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{{Contains special characters|Bengali}}
'''Bangladesh''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|%|b|ae|N|g|l|@|"|d|E|S|,_|%|b|A:|N|-}}; {{lang-bn|<!-- The following spelling is correct. If you see anything odd, your browser isn't Unicode compliant. -->বাংলাদেশ|Bāṅlādēś}}, {{IPA-bn|ˈbaŋlaˌdeʃ|pron|Bn-বাংলাদেশ.oga}}}} officially the '''People's Republic of Bangladesh''',{{efn|{{lang-bn|গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ|Gôṇôprôjātôntrī Bāṅlādēś}}, {{IPA-bn|ɡɔnopɾodʒat̪ɔnt̪ɾi‿baŋlad̪eʃ|pron|}}}} is a country in [[South Asia]]. It is the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|eighth-most populous]] country in the world and is among the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|most densely populated countries]] with a population of 170 million in an area of {{convert|148460|km2|sqmi}}. Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the north, west, and east, and [[Myanmar]] to the southeast. To the south, it has a coastline along the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is narrowly separated from [[Bhutan]] and [[Nepal]] by the [[Siliguri Corridor]], and from [[China]] by the mountainous Indian state of [[Sikkim]] in the north. [[Dhaka]], the capital and [[list of cities and towns in Bangladesh|largest city]], is the nation's political, financial, and cultural centre. [[Chittagong]] is the second-largest city and is the busiest port on the Bay of Bengal. The official language of Bangladesh is [[Bengali language|Bengali]], whilewith [[Bangladeshi English]] is also used in the government and official documents alongside [[Bengali language|Bengali]].
 
Bangladesh forms the sovereignis part of the historic and [[ethnolinguistic]] region of [[Bengal]], which was divided during the [[Partition of India|Partition of British India]] in 1947 as the [[East Bengal|eastern enclave]] of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], from which it separatedgained fromindependence in 1971 after a bloody independence war in 1971.<ref name="EyetsemitanGire2003">{{cite book |author1=Frank E. Eyetsemitan |author2=James T. Gire|title=Aging and Adult Development in the Developing World: Applying Western Theories and Concepts |url={{GBurl|id=xxZf3Jai1rAC|p=91}}|year=2003|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-89789-925-3|page=91}}</ref> The country has a [[Bengali Muslim]] majority. Ancient Bengal was known as [[Gangaridai]] and was a bastionstronghold of pre-Islamic kingdoms. The [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquest]]s after 1204 heraldedled to the sultanate and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] periods, during which an independent [[Bengal Sultanate]] and a wealthy [[Mughal Bengal]] transformed the region into an important centre of regional affairs, trade, and diplomacy. After theThe [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757, the maximum extent of [[Bengal Presidency|British Bengal]] stretched frommarked the [[Khyber Pass]] in the west to Singapore in the east.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://whiteboardmagazine.com/3987/the-commonwealth-and-dhaka/ | title=The Commonwealth and Dhaka | date=15 September 2023 | access-date=20 March 2024 | archive-date=4 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004190303/https://whiteboardmagazine.com/3987/the-commonwealth-and-dhaka/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXysEAAAQBAJ&dq=bengal+presidency+khyber+pass+singapore&pg=PT26 |title=Empire Building: The Constructionbeginning of British India, 1690–1860 |date=8 February 2023 |isbn=9781805260264 |accessdate=28 July 2023 |last1=Llewellyn-Jones |first1=Rosie |publisher=Hurst Publishers |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://webrule.archive.org/web/20230818231736/https://books.google.com/books?id=vXysEAAAQBAJ&dq=bengal+presidency+khyber+pass+singapore&pg=PT26 |url-status=live }}</ref> The creation of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] in 1905, set a precedent for the emergence of Bangladesh. The [[All India Muslim League]] was founded in Dhaka in 1906.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Muslim_League | title=Muslim League - Banglapedia | access-date=20 March 2024 | archive-date=20 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320205000/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Muslim_League | url-status=live }}</ref> InThe 1940,[[Lahore theResolution]] firstin [[Prime1940 Ministerwas ofsupported Bengal]],by [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]], supported the [[Lahore Resolution]]. Before thefirst [[PartitionPrime of Bengal (1947)|partitionMinister of Bengal]],. aThe [[Unitedpresent-day Bengal|Bengaliterritorial sovereign state]]boundary was firstestablished proposed by premier [[H. S. Suhrawardy]]. A [[Sylhet referendum, 1947|referendum]] andwith the announcement of the [[Radcliffe Line]] established the present-day territorial boundary.
 
