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{{
{{about|the country|other uses}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use Bangladeshi English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = People's Republic of Bangladesh
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| other_symbol = {{unbulleted list |[[File:Government Seal of Bangladesh.svg|100px|Seal of the Government of Bangladesh]]}}
| other_symbol_type = [[Government Seal of Bangladesh|Government Seal]]
| national_anthem = <br />{{lang|bn|আমার সোনার বাংলা}}
| image_map = Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption =
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| largest_city = capital
| languages_type = Official language<br />{{nowrap|{{nobold|and national language}}}}
| languages = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd">{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-705.html |script-title=bn:বাংলা ভাষা প্রচলন আইন, ১৯৮৭ |author=<!--Not stated-->
| languages2_type = '''Recognised foreign language'''
| languages2 = [[Bangladeshi English|English]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Evolution of English in Bangladesh |url=http://www.academypublication.com/issues2/jltr/vol10/02/05.pdf |access-date=10 November 2023 |date=1 March 2019 |publisher=Mohammad Nurul Islam |pages=9– |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205130347/http://www.academypublication.com/issues2/jltr/vol10/02/05.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
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| ethnic_groups = 99% [[Bengalis|Bengali]]<!--NOT [[Bengalis]]. The name of the ethnic group is Bengali and the people who belong to Bengali ethnicity are called Bengalis.-->
{{collapsible list
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic population in 2022 census |url=https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf }}</ref>
| ethnic_groups_year = 2022 census
| religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Census-data-confirm-decline-of-Bangladesh%E2%80%99s-religious-minorities-56363.html|title=Census data confirm decline of Bangladesh's religious minorities|website=
| demonym = [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]]
| government_type = [[Unitary parliamentary republic]] under an [[Yunus interim government|interim government]]
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| leader_name3 = [[Syed Refaat Ahmed]]
| legislature = [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
| sovereignty_type = [[
|
| established_date1 = 1352
|
| established_date2 = 1576
|
| established_date3 = 1757
|
| established_date4 = 1947
|
| established_date5 = 1955
| established_event6 = [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Declaration and liberation war]]
| established_date6 = 26 March 1971
| established_event7 = [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh|Provisional government]]
| established_date7 = 10 April 1971
| established_event8 = [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)|Victory]]
| established_date8 = 16 December 1971
| established_event9 = [[Constitution of Bangladesh|Current constitution]]
| established_date9 = 16 December 1972
| area_km2 = 148,460<ref name="bdarea">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Bangladesh|access-date=13 November 2021|year=2021}}</ref>
| area_rank = 92nd
| area_sq_mi = 57320
| area_label2 = Land area
| area_data2 = 130,170
| area_label3 = Water area
| area_data3 = 18,290
| percent_water = 6.4
| population_estimate =
| population_census = 169,828,911<ref name="populationcensus2022">{{cite web |title=Population and Housing Census 2022: Post Enumeration Check (PEC) Adjusted Population |url=http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2023-04-18-08-42-4f13d316f798b9e5fd3a4c61eae4bfef.pdf |date=18 April 2023 |website=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530205648/http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2023-04-18-08-42-4f13d316f798b9e5fd3a4c61eae4bfef.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Report: 68% Bangladeshis live in villages |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/332419/report-68%25-bangladeshis-live-in-villages |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=28 November 2023 |access-date=6 February 2024 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206021005/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/332419/report-68%25-bangladeshis-live-in-villages |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_estimate_year =
| population_estimate_rank =
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| population_density_km2 = 1,165
| population_density_sq_mi = 3,020
| population_density_rank =
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.620 trillion<ref>{{cite web |
| GDP_PPP_year = 2024
| GDP_PPP_rank = 25th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $9,410<ref>{{cite web |
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 126th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $455.166 billion<ref>{{cite web
| GDP_nominal_year = 2024
| GDP_nominal_rank = 34th
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| Gini_year = 2022
| Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite press release |title=KEY FINDINGS HIES 2022 |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/57def76a_aa3c_46e3_9f80_53732eb94a83/2023-04-13-09-35-ee41d2a35dcc47a94a595c88328458f4.pdf |page=15 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530091430/https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/57def76a_aa3c_46e3_9f80_53732eb94a83/2023-04-13-09-35-ee41d2a35dcc47a94a595c88328458f4.pdf |url-status=live
