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{{Politics of Spain}}
The '''monarchy of Spain''' or '''Spanish monarchy''' ({{lang-es|Monarquía Española}}) is the [[constitution]]al form of government of [[Spain]]. It consists of a [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary monarch]]
The Spanish monarchy is constitutionally referred to as '''The Crown''' ({{lang-es|La Corona}}), and it comprises the reigning [[List of Spanish monarchs|monarch]], his or her royal family, and the [[Royal Household of Spain|Royal Household]], which supports and facilitates the sovereign in the exercise of his duties and prerogatives.<ref name="Wiki Source Spa Constitution 78">{{Cite web |url=http://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978:_04 |title=Título II. De la Corona, Wikisource |access-date=27 May 2009 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021557/https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978%3A_04 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Constitution of Spain]] 1978, Title II, Article 56, Subsection 2 and amended by Royal Decree 1368/1987, dated 6 November.</ref>
The [[Spanish royal family|Royal Family]] is currently represented by [[Felipe VI|King Felipe VI]], [[Queen Letizia]], their daughters [[Leonor, Princess of Asturias]], and [[Infanta Sofía]], and the king's parents, [[Juan Carlos I|King Juan Carlos I]] and [[Queen Sofía of Spain|Queen Sofía]].
The [[Spanish Constitution of 1978]] re-established<ref name="Self Made Monarch" />{{NoteTag|According to historian [[Charles Powell (historian)|Charles Powell]], the term'' reestablished'', rather than ''restored'', was a conscious choice to find a middle ground acceptable by monarchists, who viewed the 1975 monarchy as a restoration, and Franconists who took the view that General Franco had essentially established a ''new'' monarchy apart from the prior historic office.}} a [[constitutional monarchy]] as the form of government for Spain after the end of the [[dictatorship of Francisco Franco]] and the restoration of democracy in [[1977 Spanish general election|1977]]. The 1978 constitution affirmed the role of the King of Spain as the living personification and embodiment of the Spanish nation and a symbol of Spain's enduring unity and permanence and is also invested as the "arbitrator and the moderator" of Spanish institutions.<ref name="Wiki Source Spa Constitution 78" /><ref name="Title II" /> Constitutionally, the sovereign is the [[head of state]] and [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Spanish Armed Forces]].<ref name="Wiki Source Spa Constitution 78" /><ref name="Title II">Title II, Article 56, Subsection 1.</ref> The constitution [[Codification (law)|codifies]] the use of royal styles and titulary, [[royal prerogative]]s, [[Primogeniture|hereditary succession to the crown]], [[Civil list|compensation]], and a [[regent|regency]]-guardianship contingency in cases of the monarch's [[Minor (law)|minority]] or [[Capacity (law)|incapacitation]].<ref name="Wiki Source Spa Constitution 78" /><ref name="Title II" /> According to the Constitution, the monarch is also instrumental in promoting relations with the "nations of its historical community".<ref name="Wiki Source Spa Constitution 78" /><ref name="Title II" /> The monarch serves as honorary president of the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]], representing over 700,000,000 people in twenty-four member nations worldwide. However, other expenses of the royal house are assumed by different [[Spanish government departments|government departments]].▼
▲The [[Spanish Constitution of 1978]] re-established<ref name="Self Made Monarch" />{{NoteTag|According to historian [[Charles Powell (historian)|Charles Powell]], the term'' reestablished'', rather than ''restored'', was a conscious choice to find a middle ground acceptable by monarchists, who viewed the 1975 monarchy as a restoration, and Franconists who took the view that General Franco had essentially established a ''new'' monarchy apart from the prior historic office.}} a [[constitutional monarchy]] as the form of government for Spain after the end of the [[dictatorship of Francisco Franco]] and the restoration of democracy in [[1977 Spanish general election|1977]]. The 1978 constitution affirmed the role of the King of Spain as the living personification and embodiment of the Spanish nation and a symbol of Spain's enduring unity and permanence and is also invested as the "arbitrator and the moderator" of Spanish institutions.<ref name="Wiki Source Spa Constitution 78" /><ref name="Title II" /> Constitutionally, the sovereign is the [[head of state]] and [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Spanish Armed Forces]].<ref name="Wiki Source Spa Constitution 78" /><ref name="Title II">Title II, Article 56, Subsection 1.