In 1947, [[East Bengal]] became the most populous province in the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. Itand was renamed [[East Pakistan]], andwith Dhaka becameas the country's legislative capital. The [[Bengali Language Movement]] in 1952; the [[East Bengali legislative election, 1954]]; the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état]]; the [[six point movement]] of 1966;, and the [[1970 Pakistani general election]] resulted in the rise ofspurred [[Bengali nationalism]] and [[pro-democracy]] movements. The refusal of the Pakistani [[military junta]] to transfer power to the [[Awami League]], led by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], led totriggered the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971. The [[Mukti Bahini]], aided by India, waged a successful [[Revolution|armed revolution]].; Thethe conflict saw the [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|Bangladeshi genocide]] and the massacre of pro-independence Bengali civilians, primarily targeting [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals|intellectuals]]. The new state of Bangladesh became a constitutionally [[Secularism in Bangladesh|secular state]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite, web |author=Lailufar Yasmin |url=https://institute.global/policy/struggle-soul-bangladesh |title=Struggle for the Soul of Bangladesh |publisher=Institute for Global Change |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014052636/https://institute.global/policy/struggle-soul-bangladesh |url-status=live }}</ref>although [[Islam]] was declared the [[state religion]] in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12651483 |title=Bangladesh profile – Timeline |publisher=BBC News |date=26 February 2019 |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512040834/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12651483 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43110030 |title=The State-Religion Amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh: A Critique |author=Alam, Shah |year=1991 |journal=Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=209–225 |jstor=43110030 |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108225101/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43110030 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Writ challenging Islam as state religion rejected |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/islam-retains-status-state-religion-1200808 |work=The Daily Star |date=28 March 2016 |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116183403/https://www.thedailystar.net/city/islam-retains-status-state-religion-1200808 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, the [[Bangladesh Supreme Court]] reaffirmed secular principles in the constitution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171752.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171752.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Bangladesh |website=U.S. State Department |access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> The Constitution of Bangladesh officially declares it a [[socialist state]].<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the People's Republic of Bangladesh|language=|ratified=4 November 1972|url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/bangladesh-constitution.pdf|access-date=}}</ref>
 
A [[middle power]] in the [[Indo-Pacific]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/rising-bangladesh-starts-exert-its-regional-power |title=A rising Bangladesh starts to exert its regional power |work=The Interpreter |publisher=Lowyinstitute.org |date=21 February 2019 |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331093408/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/rising-bangladesh-starts-exert-its-regional-power |url-status=live }}</ref> Bangladesh is home to the [[List of languages by number of native speakers|fifth-most spoken native language in the world]], the [[Islam by country|third-largest Muslim-majority population]] in the world, and the [[Economy of Bangladesh|second-largest economy]] in South Asia. It maintains the third-largest [[Bangladesh Armed Forces|military]] in the region and is the largest contributor of personnel to [[UN peacekeeping]] operations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2023 |title=Contribution of Uniformed Personnel to UN by Country and Personnel Type |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/01_contributions_to_un_peacekeeping_operations_by_country_and_post_59_february_23.pdf.pdf |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512143419/https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/01_contributions_to_un_peacekeeping_operations_by_country_and_post_59_february_23.pdf.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Bangladesh is a unitary [[parliamentary republic]] based on the [[Westminster system]]. [[Bengalis]] make up almost 99% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Pinaki |last2=Deshwara |first2=Mintu |date=9 August 2022 |title=Ethnic population in 2022 census: Real picture not reflected |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/ethnic-population-2022-census-real-picture-not-reflected-3090941 |access-date=11 August 2022 |work=The Daily Star |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809110404/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/ethnic-population-2022-census-real-picture-not-reflected-3090941 |url-status=live }}</ref> The country consists of [[Divisions of Bangladesh|eight divisions]], [[Districts of Bangladesh|64 districts]], and [[Upazila|495 subdistricts]], as welland asincludes the [[Sundarbans|world's largest mangrove forest]]. ItBangladesh hosts one of the largest [[Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh|refugee populations]] populations in the world due to the [[Rohingya genocide]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Mahmud |first=Faisal |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/25/rohingya-exodus-hopes-are-getting-thin-for-repatriation |title=Four years on, Rohingya stuck in Bangladesh camps yearn for home |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605193447/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/25/rohingya-exodus-hopes-are-getting-thin-for-repatriation |url-status=live }}</ref> Bangladesh faces many challenges, particularlylike [[Corruption in Bangladesh|corruption]], [[political instability]], [[Human overpopulation|overpopulation]], and [[effects of climate change]]. Bangladesh has beentwice a leader withinchaired the [[Climate Vulnerable Forum]]. Itand hosts the headquarters of [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation]] (BIMSTEC) headquarters. It is a founding member of the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC), as well asand a member of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organization of Islamic Cooperation]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
 
