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==Emergence and development==
===Heterogenous Proto-Slavic basis of Slovak===
The Proto-Slavic basis of Slovak included both West Slavic and Non-West Slavic features.{{sfn|Krajčovič|1988|pp=18–21}} Some West Slavic features are common for all Slovak dialects, but there are also Non-West Slavic features that are distributed over 70–75% of the territory. The Central Slovak dialects exhibits major deviations from what is generally thought of as West Slavic.<ref>{{
{| class="wikitable"
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===Main changes in the Proto-Slavic basis===
In the 10th century, Proto-Slavic ceased to exist, and Slovak began to emerge as an independent language.{{sfn|Kačala|Krajčovič|2006|p=15}}{{sfn|Krajčovič|1988|p=22}} The most important early changes were the contraction, the loss and vocalization of [[yer
====Contraction====
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==History of standard language==
===Pre-standard period===
[[File:CividaleGospel.jpg|thumb|left|The ''[[Gospel of Cividale]]''. The names of Great Moravian pilgrims (often composed of several stems) is one of the sources of information about pre-Slovak lexemes.]]
The earliest written records of Slovak are represented by personal and place names, later by sentences, short notes and verses in Latin and Czech documents.{{sfn|Kačala|Krajčovič|2006|p=29}} Latin documents contain also mentions about a cultivation of the vernacular language. The complete texts are available since the 15th century.{{sfn|Kačala|Krajčovič|2006|p=29}} In the 15th century, Latin began to lose its privileged position in favor of Czech and cultural Slovak.{{sfn|Kačala|Krajčovič|2006|p=32}}
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====Early pre-standard period====
=====Old Church Slavonic=====
The [[Old Church Slavonic]] became the literary and liturgical language, and the [[Glagolitic alphabet]] the corresponding script in Great Moravia until 885. Latin continues to be used in parallel. Some of the early Old Church Slavonic texts (based on emerging southern Slavic dialects) contain western Slavic elements of the language of the Slavic inhabitants of [[Great Moravia]] and [[Pannonia]], which were called the Sloviene (''*
The use of Old Church Slavonic in Great Moravia was prohibited by [[Pope Stephen V]] in 885; consequently, Latin became the administrative and liturgical language again. Many followers and students of Constantine and Methodius fled to [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], [[Bohemia]], the [[Kievan Rus']] and other countries.
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|-
| ...ad parvam arborem nystra ''slowenski breza'' ubi est meta... (1294)
| slovensky breza (in Slovak breza /
|}
=====Czech and Slovakized Czech=====
Written [[Czech language|Czech]] started to penetrate into present-day Slovakia through Czech clergy teaching in capitular schools in the 14th century.{{sfn|Kačala|Krajčovič|2006|p=36}} In the pre-standard period, Czech was used along with Latin and cultural Slovak as a cultural and liturgical language.{{sfn|Kačala|Krajčovič|2006|p=36}} The reasons for the use of Czech were the absence of a uniform Slovak standard due to the absence of a Slovak state, whereas Czech was a standardized language which enjoyed a certain degree of prestige, particularly in the context of the Protestant Reformation; the rise of the Slovak population in towns; the similarity to Slovak making it easier to learn; studies of many Slovaks at the University of Prague; the influence of the campaigns of the Czech [[Hussites]] and of [[John Giskra]] (Ján Jiskra) in
The usage of Czech in a Slovak environment resulted in Slovakized Czech, a variant of cultural Czech with Slovak elements. This variant existed from the penetration of Czech to present-day Slovakia and was used in city books and official correspondence. Early writings had a varying frequency of Slovak elements caused by a poor knowledge of standard Czech among many Slovak native speakers and the influence of vernacular language and cultural Slovak.{{sfn|Kačala|Krajčovič|2006|p=39}} The normalized form of Slovakized Czech existed from the 17th century. In it, Czech letters and words were systematically replaced by their Slovak equivalents (e.g. ''ř'' by ''r'', ''ě'' by ''e'', ''au'' by ''ú'', ''ou'' by ''ú'', etc.).{{sfn|Kačala|Krajčovič|2006|p=38}}
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=====Cultural Western, Central and Eastern Slovak=====
[[Catholics]] use Western Slovak (Cultured Western Slovak, Jesuit Slovak) based on the language used by educated people from the region of [[Trnava]], where the important [[Jesuit]] University of Trnava was founded in 1635, and in the profane sphere, especially in towns, Slovak influenced by the Czech is used even in written documents, often with a chaotic orthography.
{{Cquote|My fojt Gal i boženíci, mister Andreas, Benediktus Nozer, Martin Messer, Zighel a jinší boženici vyznavame všem, ktož toto bude čisti a neb čtuce uslyše, (...) I jest nam Boh pomohol, že jsme učinili uplnou umlovu z Niklošem Polakem i z jeho synen Martinem a Miklošem Noskem a dal jest nam Polak summu penez 67 zlatych v zlate uhorskej vahy za ty všicky braky tisove, co mali činiti z bratrem našim z Hanesom Frolichem a o jinše všicky veci, což mali v jedno činiti. Prejednané a vykonané roku Pána 1451 v piatok pred sviatkom obratenia sv. Pavla. A dale my Peter Frulych a Peter Fyuger zlubujeme Polakovi 16 zl. zastupiti od Gloza s Tešina, tak, že ma Polak teho prazen byti.|source=[[The Law Book of Žilina]]
After the defeat of the Turks near Vienna in 1683, many Slovaks gradually emigrated to the Lower Lands, territories in present-day Hungary, Serbia (later to Croatia and Bulgaria), and Romania was depopulated after the Turkish occupation. They have preserved their particular Slovak dialects until today. In eastern Slovakia, a Slovakized standard Polish is used sometimes (besides Czech, Slovak and Latin) for the same purposes and reasons as Czech is used in the remaining Slovakia. Latin continues to be used, especially in state administration.
