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{{Infobox river
| name = Ruvyironza River
| name_native = {{native name|fr|Rivière Ruvyironza}}
| name_native_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =
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| extra =
}}
The '''Ruvyironza (or Luvironza) River''' ({{lang-fr|rivière Ruvyironza}}) is a [[river]] in [[Africa]] that is considered by some to beBurundi, the mostmain remote [[Source (river or stream)|source]]tributary of the [[NileRuvubu River]].
Its headwaters are the most remote source of the [[Nile]] when measured by river length from the Nile's mouth.
 
==Course==
 
The Ruvyironza rises in the east of [[Bururi Province]] to the west of [[Mount Kikizi]] ({{convert|2145|m}}).{{sfn|Relation: Ruvyironza (5392957)}}
It forms near [[Kiryama]] and the RIG6 / RP83 junction, where its tributaries the Nyabuyugi and Kibazwa come together.{{sfn|Bururi USDMA}}
It flows northwest to the border with [[Gitega Province]]. It follows part of the border between these two provinces, then flows through Gitega Province to the border with [[Mwaro Province]], and follows the Mwaro-Gitega border north before turning east and again crossing Gitega Province to its mouth on the [[Ruvubu River]].{{sfn|Relation: Ruvyironza (5392957)}}
Most of the rivers in the Nile Basin portion of Burundi flow into the Ruvubu or its main tributary, the Ruvyironza.{{sfn|Document d’orientation strategique|p=11}}
 
==Source of the Nile==
 
The Luvironza River is the source of the Nile in the sense that it is an indirect tributary ofin the Nile basin, and the distance by river from its headwater to the mouth of the Nile is {{convert|6671|km}}, longer than the distance from any other headwater.{{sfn|River Nile Geocities}}{{efn|The [[Blue Nile]] contributes much more water to the Nile than the White Nile. An approach that went upstream from the mouth of the Nile, always following the branchbranches with the greatest flow, would give a source in Ethiopia.{{sfn|Vijverberg|Sibbing|Dejen|2009|pp=163ff}} }}
It is a tributary of the [[Ruvubu River]], a tributary of the [[Kagera River]], which flows in [[Lake Victoria]].
From there, the river takes different names as it flows north: the [[Victoria Nile]], [[Albert Nile]], [[Bahr al Jabal (river)|Bahr al Jabal]], [[White Nile]] and north of Khartoum the [[Nile]].{{sfn|Nile Encarta}}{{sfn|River Nile Geocities}}
 
==Environment==
The surroundings of the upper Ruvyironza are mainly savannah.{{sfn|nasalandcover}}
The area is quite densely populated, with 239 inhabitants per square kilometer as of 2016.{{sfn|nasapop}}
The average annual temperature in the area is {{convert|20|C}}.
The warmest month is September, when the average temperature is {{convert|23|C}}, and the coldest is April, with {{convert|18|C}}.{{sfn|nasa}}
Average annual rainfall is {{convert|1,137|mm}}.
The wettest month is December, with an average of {{convert|199|mm}} of precipitation, and the driest is July, with {{convert|1|mm}} of precipitation.{{sfn|nasarain}}
 
At Nyabiraba in central Gitega Province the Ruvyironza has a {{convert|728|km2}} drainage basin, with average flow of {{convert|10|m3/s}}.
Annual preciptiation is {{convert|1209|mm}} and average temperature is {{convert|17.8|C}}.{{sfn|Ntungumburanye|Nindamutsa|2018|p=34}}
The laws regarding the public hydraulic zones are not respected in any of the Ruvubu watersheds, but particluarly along the Ruvyironza.
This results in frequent landslides of the unprotected river banks.{{sfn|Document d’orientation strategique|p=42}}
 
==Marshes==
 
The Ruvyironza basin contains {{convert|8425|ha}} of marshes, of which {{convert|7310|ha}}, or 87%, were exploited for agriculture by 1998.{{sfn|Schema directeur d’amenagement|p=20}}
The Ruvyironza flows along the eastern boundary of the [[Commune of Gishubi]] in Gitega, separting it from the [[Commune of Makebuko]].
The Kanyangwa River flows through Gishubi to join it from the west (left).
The marshes of these two rivers are used for farming year round.
The soil in this section of the river is not very fertile, and the farmers must use fertilizer.{{sfn|Presentation de la Commune Gishubi}}
 
In December 2015 torrential rains in the [[Commune of Mutaho]], Gitega Province, devastated fields in the marshes of the Ruvubu and Ruvyironza rivers.
Crops of beans, corn and sweet potatoes that had already been planted were lost.{{sfn|Des champs dévastés}}
In April 2024 extensive flooding in the Ruvyironza River valley destroyed several hectares of crops in the [[Commune of Nyabihanga]], Mwaro Province.
The bridge linking the Commune of Nyabihanga to the [[Commune of Gitega]] was at risk of collapse.{{sfn|Ndabashinze|2024}}
 
==Hydroelectricity==
The Ruvyironza power station is in Gitega Province, northeast of the city of [[Gitega]], facing [[Karuzi Province]] over the [[Ruvubu River]].
It is fed by a canal running south from a dam on the Ruvyironza River near its mouth on the Ruvubu River.
It discharges into the Ruvubu River.{{sfn|Centrale hydroélectrique Rushanga}}
The Ruvyironza plant, owned by [[REGIDESO Burundi]], was commissioned in 1980/1984.{{sfn|Nsabimana|2022|p=40}}
Power is supplied by three 425 KW turbines, delivering 1275 KW when all three are running, or 850 KW when just two are operational.{{sfn|Ruvyironza Energypedia}}
 