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.670 <!--number only-->
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| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Bangladesh|+880]]
| cctld = [[.bd]]<br />{{lang|bn|[[.bangla|.বাংলা]]}}
| area_magnitude =
| footnote =
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}}
{{Contains special characters|Bengali}}
'''Bangladesh''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|%|b|ae|N|g|l|@|"|d|E|S|,_|%|b|A:|N|-}}; {{lang-bn|<!-- The following spelling is correct. If you see anything odd, your browser isn't Unicode compliant. -->বাংলাদেশ|Bāṅlādēś}}, {{IPA
Bangladesh
In 1947, [[East Bengal]] became the most populous province in the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]
A [[middle power]] in the [[Indo-Pacific]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/rising-bangladesh-starts-exert-its-regional-power |title=A rising Bangladesh starts to exert its regional power |work=The Interpreter |publisher=Lowyinstitute.org |date=21 February 2019 |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331093408/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/rising-bangladesh-starts-exert-its-regional-power |url-status=live }}</ref> Bangladesh is home to the [[List of languages by number of native speakers|fifth-most spoken native language
==Etymology==
{{Main|Names of Bengal}}
The etymology of ''Bangladesh'' ("Bengali country") can be traced to the early 20th century, when Bengali patriotic songs, such as ''
==History==
{{Main|History of Bangladesh}}
{{History of Bangladesh}}
The history of Bangladesh dates back over four millennia to the [[Chalcolithic]] period. The region's early history was characterized by a succession of [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] kingdoms and empires that fought for control over the [[Bengal region]]. [[Islam in Bangladesh|Islam]] arrived in the 8th century and gradually became dominant from the early 13th century with the conquests led by [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]] and the activities of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] missionaries like [[Shah Jalal]]. Muslim rulers promoted the spread of Islam by building mosques across the region. From the 14th century onward, Bengal was ruled by the [[Bengal Sultanate]], founded by [[Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah]], who established an individual currency. The Bengal Sultanate expanded under rulers like [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]], leading to economic prosperity and military dominance, with Bengal being referred to by Europeans as the richest country to trade with. The region later became a part of the [[Mughal Empire]], and according to historian [[C. A. Bayly]], it was probably the empire's wealthiest province.
Following the decline of the Mughal Empire in the early 1700s, [[Bengal]] became a semi-independent state under the [[Nawabs of Bengal]], ultimately led by [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]]. It was later conquered by the British [[East India Company]] after the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757. Bengal played a crucial role in the [[Industrial Revolution]] in Britain, but also faced significant [[deindustrialization]]. The [[Bengal Presidency]] was established during British rule.
The borders of modern Bangladesh were established with the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] between India and Pakistan during the [[Partition of India]] in August 1947, when the region became [[East Pakistan]] as part of the newly formed [[Dominion of Pakistan|State of Pakistan]] following the end of the [[British Raj|British rule in the region]]. The [[Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence]] in March 1971 led to the nine-month-long [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], which culminated in the emergence of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Independence was declared by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] in 1971.
[[File:Siraj ud-Daula.jpg|thumb|upright=.6|left|[[Siraj-ud-Daulah]], the last independent [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab of Bengal]]]]
Since gaining independence, Bangladesh has faced political instability, economic reconstruction, and social transformation. The country experienced military coups and authoritarian rule, notably under [[Ziaur Rahman|General Ziaur Rahman]] and [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad|General Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]. The restoration of parliamentary democracy in the 1990s saw power alternate between the [[Awami League]], and the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]. In recent decades, Bangladesh has achieved significant economic growth, emerging as one of the world's fastest-growing economies, driven by its [[Textile industry in Bangladesh|garment industry]], remittances, and infrastructure development. However, it continues to grapple with political instability, human rights issues, and the impact of climate change. The return of the Awami League to power in 2009 under Sheikh Hasina's leadership saw economic progress but criticisms of [[authoritarianism]]. Bangladesh has played a critical role in addressing regional issues, including the [[Rohingya refugee crisis]], which has strained its resources and highlighted its humanitarian commitments.