==Etymology==
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{{Main|History of Bangladesh}}
{{History of Bangladesh}}
[[File:Central Rotunda with Light-infused Water Pillar - Museum of Independence - Suhrawardy Udyan - Dhaka 2015-05-31 2177-2181.tif|thumb|[[Museum of Independence, Dhaka]]]]
 
The history of Bangladesh dates back over four millennia to the [[Chalcolithic]] period. The region's early history was characterized by a succession of [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] kingdoms and empires that fought for control over the [[Bengal region]]. [[Islam in Bangladesh|Islam]] arrived in the 8th century and gradually became dominant from the early 13th century with the conquests led by [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]] and the activities of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] missionaries like [[Shah Jalal]]. Muslim rulers promoted the spread of Islam by building mosques across the region. From the 14th century onward, Bengal was ruled by the [[Bengal Sultanate]], founded by [[Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah]], who established an individual currency. The Bengal Sultanate expanded under rulers like [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]], leading to economic prosperity and military dominance, with Bengal being referred to by Europeans as the richest country to trade with. The region later became a part of the [[Mughal Empire]], and according to historian [[C. A. Bayly]], it was probably the empire's wealthiest province.
 
Following the decline of the Mughal Empire in the early 1700s, [[Bengal]] became a semi-independent state under the [[Nawabs of Bengal]], ultimately led by [[Siraj -ud-Daulah]]. It was later conquered by the [[British East India Company]] after the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757. Bengal played a crucial role in the [[Industrial Revolution]] in Britain, but also faced significant [[deindustrialization]]. The [[Bengal Presidency]] was established during British rule.
 
The borders of modern Bangladesh were established with the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] between India and Pakistan during the [[Partition of India]] in August 1947, when the region became [[East Pakistan]] as part of the newly formed [[Dominion of Pakistan|State of Pakistan]] following the end of the [[British Raj|British rule in the region]]. The [[Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence]] in March 1971 led to the nine-month-long [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], which culminated in the emergence of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Independence was declared by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] in 1971.
 
[[File:Siraj ud-Daula.jpg|thumb|upright=.6|left|[[Siraj-ud-Daulah]], the last independent [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab of Bengal]]]]
Since gaining independence, Bangladesh has faced political instability, economic reconstruction, and social transformation. The country experienced military coups and authoritarian rule, notably under [[Ziaur Rahman|General Ziaur Rahman]] and [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad|General Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]. The restoration of parliamentary democracy in the 1990s saw power alternate between the [[Awami League]], and the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]. In recent decades, Bangladesh has achieved significant economic growth, emerging as one of the world's fastest-growing economies, driven by its [[Textile industry in Bangladesh|garment industry]], remittances, and infrastructure development. However, it continues to grapple with political instability, human rights issues, and the impact of climate change. The return of the Awami League to power in 2009 under Sheikh Hasina's leadership saw economic progress but criticisms of [[authoritarianism]]. Bangladesh has played a critical role in addressing regional issues, including the [[Rohingya refugee crisis]], which has strained its resources and highlighted its humanitarian commitments.
 