Efforts to establish Slovak as the standard language emerged as early as in the 17th century. For example, in ''The Czech Grammar'' (1603), [[Vavrinec Benedikt of Nedožery]] incites the Slovaks to deepen their knowledge of Slovak. [[Matej Bel]] in the introduction to the ''Gramatica Slavico-Bohemica'' (1745) of [[Pavel Doležal]] compares Slovak with other recognized languages. Literary activity in Slovak flourished during the second half of the seventeenth century and continued into the next century. In the mid-18th century [[Camaldolese]] monks [[Camaldolese Bible|translated the Bible]] in [[Camaldolese Slovak|a variant of language named after them]], while Romuald Hadvabný of [[Červený Kláštor]] proposed a detailed (Western Slovak) language codification in his [[Camaldolese Dictionary|Latin-Slovak Dictionary]] (1763) with an outline of the Slovak grammar. The first adventure novel in Slovak, the ''René mláďenca príhodi a skúsenosťi,'' was published in 1783 by [[Jozef Ignác Bajza]] in Western Slovak.
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[[Anton Bernolák]], a Catholic priest (1762–1813), published the ''Dissertatio philologico-critica de litteris Slavorum'' in 1787, in which he codified a Slovak standard based on the Western Slovak of the University of Trnava but contains also some central Slovak elements, e.g. soft consonants ''ď'', ''ť'', ''ň'', ''ľ'' and many words. The orthography is strictly diacritical.{{sfn|Kačala|Krajčovič|2006|p=63}} The language is often called Bernolák's language. Bernolák continued his codification work in other books in the 1780s and 1790s and especially in his huge six-volume ''Slovak-Czech-Latin-German-Hungarian Dictionary,'' in print from 1825–1927. In the 1820s, the Bernolák standard was revised, and Central Slovak elements were systematically replaced by their Western Slovak equivalents.{{sfn|Kačala|Krajčovič|2006|p=65}}
This was the first successful establishment of a standard Slovak. Bernolák's language was used by Slovak Catholics, especially by the writers [[Juraj Fándly]] and [[Ján Hollý]], but Protestants still wrote in Czech in its old form used in [[Bohemia]] until the 17th century.
====Štúr's standard====
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====Martin period, practice and Czambel's codification====
{{See also|Magyarization}}
The Martin period lasted from the abolishment of the Slovak national and cultural institution [[Matica slovenská]] until the foundation of Czechoslovakia in 1918. The name comes from [[Martin,
The Martin practice ({{lang-sk|martinský úzus}}) was a ''de facto'' standard partially formed already before the abolishment of Matica and influenced by the dialect spoken in Martin. In 1902, [[Samuel Czambel]] published new language standard. Czambel's codification favored the forms used in spoken language to archaisms from Hattala's codification and synchronized spoken and written language. Czambel's codification was partially revised and extended by [[Jozef Škultéty]].
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With the establishment of [[Czechoslovakia]] in 1918, Slovak became an [[official language]] for the first time in history along with Czech. The [[Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920]] and the [[Organic law|constitutional law]] on minorities which was adopted alongside the constitution on the same day established the [[Czechoslovak language]] as an official language Since the Czechoslovak language did not exist, the law recognized its two variants, Czech and Slovak. Czech was usually used in administration in the Czech lands; Slovak, in Slovakia. In practice, the position of languages was not equal. Along with political reasons, this situation was caused by a different historical experience and numerous Czech teachers and clerks in Slovakia, who helped to restore the educational system and administration because Slovaks educated in Slovak were missing.
In 1931, the [[Matica slovenská]] published a new standard Slovak prepared by Czech linguist [[Václav Vážný]], the head of the Department of Linguistics of Matica. In contrast with older works including those published in Czechoslovakia, the standard had an official character and was approved and recommended by the Ministry of Education led by Slovak minister [[Ivan Dérer]]. The standard was inspired by the official ideology of [[Czechoslovakism]] and tried to align both languages by the codification of numerous Czech words and forms not existing in Slovak.{{sfn|Kačala|Krajčovič|2006|p=128}} It raised negative reactions, and the board of Matica promised its revision. Although a new official standard was not published before the breakup of Czechoslovakia in 1939, a new standard of Matica was used along with Vážný's standard.
====Czechoslovakia (1945–1992)====
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| url = https://www.upjs.sk/public/media/5596/Skolsky_system_na_Slovensku_Gabzdilova.pdf
| isbn = 978-80-7079-813-3
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite book
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| language = Slovak
| isbn = 80-7153-174-X
| display-authors=etal
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Krajčovič
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