The [[poverty]] rate went down from 80% in 1971 to 44% in 1991 to 13% in 2021.<ref name="The Daily Star-2021">{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/pre-pandemic-level-poverty-set-drop-further-2193171 |title=Pre-Pandemic Level: Poverty set to drop further |work=The Daily Star |date=8 October 2021 |access-date=2 October 2022 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203050519/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/pre-pandemic-level-poverty-set-drop-further-2193171 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cri.org.bd/2021/03/26/what-milestones-have-bangladesh-crossed-in-50-years/|title=What milestones have Bangladesh crossed in 50 years|date=26 March 2021|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006211719/https://cri.org.bd/2021/03/26/what-milestones-have-bangladesh-crossed-in-50-years/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2018/11/15/bangladesh-reducing-poverty-and-sharing-prosperity|title=Bangladesh: Reducing Poverty and Sharing Prosperity|website=World Bank |access-date=1 October 2022|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103122155/https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2018/11/15/bangladesh-reducing-poverty-and-sharing-prosperity|url-status=live}}</ref> Bangladesh emerged as the second-largest economy in South Asia,<ref name="The Daily Star-2019">{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh/bangladesh-ranked-41st-largest-economy-in-2019-all-over-the-world-study-1684078 |title=Bangladesh ranked 41st largest economy in 2019 all over the world |work=The Daily Star |date=8 January 2019 |access-date=2 October 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326035229/https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh/bangladesh-ranked-41st-largest-economy-in-2019-all-over-the-world-study-1684078 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="scroll.in">{{cite news |author=Sayeed Iftekhar Ahmed |url=https://scroll.in/article/1019006/where-do-bangladesh-and-pakistan-stand-after-50-years-of-separation#:~:text=Bangladesh%20outpaces%20Pakistan%20across%20all,the%20world's%20fastest%2Dgrowing%20economies |title=Where do Bangladesh and Pakistan stand after 50 years of separation? |work=Scroll.in |date=18 March 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404150359/https://scroll.in/article/1019006/where-do-bangladesh-and-pakistan-stand-after-50-years-of-separation#:~:text=Bangladesh%20outpaces%20Pakistan%20across%20all,the%20world's%20fastest%2Dgrowing%20economies |url-status=live }}</ref> surpassing the per capita income levels of both India and Pakistan.<ref name="Sharma-2021">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Mihir |date=31 May 2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-05-31/india-and-pakistan-are-now-poorer-than-bangladesh |title=South Asia Should Pay Attention to Its Standout Star |publisher=Bloomberg News |type=Opinion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207162332/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-05-31/india-and-pakistan-are-now-poorer-than-bangladesh |archive-date=7 February 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="scroll.in"/> As part of the [[green transition]], Bangladesh's industrial sector emerged as a leader in building green factories, with the country having the largest number of certified green factories in the world in 2023.<ref>[https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/321769/spearheading-sustainable-industries". Spearheading sustainable industries"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818205402/https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/321769/spearheading-sustainable-industries |date=18 August 2023 }}. ''Dhaka Tribune''. 6 August 2023.</ref> In January 2024, Awami League led by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina secured a fourth straight term in Bangladesh's [[2024 Bangladeshi general election|general election]]. Following [[2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement|nationwide protests]] against the Awami League government, on 5 August 2024, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina was [[Non-cooperation movement (2024)#Resignation of Sheikh Hasina|forced to resign and flee]] to India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh's prime minister flees country and resigns after deadly protest |url=https://news.sky.com/story/bangladesh-prime-minister-resigns-after-deadly-protests-reports-13191184 |date=2024-08-05 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=[[Sky News]]|archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805094428/https://news.sky.com/story/bangladesh-prime-minister-resigns-after-deadly-protests-reports-13191184 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/05/bangladesh-pm-has-resigned-and-left-country-media-reports-say-sheikh-hasina|title=Bangladesh PM has resigned and left country, reports say|date=2024-08-05|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=5 August 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902065034/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/05/bangladesh-pm-has-resigned-and-left-country-media-reports-say-sheikh-hasina|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina has resigned and left the country, media reports say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/bangladesh-protesters-call-march-dhaka-defiance-curfew-2024-08-05/ |access-date=5 August 2024 |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=5 August 2024|archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806033132/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/bangladesh-protesters-call-march-dhaka-defiance-curfew-2024-08-05/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="resign TST">{{Cite news |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/bangladesh-protest-pm-sheikh-hasina-resign-storm-palace-flee-safety-4527106 |title=Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina resigns and flees as protesters storm palace |date=5 August 2024 |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=[[The Straits Times]]|location=Singapore |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807095541/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/bangladesh-protest-pm-sheikh-hasina-resign-storm-palace-flee-safety-4527106 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=resign>{{Cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3273265/bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-has-resigned-and-left-country-media-reports-say |title=Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina has resigned and left the country, media reports say |date=5 August 2024 |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref> An [[2024 Bangladesh interim government|interim government]] was formed on 8 August, with Nobel laureate [[Muhammad Yunus]] as the [[Chief Advisor of Bangladesh|Chief Advisor]].<ref>{{cite web |date=8 August 2024 |title=Yunus-led interim govt sworn in |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/yunus-led-interim-govt-sworn-3672581 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808232802/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/yunus-led-interim-govt-sworn-3672581 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=The Daily Star}}</ref>
==Geography==
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Bangladesh is in South Asia on the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is surrounded almost entirely by neighbouring India, and shares a small border with [[Myanmar]] to its southeast, though it lies very close to [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], and China. The country is divided into three regions. Most of the country is dominated by the fertile [[Ganges Delta]], the largest river delta in the world.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Aditi Rajagopal|title=How the World's Largest Delta Might Slowly Go Under Water |url=https://www.discovery.com/nature/largest-delta-underwater|website=Discovery|date=8 February 2020|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208052815/http://www.discovery.com/nature/largest-delta-underwater|url-status=live}}</ref> The northwest and central parts of the country are formed by the [[Madhupur tract|Madhupur]] and the [[Barind Tract|Barind]] plateaus. The northeast and southeast are home to [[evergreen]] hill ranges.
