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{{Short description|Russian White movement organization}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Russian All-Military Union
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| native name = Русский Обще-Воинский Союз
| image = Гости и постояльцы в «Здравнице имени генерала Врангеля» в Белграде.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Lieutenant General Pyotr Wrangel with Metropolitan [[Antony (Khrapovitsky)]], Archbishop (later Metropolitan) [[Anastasius (Gribanovsky)]], and his wife, surrounded by officials of the ROVS. Belgrade, 1927
| formerly =
| successor =
| founder = [[Pyotr Wrangel]]
| products =
| parent_organization =
}}
The '''Russian All-Military Union''' ({{lang-rus|Русский Обще-Воинский Союз}}, abbreviated РОВС, '''ROVS''') is
The organization's undeclared aim was to maintain a Russian military organisation with a view to fighting the [[Bolsheviks]]. It and the more monarchist [[Russian Imperial Union-Order]] are the oldest organizations that represent the Russian White government-in-exile.<ref>[https://pereklichka.livejournal.com/2016742.html Руководители РОВСа и РИС-О обратились к властям Российской Федерации и г. Севастополя]</ref>{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} [[Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin]] a political philosopher, and white émigré journalist, was an ideologue of the Russian All-Military Union.
==History==
===Establishment===
The organization was established in [[
Aside from [[anticommunism]], the ROVS did not have an official political orientation and somewhat adhered to the old Russian military dictum: "The army is outside politics"<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Brian|title=Politics and the Russian Army: Civil-Military Relations, 1689-2000|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam033/2002067688.pdf}}</ref> (in Russian "Армия вне политики"). It believed that the political orientation of Russia could not be predetermined by émigrés living outside its borders (the philosophy of "non-predetermination" or in Russian "непредрешенчество"). Many but not all of its members had [[monarchist]] sympathies, but they were divided on whether the [[House of Romanov]] should return and whether the government should be autocratic or democratic.
===Soviet infiltration===
The ROVS, along with other similar [[White émigré|Russian émigré]] organizations, became a prime target for the Soviet secret intelligence service, the [[Joint State Political Directorate|OGPU]]. The OGPU even set up a fictitious anticommunist monarchist organization, the [[Trust Operation|Monarchist Union of Central Russia]], which was used to undermine the ROVS′s activities in the Soviet Union. The ROVS′s secret counter-intelligence branch, the "[[Inner Line]]" (in Russian "Внутренная Линия") set up by General [[Alexander Kutepov]] in the mid-1920s, was also severely compromised, among other things by suspected recruitment by the OGPU of Gen [[Nikolai Skoblin]], a senior operative in the Inner Line.<ref name="politikatainih">″Оснивање белогвардејских тајних служби: Из тајних архива УДБЕ: РУСКА ЕМИГРАЦИЈА У ЈУГОСЛАВИЈИ 1918–1941.″ // ''[[Politika]]'', 13 December 2017, p. 18.</ref>
Two of the ROVS's successive chairmen, General [[Alexander Kutepov]] and General [[Yevgeny Miller]], were kidnapped by Soviet agents, in 1930 and 1937 respectively. Miller was brought to the Soviet Union and was interrogated and executed. General {{ill|Fyodor Fyodorovich Abramov|ru|Абрамов, Фёдор Фёдорович|lt=Fyodor Abramov}}, who succeeded Miller as chairman, had to quit the post shortly afterward and was expelled from Bulgaria, where he had resided, since his son was exposed as a Soviet agent.<ref name="politikapet">″Пет начелника организације РОВС: Из тајних архива УДБЕ: РУСКА ЕМИГРАЦИЈА У ЈУГОСЛАВИЈИ 1918–1941.″ // ''[[Politika]]'', 9 December 2017, p. 22.</ref> The OGPU′s successful operations against the ROVS, as well as infighting, intrigues, and antagonisms in the wider Russian émigré community, demoralised and rendered impotent an organisation. When World War II began in 1939, it had also become largely irrelevant because of the geopolitical realignment.<ref name="politikatainih" />
===World War II===
After the outbreak of the war, the ROVS was virtually paralysed, as the war split
During the war, the ROVS maintained a cautious position of not siding officially with Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union but waiting for the emergence of an independent [[Russian Liberation Army]]. However, some members, acting as interpreters, joined the ranks of the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' at the early stage of war on the Eastern Front.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/13518046.2014.932630|title = 'Iron Cross of the Wrangel's Army': Russian Emigrants as Interpreters in the Wehrmacht| journal=The Journal of Slavic Military Studies| volume=27| issue=3| pages=430–448|year = 2014|last1 = Beyda|first1 = Oleg|s2cid = 144274571}}</ref> The reason was the ROVS's quasi-ideology, which was in no small way encapsulated in the idea of irreconcilability, which meant fighting against the Soviet power in any way possible.<ref>O. Beyda, ‘“Re-Fighting the Civil War”: Second Lieutenant Mikhail Aleksandrovich Gubanov’. ''Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas'', Vol. 66, No. 2, 2018, pp. 255, 265.</ref>
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He accused [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]] and the [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe|PACE]] countries of having extremely inconsistency and half-heartedness in condemning communism and of being openly Russophobic by drafting resolutions addressing communism, particularly the preliminary version [[Council of Europe resolution 1481|PACE Resolution No. 1481]].
