agriculture]] the natural tendency of coiling [[tendril]]stendrils to attach themselves to pre-existing structures or [[espalier]]s is optimized by the installation of [[HorticultureTrellis Netting or Vegetable Support Net(architecture)|trellis]] netting]].
 
[[Gardener]]sGardeners can use the tendency of climbing plants to grow quickly. If a plant display is wanted quickly, a climber can achieve this. Climbers can be trained over [[wall]]swalls, [[pergola]]spergolas, [[fence]]sfences, etc. Climbers can be grown over other plants to provide additional attraction. Artificial support can also be provided. Some climbers climb by themselves; others need work, such as tying them in and training them.
 
==Scientific description==
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Vines widely differ in size, form and evolutionary origin. Darwin classified climbing groups based on their climbing method. He classified five classes of vines – twining plants, leaf climbers, tendril bearers, root climbers and hook climbers.
 
Vines are unique in that they have multiple evolutionary origins. They usually reside in tropical locations and have the unique ability to climb. Vines are able to grow in both deep shade and full sun due to their uniquely wide range of [[phenotypic plasticity]]. This climbing action prevents shading by neighbors and allows the vine to grow out of reach of [[herbivore]]sherbivores.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gianoli |first1=Ernesto |last2=Molina-Montenegro|first2=Marco A. |title=Leaf Damage Induces Twining in a Climbing Plant |date=2005 |journal=The New Phytologist |volume=167|issue=2 |pages=385–90|jstor=3694507 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01484.x |pmid=15998392|doi-access=free }}</ref> The environment where a vine can grow successfully is determined by the climbing mechanism of a vine and how far it can spread across supports. There are many theories supporting the idea that photosynthetic responses are closely related to climbing mechanisms.
[[Image:Bigvine.jpg|thumb|right|A large [[Apios]] vine on the street in [[Sochi]], Russia]]
Temperate twining vines, which twist tightly around supports, are typically poorly adapted for climbing beneath closed canopies due to their smaller support diameter and shade intolerance. In contrast, tendril vines usually grow on the forest floor and onto trees until they reach the surface of the canopy, suggesting that they have greater [[physiological]] plasticity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Carter |first1=Gregory A. |last2=Teramura|first2=Alan H. |title=Vine Photosynthesis and Relationships to Climbing Mechanisms in a Forest Understory |journal=American Journal of Botany |date=1988|volume=75|issue=7|pages=1101 |doi=10.2307/2443769|jstor=2443769}}</ref> It has also been suggested that twining vines' revolving growth is mediated by changes in [[turgor pressure]] mediated by volume changes in the [[epidermal cells]] of the bending zone.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Millet|first1=B.|last2=Melin|first2=D.|last3=Badot|first3=P.-M. |title=Circumnutation in Phaseolus vulgaris. I. Growth, osmotic potential and cell ultrastructure in the free moving part of the shoot|journal=Physiologia Plantarum|date=1988|volume=72|pages=133–138|doi=10.1111/j.1399-3054.1988.tb06634.x}}</ref>
 
Climbing vines can take on many unique characteristics in response to changes in their environments. Climbing vines can induce chemical defenses and modify their biomass allocation in response to herbivores. In particular, the twisting vine ''[[Convolvulus arvensis]]'' increases its twining in response to herbivore-associated leaf damage, which may lead to reduced future herbivory.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Molina-Montenegro|first1=Marco A.|last2=Gianoli|first2=Ernesto|last3=Becerra|first3=José|title=Interactive Effects of Leaf Damage, Light Intensity and Support Availability on Chemical Defenses and Morphology of a Twining Vine|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|date=2007|volume=33|issue=1|pages=95–103|doi=10.1007/s10886-006-9215-8|pmid=17111219|bibcode=2007JCEco..33...95G |s2cid=27419071}}</ref> Additionally, the tendrils of [[perennial]] vine ''Cayratia japonica'' are more likely to coil around nearby plants of another species than nearby plants of the same species in natural and experimental settings. This ability, which has only been previously documented in roots, demonstrates the vine's ability to distinguish whether another plant is of the same species as itself or a different one.
 