The Ganges delta is formed by the confluence of the Ganges (local name [[Padma River|Padma]] or ''Pôdda''), [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] ([[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] or ''Jomuna''), and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] rivers and their tributaries. The Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later join the Meghna, finally flowing into the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh is called the "Land of Rivers";<ref>{{cite web |title=No Place Like Home – BANGLADESH: LAND OF RIVERS |url=https://ejfoundation.org/films/bangladesh-land-of-rivers |work=Environmental Justice Foundation |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930051647/https://ejfoundation.org/films/bangladesh-land-of-rivers |url-status=live }}</ref> as it is home to over 57 [[trans-boundary river]]s, the most of any nation-state. Water issues are hence politically complicated since the country is a lower [[Riparian zone|riparian]] state to India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Suvedī |first=Sūryaprasāda |title=International watercourses law for the 21st century |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |year=2005 |pages=154–166 |isbn=978-0-7546-4527-6}}</ref>
Bangladesh is predominantly rich fertile flat land. Most of it is less than {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level, and it is estimated that about 10% of its land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ali">{{cite journal |last=Ali |first=A. |title=Vulnerability of Bangladesh to climate change and sea level rise through tropical cyclones and storm surges |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00175563 |journal=Water, Air, & Soil Pollution |volume=92 |issue=1–2 |pages=171–179 |year=1996 |bibcode=1996WASP...92..171A |s2cid=93611792 |doi=10.1007/BF00175563 |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201143058/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00175563 |url-status=live }}</ref> 17% of the country is covered by forests and 12% is covered by hill systems. The country's [[haor]] wetlands are of significance to global environmental science. The [[List of mountains of Bangladesh|highest point in Bangladesh]] is the [[Saka Haphong]], located near the border with Myanmar, with an elevation of {{convert|1064|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=CIA/> Previously, either [[Keokradong]] or [[Tazing Dong]] were considered the highest.
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{{Main|Geography of Bangladesh#Climate|Climate change in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Flooding after 1991 cyclone.jpg|thumb|Flooding after the [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone]], which killed around 140,000 people]]
Straddling the [[Tropic of Cancer]], Bangladesh's climate is tropical, with a mild winter from October to March and a hot, humid summer from March to June. The country has never recorded an air temperature below {{convert|0|°C}}, with a record low of {{convert|1.1|°C}} in the northwest city of [[Dinajpur]] on 3 February 1905.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kantaji.com/dinajpurmap.html |title=Map of Dinajpur |website=kantaji.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713134542/http://kantaji.com/dinajpurmap.html |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref> A warm and humid [[monsoon]] season lasts from June to October and supplies most of the country's rainfall. Natural calamities, such as [[Floods in Bangladesh|floods]], [[tropical cyclone]]s, [[tornado]]es, and [[tidal bore]]s occur almost every year,<ref name="NatDis">{{cite book |last=Alexander |first=David E. |title= Natural Disasters |chapter-url= {{GBurl|id=gWHsuGTcF34C|p=532}}|year= 1999|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |isbn=978-0-412-04751-0 |page=532 |chapter=The Third World |orig-year=1993}}</ref> combined with the effects of [[deforestation]], [[Soils retrogression and degradation|soil degradation]] and [[erosion]]. The [[List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones|cyclones]] of 1970 and 1991 were particularly devastating, the [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone|latter]] killing approximately 140,000 people.<ref>"[https://
In September 1998, Bangladesh saw the [[1998 Bangladesh floods|most severe flooding]] in modern history, after which two-thirds of the country went underwater, along with a death toll of 1,000.