Ivanov himself is described as an ideological White Guard and is a sharp critic of the ruling authorities of the Russian Federation. In the past, he accused the ruling authorities of collapsing Russia’s economy and defense capability which he says they carried out under the guise of "military reform". He also criticized the ruling regime for pursuing an anti-national course in foreign and domestic policy and for taking a conciliatory and protective position regarding Soviet Russia’s communist heritage.
And though the ROVS official stance on the restoration of the monarchy has been reticent at best, he has often been in favor of the revival of the monarchy in Russia, though he warned against the premature and violent introduction of a monarchical form of government. Ivanov has also been a known opponent of totalitarianism and political extremism; both right and left, equally condemning the theory and practice of communism as well as national socialism (fascism) as anti-Christian and anti-human, thus being unacceptable for Orthodox Russia.
====Russo-Ukrainian War====
On April 15, 2014, under Ivanov’s command, the ROVS issued an appeal to members of the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]]
In June 2014, Ivanov and a detachment of ROVS volunteers deployed to [[Krasnodon]], [[Luhansk Oblast]], where they traveled to [[Sloviansk]] in the [[Donetsk Oblast]]. There, they met up with [[Russian separatist forces in Donbas|forces of the Donetsk People's Republic]] who were defending the city. By that time,
At one point,
▲In June 2014, Ivanov and a detachment of ROVS volunteers deployed to [[Krasnodon]], [[Luhansk Oblast]], where they traveled to [[Sloviansk]] in the [[Donetsk Oblast]]. There, they met up with [[Russian separatist forces in Donbas|forces of the Donetsk People's Republic]] who were defending the city. By that time, [[Sloviansk]] had already become surrounded by Ukrainian forces and so the detachment took part in the [[Siege of Sloviansk|defense of Sloviansk]]. In that campaign, Ivanov took command of a Separate Assault Company as a squad leader.
▲At one point in the period of July 1-4 during the fighting near [[Nikolaevka]], Ivanov’s unit was surrounded but they were able to break through and link back up with friendly forces back in [[Sloviansk]].
On July 6, 2014, attached to the Slavic
As a result of his and his volunteers actions, Ivanov achieved the rank of Major and became the first head of the political department of the [[Russian separatist forces in Donbas|DPR militia]]. Though the ROVS volunteer detachment took part in the defense of Sloviansk, Ivanov, as head of the political department, pursued a policy of non-partisanship and advocated the revival of the traditions of the Russian Army in the ranks of the militia. One such reform was the order on humane treatment of prisoners.
Though Ivanov and the ROVS volunteers for a while made some progress in their reforms within the DPR militia
Upon his return to the [[Russian Federation]], Ivanov declared that a coup had taken place within the [[Donetsk People's Republic]]
Since then, the ROVS
== Organizational structure and membership ==
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[[Category:White Russian emigration]]
[[Category:Anti-communist organizations]]▼
[[Category:Russian nationalist organizations]]
[[Category:White movement]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]
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