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Bangladesh is in South Asia on the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is surrounded almost entirely by neighbouring India, and shares a small border with [[Myanmar]] to its southeast, though it lies very close to [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], and China. The country is divided into three regions. Most of the country is dominated by the fertile [[Ganges Delta]], the largest river delta in the world.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Aditi Rajagopal|title=How the World's Largest Delta Might Slowly Go Under Water |url=https://www.discovery.com/nature/largest-delta-underwater|website=Discovery|date=8 February 2020|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208052815/http://www.discovery.com/nature/largest-delta-underwater|url-status=live}}</ref> The northwest and central parts of the country are formed by the [[Madhupur tract|Madhupur]] and the [[Barind Tract|Barind]] plateaus. The northeast and southeast are home to [[evergreen]] hill ranges.
 
The Ganges delta is formed by the confluence of the Ganges (local name [[Padma River|Padma]] or ''Pôdda''), [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] ([[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] or ''Jomuna''), and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] rivers and their tributaries. The Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later join the Meghna, finally flowing into the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh is called the "Land of Rivers";<ref>{{cite web |title=No Place Like Home – BANGLADESH: LAND OF RIVERS |url=https://ejfoundation.org/films/bangladesh-land-of-rivers |work=Environmental Justice Foundation |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930051647/https://ejfoundation.org/films/bangladesh-land-of-rivers |url-status=live }}</ref> as it is home to over 57 [[trans-boundary river]]s, the most of any nation-state. Water issues are hence politically complicated since the country is a lower [[Riparian zone|riparian]] state to India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Suvedī |first=Sūryaprasāda |title=International watercourses law for the 21st century |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |year=2005 |pages=154–166 |isbn=978-0-7546-4527-6}}</ref>
 