</ref> The constitution [[Codification (law)|codifies]] the use of royal styles and titulary, [[royal prerogative]]s, [[Primogeniture|hereditary succession to the crown]], [[Civil list|compensation]], and a [[regent|regency]]-guardianship contingency in cases of the monarch's [[Minor (law)|minority]] or [[Capacity (law)|incapacitation]].<ref name="Wiki Source Spa Constitution 78" /><ref name="Title II" /> According to the Constitution, the monarch is also instrumental in promoting relations with the "nations of its historical community".<ref name="Wiki Source Spa Constitution 78" /><ref name="Title II" /> The monarch serves as honorary president of the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]], representing over 700,000,000 people in twenty-four member nations worldwide
==History==
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{{Main|Catholic Monarchs}}
{{See also|Composite monarchy|Dynastic union|Personal union}}
In the 15th century, the marriage between [[Isabella I of Castile]] and [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]], both members of the [[House of Trastámara]], known as the [[Catholic Monarchs]], united two important kingdoms of the [[Iberian
The territories of the [[Spanish empire]] overseas were dependencies of the Crown of Castile, and Castile had an outsized influence there.<ref>James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jzoBzwABlZEC&dq=Early%20Latin%20America.%20New%20York%3A%20Cambridge%20University%20Press%201983&pg=PA19 Early Latin America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405045158/https://books.google.com/books?id=jzoBzwABlZEC&dq=Early%20Latin%20America.%20New%20York:%20Cambridge%20University%20Press%201983&pg=PA19 |date=5 April 2023 }}''. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, p. 19.</ref> Following the Spanish explorations and settlement in the Caribbean, the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]] and the [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire]], the crown established high courts ("Audiencias") and [[viceroyalties]] in important regions ([[Real Audiencia of Mexico|Mexico]], 1535; [[Real Audiencia of Panama|Panama]], 1538, which was later replaced by [[Real Audiencia of Lima|Lima]], 1542). The viceroy (vice-king) and the Audiencias were the effective administrators of royal policy.
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===Habsburg Monarchy===
{{Main|Habsburg Spain}}
In
Philip's reign marked the peak of the [[Spanish Golden Age]] (1492–1659), a period of great [[Spanish Empire|colonial expansion]] and trade. The Hispanic Crown retained control over and profited from all operations in overseas colonies (by and large royal assets under a monopoly on trade), including [[History of slavery|slave trade]], developed under the purview of the {{lang|es|regalía}} late-medieval system.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/cidehus/6404?lang=es|chapter=La esclavitud en los imperios coloniales americanos: tráfico y mercados|first=Oscar|last=Bergasa Perdomo|title=El tabaco y la esclavitud en la rearticulación imperial ibérica (s. XV-XX)|editor-first=Santiago de|editor-last=Luxán Meléndez|editor-first2=João|editor-last2=Figueirôa-Rêgo|year=2018|doi=10.4000/books.cidehus.5987|isbn=9791036531132|access-date=24 April 2022|archive-date=24 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204612/https://books.openedition.org/cidehus/6404?lang=es|url-status=live}}</ref> The death in 1700 of [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]], last of the Spanish Habsburgs, triggered the [[War of the Spanish succession]]. ===Bourbon Monarchy===
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In the mid-eighteenth century, particularly under [[Charles III of Spain]], the Spanish Crown embarked on an ambitious and far-reaching project to implement major reforms in the administration of Spain and the Spanish empire. These changes, collectively known as the [[Bourbon Reforms]], attempted to rationalize administration and produce more revenue from the overseas empire.<ref>James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz, ''Early Latin America''. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, pp. 346–52, 359–68.</ref>
During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the French Emperor [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] forced [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] to [[abdicate]] in 1808, and the Bourbons became a focus of popular resistance against French rule. However, Ferdinand's rejection of the liberal [[Spanish Constitution of 1812]], as well as his ministerial appointments, particularly the exclusion of liberals, gradually eroded popular support for the Spanish monarchy. With the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1830]], Ferdinand set aside the [[Salic
===First Spanish Republic===
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