In tendrilled vines, the tendrils are highly sensitive to touch and the coiling action is mediated by the hormones octadecanoids, [[jasmonate]]s and [[indole-3-acetic acid]]. The touch stimulus and hormones may interact via volatile compounds or internal oscillation patterns.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fukano|first1=Yuya|last2=Yamawo|first2=Akira |title=Self-discrimination in the tendrils of the vine is mediated by physiological connection |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=26 August 2015 |volume=282|issue=1814|doi=10.1098/rspb.2015.1379 |pmid=26311669|pmc=4571702|page=20151379}}</ref> Research has found the presence of ion translocating [[ATPase]]s in the ''Bryonia dioica'' species of plants, which has implications for a possible ion mediation tendril curling mechanism. In response to a touch stimulus, [[vanadate]] sensitive K+, Mg2+ ATPase and a Ca2+ translocating ATPase rapidly increase their activity. This increases transmembrane ion fluxes that appear to be involved in the early stages of tendril coiling.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Liß|first1=H.|last2=Weiler|first2=E. W.|title=Ion-translocating ATPases in tendrils of ''Bryonia dioica'' Jacq.|journal=Planta|date=July 1994|volume=194|issue=2|pages=169–180|doi=10.1007/BF00196385|jstor=23383001|s2cid=25162242}}</ref>
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[[File:Dipladenia_sanderi.JPG|thumb|220px|[[Mandevilla]] trailing on trellis]]
[[File:Ipomoea indica (14540443083).jpg|thumb|220px|[[Oceanblue morning glory]]]]
[[File:Delairea odorata - Copenhagen Botanical Garden - DSC08019.JPG|thumb|220px|[[German ivy]] creeping on ground]]
* ''[[Actinidia arguta]]'', the tara vine
* ''[[Actinidia polygama]]'', the silver vine
* ''[[Adlumia fungosa]]'', the Allegheny vine
* ''[[Aeschynanthus radicans]]'', the lipstick vine
* ''[[Akebia quinata]]'', thefive leafed chocolate vine
* [[Akebia trifoliata]], three leafed chocolate vine
* ''[[Allamanda cathartica]]'', common trumpetvinetrumpet vine
* ''[[Ampelocissus acetosa]]'', known as wild grape or djabaru
* [[Ampelopsis glandulosa var. brevipedunculata|''Ampelopsis glandulosa'' var. ''brevipedunculata'']], known as wild grape or porcelain berry
* ''[[Anredera cordifolia]]'', Madeira-vine
* ''[[Antigonon]]'', the coral vine
* ''[[Antigonon leptopus]]'', the confederateConfederate vine
* ''[[Aptenia cordifolia]]'', the heart-leaved aptenia
* ''[[Araujia sericifera]]'', moth vine
* ''[[Asparagus asparagoides]]'', bridal creeper, bridal-veil creeper
* ''[[Banisteriopsis caapi]]'', ayahuasca, also known as caapi, yage, and soul vine
* ''[[Berchemia scandens]]'', the rattan vine
* ''[[Betel]]''
* ''[[Bignonia]]'', the cross vine
* ''[[Bougainvillea]]'', a genus of thorny ornamental vines, bushes, and trees
* ''[[Callerya megasperma]]'', native wisteria
* ''[[Calystegia sepium]]'', hedge bindweed
* ''[[Campsis]]'', the trumpet vine
** ''[[Campsis grandiflora]]'', the Chinese trumpet vine
* ''[[Cardiospermum halicacabum]]'', the balloon vine
<!--* [[Cat's claw vine]], ''Macfadyena''-->
* ''[[Celastrus]]'', the staff vine
* ''[[Ceropegia woodii]]'', string of hearts
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* ''[[Cucumis sativus]]'', the cucumber
* ''[[Cyphostemma juttae]]'', known as wild grape
* ''[[Delairea odorata]]'', German ivy
* ''[[Dolichandra unguis-cati]]'', catscat's claw creeper, funnel creeper, or cat's claw trumpet
* ''[[Epipremnum aureum]]'', known as golden pothos and devil's ivy
* ''[[Fallopia baldschuanica]]'', the Russian vine
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* ''[[Toxicodendron radicans]]'', known as poison ivy
* ''[[Trachelospermum asiaticum]]'', Asiatic jasmine
* ''[[Trachelospermum jasminoides]]'', confederateConfederate jasmine, star jasmine
* ''[[Vitis]]'', any of about sixty species of grape
* ''[[Wisteria]]'', a genus of flowering plants in the pea family
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*[[List of world's longest vines]]
*[[Vine training systems]]
**[[Pergola]]
**[[Trellis (architecture)]]
 
==References==
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