A 2012 report by the Ministry for Energy and Mines stated that potential developments on the Ruvyironza (Luvi 047, 039, 012) might be able to deliver 21.2MW.{{sfn|Investment opportunities in renewable energy|p=37}}
 
==Notes==
{{notes}}
 
==See also==
*[[List of rivers of Burundi]]
 
==References==
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==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/search?query=Centrale%20hydroelectrique%20Rushanga#map=18/-3.34734/29.98530 |accessdate=2024-08-15
|title=Centrale hydroélectrique Rushanga |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Centrale hydroélectrique Rushanga}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://isanganiro.org/2015/10/12/des-champs-devastes-par-les-pluies-torrentielles-a-mutaho/ |accessdate=2024-09-06 |language=fr
|title=Des champs dévastés par les pluies torrentielles à Mutaho |work=Isanganiro |date=10 December 2015 |ref={{harvid|Des champs dévastés}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://ifdc.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Dorientation-strategique-damenagement-des-bassins-versants-et-de-lutte-antierosive.pdf
|title=Document d’orientation strategique d’amenagement des bassins versants et de lutte antierosive |accessdate=2024-09-06 |language=fr
|publisher=Ministere de l’environnement, de l’agriculture et de l’elevage |location=Gitega |date=March 2022 |ref={{harvid|Document d’orientation strategique}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://proreds.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Investment-opportunities-in-renewable-energy-Burundi.pdf |accessdate=2024-08-31
|title=Investment opportunities in renewable energy Burundi |publisher=Minister for Energy and Mines |date=October 2012
|ref={{harvid|Investment opportunities in renewable energy}} }}
*{{citation|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |title=NASA Earth Observations: Population Density |accessdate=30 January 2016
|ref={{harvid|nasapop}} |publisher=NASA/SEDAC
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*{{citation|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014 |title=NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)
|ref={{harvid|nasarain}} |publisher=NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission|accessdate=30 January 2016
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419091014/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014
|archivedate=19 April 2019}} Average value for the years 2012–2014 within a box that is 0.1×0.1 degrees
*{{citation|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1 |title=NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification
|ref={{harvid|nasalandcover}} |publisher=NASA/MODIS |accessdate=30 January 2016
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228161657/http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1 |archivedate=28 February 2016}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/nyabihanga-une-partie-des-riverains-de-la-ruvyironza-dans-la-desolation-totale/ |accessdate=2024-09-06
|last=Ndabashinze |first=Rénovat |title=Nyabihanga : Une partie des riverains de la Ruvyironza dans la désolation totale
|language=fr |work=Iwacu |date=9 April 2024}}
*{{citation |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761558310/nile.html |work=Encarta online encyclopedia |access-date=2019-11-19
|title=Nile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513133842/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761558310/Nile.html
|archive-date=2008-05-13 |url-status=dead |ref={{harvid|Nile Encarta}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/294843/1/Th%C3%A8se-Ren%C3%A9-Nsabimana-15-09-2022-compressed1.pdf |accessdate=2024-08-15
|last=Nsabimana |first=René |title=Quality of service and access to electricity in Burundi and East Africa, a comparison of sector performance
|date=September 2022 |publisher=University of Liège}}
*{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2021-12/etude_vulnarabilit_adaptation_ccbi.pdf |accessdate=2024-09-06 |language=fr
|last1=Ntungumburanye |first1=Gérard |last2=Nindamutsa |first2=Astère |title=Etude de vulnerabilite et d’adaptation aux changements climatiques
|publisher=Ministère de l’Environnement, de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage |date=November 2018}}
*{{citation |url=http://www.provincegitega.gov.bi/index.php/communes/gishubi/decouvrir-gishubi |accessdate=2024-09-06 |language=fr
|title=Presentation de la Commune Gishubi |publisher=Gitaga government |ref={{harvid|Presentation de la Commune Gishubi}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/5392957#map=10/-3.5574/29.8306 |accessdate=2024-09-05
|title=Relation: Ruvyironza (5392957) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Relation: Ruvyironza (5392957)}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020118190004/http://www.geocities.com/BourbonStreet/5809/discover/nile.html |accessdate=2024-09-05
|title=River Nile |publisher=Geocities |ref={{harvid|River Nile Geocities}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://energypedia.info/wiki/Ruvyironza |accessdate=2024-08-15
*{{citation |title=The Nile |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9▼
|title=Ruvyironza |work=Energypedia |ref={{harvid|Ruvyironza Energypedia}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2019-12/sche-dir-amen-mis-val-marais.pdf |accessdate=2024-09-06 |language=fr
|title=Schema directeur d’amenagement et de mise en valeur des marais |publisher=Ministère de l’Aménagement du Territoire et de l’Environnement
|location=Bujumbura |date=September 2000 |ref={{harvid|Schema directeur d’amenagement}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/bururi-burundi-50k-4773iii-1981.pdf |accessdate=2024-09-05
|author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Bururi |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Bururi USDMA}} }}
▲*{{citation |title=The Nile |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |chapter-urlseries=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9Monographiae Biologicae |year=2009 |volume=89 |pages=163–192
|last1=Vijverberg|first1=Jacobus |last2=Sibbing|first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen|first3=Eshete |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9726-3
|location=Dordrecht |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9 |ref=292 |access-date=23 May 2021}}▼
|series=Monographiae Biologicae |year=2009 |volume=89 |pages=163–192
▲ |location=Dordrecht |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9 |ref=292 |access-date=23 May 2021
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210523211656/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9%23citeas |archive-date=23 May 2021}}
{{refend}}
 
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[[Category:Nile]]
[[Category:Rivers of Burundi]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tanzania]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Lake Victoria]]
 
{{Burundi-river-stub}}
{{Tanzania-river-stub}}
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