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{{Short description|Russian White movement organization}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Russian All-Military Union
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| image = Гости и постояльцы в «Здравнице имени генерала Врангеля» в Белграде.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Lieutenant General Pyotr Wrangel with Metropolitan [[Antony (Khrapovitsky)]], Archbishop (later Metropolitan) [[Anastasius (Gribanovsky)]], and his wife, surrounded by officials of the ROVS. Belgrade, 1927
| formerly =
| successor =
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==History==
===Establishment===
The organization was established in [[
Aside from [[anticommunism]], the ROVS did not have an official political orientation and somewhat adhered to the old Russian military dictum: "The army is outside politics"<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Brian|title=Politics and the Russian Army: Civil-Military Relations, 1689-2000|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam033/2002067688.pdf}}</ref> (in Russian "Армия вне политики"). It believed that the political orientation of Russia could not be predetermined by émigrés living outside its borders (the philosophy of "non-predetermination" or in Russian "непредрешенчество"). Many but not all of its members had [[monarchist]] sympathies, but they were divided on whether the [[House of Romanov]] should return and whether the government should be autocratic or democratic.
===Soviet infiltration===
The ROVS, along with other similar [[White émigré|Russian émigré]] organizations, became a prime target for the Soviet secret intelligence service, the [[Joint State Political Directorate|OGPU]]. The OGPU even set up a fictitious anticommunist monarchist organization, the [[Trust Operation|Monarchist Union of Central Russia]], which was used to undermine the ROVS′s activities in the Soviet Union. The ROVS′s secret counter-intelligence branch, the "[[Inner Line]]" (in Russian "Внутренная Линия") set up by General [[Alexander Kutepov]] in the mid-1920s, was also severely compromised, among other things by suspected recruitment by the OGPU of Gen [[Nikolai Skoblin]], a senior operative in the Inner Line.<ref name="politikatainih">″Оснивање белогвардејских тајних служби: Из тајних архива УДБЕ: РУСКА ЕМИГРАЦИЈА У ЈУГОСЛАВИЈИ 1918–1941.″ // ''[[Politika]]'', 13 December 2017, p. 18.</ref>
Two of the ROVS's successive chairmen, General [[Alexander Kutepov]] and General [[Yevgeny Miller]], were kidnapped by Soviet agents, in 1930 and 1937 respectively. Miller was brought to the Soviet Union and was interrogated and executed. General {{ill|Fyodor Fyodorovich Abramov|ru|Абрамов, Фёдор Фёдорович|lt=Fyodor Abramov}}, who succeeded Miller as chairman, had to quit the post shortly afterward and was expelled from Bulgaria, where he had resided, since his son was exposed as a Soviet agent.<ref name="politikapet">″Пет начелника организације РОВС: Из тајних архива УДБЕ: РУСКА ЕМИГРАЦИЈА У ЈУГОСЛАВИЈИ 1918–1941.″ // ''[[Politika]]'', 9 December 2017, p. 22.</ref> The OGPU′s successful operations against the ROVS, as well as infighting, intrigues, and antagonisms in the wider Russian émigré community, demoralised and rendered impotent an organisation. When World War II began in 1939, it had also become largely irrelevant because of the geopolitical realignment.<ref name="politikatainih" />
===World War II===
After the outbreak of the war, the ROVS was virtually paralysed, as the war split
During the war, the ROVS maintained a cautious position of not siding officially with Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union but waiting for the emergence of an independent [[Russian Liberation Army]]. However, some members, acting as interpreters, joined the ranks of the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' at the early stage of war on the Eastern Front.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/13518046.2014.932630|title = 'Iron Cross of the Wrangel's Army': Russian Emigrants as Interpreters in the Wehrmacht| journal=The Journal of Slavic Military Studies| volume=27| issue=3| pages=430–448|year = 2014|last1 = Beyda|first1 = Oleg|s2cid = 144274571}}</ref> The reason was the ROVS's quasi-ideology, which was in no small way encapsulated in the idea of irreconcilability, which meant fighting against the Soviet power in any way possible.<ref>O. Beyda, ‘“Re-Fighting the Civil War”: Second Lieutenant Mikhail Aleksandrovich Gubanov’. ''Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas'', Vol. 66, No. 2, 2018, pp. 255, 265.</ref>
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[[Category:White Russian emigration]]
[[Category:Anti-communist organizations in Russia]]▼
[[Category:Russian nationalist organizations]]
[[Category:White movement]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]
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