Bangladesh is predominantly rich fertile flat land. Most of it is less than {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level, and it is estimated that about 10% of its land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ali">{{cite journal |last=Ali |first=A. |title=Vulnerability of Bangladesh to climate change and sea level rise through tropical cyclones and storm surges |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00175563 |journal=Water, Air, & Soil Pollution |volume=92 |issue=1–2 |pages=171–179 |year=1996 |bibcode=1996WASP...92..171A |s2cid=93611792 |doi=10.1007/BF00175563 |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201143058/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00175563 |url-status=live }}</ref> 17% of the country is covered by forests and 12% is covered by hill systems. The country's [[haor]] wetlands are of significance to global environmental science. The [[List of mountains of Bangladesh|highest point in Bangladesh]] is the [[Saka Haphong]], located near the border with Myanmar, with an elevation of {{convert|1064|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=CIA/> Previously, either [[Keokradong]] or [[Tazing Dong]] were considered the highest.
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Bangladesh was constitutionally proclaimed as a [[secular state]] in 1972. ItSecularism grantsis [[freedomone of religion]],its ensuresfour [[separationfounding ofconstitutional churchprinciples. andThe state]],constitution andalso claimsgrants to[[freedom beof "secular in practise"religion]], while establishing Islam as the [[state religion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24556.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (part II) |website=Laws of Bangladesh}}</ref><ref name="Secularism">{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs |access-date=17 May 2019 |quote=Article 2A. – The state religion and Article 12. – Secularism and freedom of religion}}</ref><ref name="constituteproject">{{cite web |url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Bangladesh_2014.pdf?lang=en|title=Bangladesh's Constitution of 1972, Reinstated in 1986, with Amendments through 2014|website=constituteproject.org|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera:1">{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/bangladesh-court-upholds-islam-religion-state-160328112919301.html|title=Bangladesh court upholds Islam as the religion of the state |last=Bergman |first=David|date=28 March 2016|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> The constitution bans religion-based politics and discrimination, and proclaims equal recognition of people adhering to all faiths.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2013/sca/222325.htm|title=Report on International Religious Freedom|website=U.S. Department of State|access-date=24 June 2017}}</ref> [[Islam in Bangladesh|Islam]] is the largest religion across the country, being followed by about 91.1% of the population.<ref name="dhakatribune1" /><ref name="globalreligiousfutures1">{{cite web|title=Religions in Bangladesh &#124; PEW-GRF|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bangladesh#/?affiliations_religion_id=14&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2020|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=27 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127112329/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bangladesh#/?affiliations_religion_id=14&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="kbrs">{{cite web |title=Know Bangladesh |url=https://bangladesh.gov.bd/site/page/812d94a8-0376-4579-a8f1-a1f66fa5df5d/Know--Bangladesh |website=Government of Bangladesh |access-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009183830/http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/page/812d94a8-0376-4579-a8f1-a1f66fa5df5d/Know--Bangladesh |archive-date=9 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The vast majority of Bangladeshi citizens are [[Bengali Muslims]], adhering to [[Sunni Islam]]. The country is the third-most populous Muslim-majority state in the world and has the fourth-largest overall Muslim population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/?sort=Pop2010 |title=Muslim Population by Country |publisher=Pew Research |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726201620/http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/?sort=Pop2010 |archive-date=26 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Before the partition of India in 1941, Hindus formed 28% of the population. AfterMass the formationexodus of Banglahindu-refugees Desh,from the Hindusthen wereEast 13.50%Pakistan into 1974.India Aftertook theplace independenceduring therethe was1971 a[[Bangladesh drastic decreaseWar of theIndependence]], Hindusdue andto arePakistan mainArmy's minoritiesgenocidal inonslaught. After the formation of Bangladesh, the Hindus constituted 13.50% in 1974. In 2022, [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hinduism]] is followed by 7.9% of the population,<ref name="dhakatribune1"/><ref name="globalreligiousfutures1"/><ref name=kbrs/> mainly by the [[Bengali Hindus]], who form the country's second-largest religious group and the third-largest Hindu community globally, after those in India and Nepal. [[Buddhism in Bangladesh|Buddhism]] is the third-largest religion, at 0.6% of the population. Bangladeshi Buddhists are concentrated among the tribal ethnic groups in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. At the same time, coastal Chittagong is home to many [[Bengali Buddhist]]s. Christianity is the fourth-largest religion at 0.3%, followed mainly by a small [[Bengali Christians|Bengali Christian]] minority. 0.1% of the population practices other religions like [[Animism]] or is [[Irreligion|irreligious]].<ref name="dhakatribune1"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2012-09-22/news/291536|script-title=bn:১০ বছরে ৯ লাখ হিন্দু কমেছে |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn |access-date=3 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224032117/http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2012-09-22/news/291536|archive-date=24 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
=== Education ===
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===Media and cinema===
{{Main|Media of Bangladesh|Cinema of Bangladesh}}
[[File:Anwar Hossain in the film "Nawab Sirajuddoulah" (1967).jpg|thumb|[[Anwar Hossain (actor)|Anwar Hossain]] playing [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]], the last independent [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab of Bengal]], in the 1967 film ''[[Nawab Sirajuddaula (film)|Nawab Sirajuddaulah]]'']]
The Bangladeshi press is diverse and privately owned. Over 200 newspapers are published in the country. [[Bangladesh Betar]] is a state-run radio service.<ref>{{cite news |title=Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra's Rashidul Hossain passes away |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/12/22/swadhin-bangla-betar-kendras-rashidul-hossain-passes-away |work=bdnews24.com |access-date=2 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229065132/http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/12/22/swadhin-bangla-betar-kendras-rashidul-hossain-passes-away |archive-date=29 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] operates the popular [[BBC Bangla]] news and current affairs service. Bengali broadcasts from [[Voice of America]] are also very popular. [[Bangladesh Television]] (BTV) is a state-owned television network. More than 20 privately owned television networks, including several [[news channel]]s. [[Freedom of the media]] remains a major concern due to government attempts at censorship and the harassment of journalists.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}
 
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[[File:Bangladesh National Football Team in Maldives in the SAFF Championship 2021.jpg|thumb|[[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh football team]]]]
[[Association football|Football]] is also a leading sport in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/football-the-game-which-makes-us-come-alive-1671032486|title=Football ... the game which makes us come alive|date=14 December 2022|website=The Financial Express}}</ref> Although football was seen as the most popular sport in the country before the 21st century, success in cricket has overshadowed its previous popularity. The first instance of a national football team was the emergence of the [[Shadhin Bangla Football Team|Shadhin Bangla Team]], which played friendly matches throughout India to raise international awareness about the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/shadhin-bangla-football-dal-team-no-other |title='Shadhin Bangla Football Dal': A team like no other |date=16 December 2019 |work=The Business Standard |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815160845/https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/shadhin-bangla-football-dal-team-no-other |url-status=live }}</ref> On 2625 July 1971, the team's captain, [[Zakaria Pintoo]], became the first person to hoist the Bangladesh flag on foreign land before their match in [[Nadia district]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/133717/i-am-luckier-than-pele-zakaria-pintoo|title=I am luckier than Pele: Zakaria Pintoo|date=26 March 2021|work=New Age}}</ref> Following independence, the [[Bangladesh national football team|national football team]] participated in the [[AFC Asian Cup]] ([[1980 AFC Asian Cup|1980]]), becoming only the second South Asian team to do so.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=bn:যে ম্যাচগুলো 'আফসোস' বাংলাদেশের ফুটবলে|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87|first=Niar|last=Iqbal|language=bn|work=Prothom Alo|date=6 April 2020}}</ref> Bangladesh's most notable achievements in football include the [[2003 South Asian Football Federation Gold Cup|2003 SAFF Gold Cup]] and [[Football at the 1999 South Asian Games|1999 South Asian Games]]. In 2022, the [[Bangladesh women's national football team]] won the [[2022 SAFF Women's Championship]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/09/19/president-pm-lauds-bangladesh-team-for-winning-saff-womens-championship-2022 |title=President, PM lauds Bangladesh team for winning SAFF Women's Championship 2022|website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=19 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/2022/09/19/bangladesh-women-create-history-clinch-saff-championship-for-first-time |title=Bangladesh women create history, clinch Saff Championship for first time|website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=19 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref>
 
Bangladesh archers Ety Khatun and Roman Sana won several gold medals winning all the 10 [[archery]] events (both individual and team events) in the [[2019 South Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/athletics/bangladesh-win-all-10-golds-in-archery-sa-games-2019-1837909 |title=Ety, Sana complete Bangladesh's clean sweep in archery |date=9 December 2019 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> The [[National Sports Council]] regulates 42 sporting federations.<ref>{{cite web|title=All Affiliated National Federation/Association |url=http://nsc.gov.bd/n/?cat=11 |publisher=[[National Sports Council]] |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121160742/http://nsc.gov.bd/n/?cat=11 |archive-date=21 January 2013}}</ref> [[Chess]] is very popular in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has five grandmasters in chess. Among them, [[Niaz Murshed]] was the first grandmaster in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdchessfed.com/grand-masters|title=Bangladesh Chess Federation|website=bdchessfed.com|access-date=17 January 2020|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129112718/http://bdchessfed.com/grand-masters/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, mountain climber [[Musa Ibrahim]] became the first Bangladeshi climber to conquer [[Mount Everest]].<ref name="dailystardetail">{{cite news |title=Musa conquers Everest |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=139787 |work=The Daily Star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027015045/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-139787 |archive-date=27 October 2017 |date=24 May 2010}}</ref> [[Wasfia Nazreen]] is the first Bangladeshi climber to climb the [[Seven Summits]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Mary Anne Potts |title=Bangladeshi Climber Shares Her Spiritual Journey for the Women of Her Country |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/adventure-blog/2016/05/27/bangadeshi-climber-wasfia-nazreen-shares-her-spiritual-journey-for-the-women-of-her-country/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119031640/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/adventure-blog/2016/05/27/bangadeshi-climber-wasfia-nazreen-shares-her-spiritual-journey-for-the-women-of-her-country/ |archive-date=19 November 2019 |website=National Geographic |date=27 May 2016}}</ref>