<ref name="EWG">{{cite book |last=Haggett |first=Peter |title=Encyclopedia of World Geography |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IROIY4ONOSEC&pg=PA2634 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7614-7308-4 |oclc=46578454 |pages=2, 634 |chapter=The Indian Subcontinent |orig-year=2002 |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328182107/https://books.google.com/books?id=IROIY4ONOSEC&pg=PA2634 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of various international and national level initiatives in disaster risk reduction, the human toll and economic damage from floods and cyclones have come down over the years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Raju |first=M. N. A. |title=Disaster Preparedness for Sustainable Development in Bangladesh |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/294175/Disaster-Preparedness-for-Sustainable-Development-in-Bangladesh/2018-03-10 |work=Daily Sun |date=10 March 2018 |access-date=26 September 2019 |archive-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724074442/https://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/294175/Disaster-Preparedness-for-Sustainable-Development-in-Bangladesh/2018-03-10}}</ref> The [[2007 South Asian floods]] ravaged areas across the country, leaving five million people displaced, with a death toll around 500.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh flood death toll nears 500, thousands ill |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/DHA30252.htm |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=15 August 2007 |access-date=15 August 2007 |archive-date=5 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205073714/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/DHA30252.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
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Bangladesh is located in the [[Indomalayan realm]], and lies within four terrestrial ecoregions: [[Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]], [[Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests]], [[Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests]], and [[Sundarbans mangroves]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant |last10=Noss |first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest |first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E. M. |last23=Weeden |first23=Don |last24=Suckling |first24=Kierán |last25=Davis |first25=Crystal |last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel |last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca |last28=Thau |first28=David |last29=Birch |first29=Tanya |last30=Potapov |first30=Peter |last31=Turubanova |first31=Svetlana |last32=Tyukavina |first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza |first33=Nadia |last34=Pintea |first34=Lilian |last35=Brito |first35=José C. |last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A. |last37=Miller |first37=Anthony G. |last38=Patzelt |first38=Annette |last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A. |last40=Timberlake |first40=Jonathan |last41=Klöser |first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara |last43=Kindt |first43=Roeland |last44=Lillesø |first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow |last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo |last46=Graudal |first46=Lars |last47=Voge |first47=Maianna |last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem |first49=Muhammad|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545 |issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869 |pmc=5451287}}</ref> Its ecology includes a long sea coastline, numerous [[List of rivers in Bangladesh|rivers and tributaries]], lakes, [[wetland]]s, evergreen forests, semi evergreen forests, hill forests, moist [[deciduous forest]]s, freshwater swamp forests and flat land with tall grass. The Bangladesh Plain is famous for its fertile [[alluvial]] soil which supports extensive cultivation. The country is dominated by lush vegetation, with villages often buried in groves of [[mango]], [[jackfruit]], [[bamboo]], [[betel nut]], [[coconut]], and [[date palm]].<ref name="global.britannica.com">[http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/33426/Plant-and-animal-life Bangladesh | history – geography :: Plant and animal life] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203195926/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/33426/Plant-and-animal-life|date=3 February 2014}}. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> The country has up to 6000 species of plant life, including 5000 flowering plants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bdhcdelhi.org/index.php/flora-fauna|title=Flora and Fauna – Bangladesh high commission in India |website=Bangladesh High Commission, New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820012655/http://www.bdhcdelhi.org/index.php/flora-fauna |archive-date=20 August 2013}}</ref> Water bodies and wetland systems provide a habitat for many aquatic plants. [[Nymphaeaceae|Water lilies]] and [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotuses]] grow vividly during the monsoon season. The country has [[List of protected areas of Bangladesh|50 wildlife sanctuaries]].
Bangladesh is home to much of the [[Sundarbans]], the world's largest [[mangrove forest]], covering an area of {{convert|
Bangladesh has an abundance of [[Wildlife in Bangladesh|wildlife]] in its forests, marshes, woodlands, and hills.<ref name="global.britannica.com"/> The vast majority of animals dwell within a habitat of {{convert|
Several animals became extinct in Bangladesh during the last century, including the one-horned and two-horned [[rhinoceros]] and common [[peafowl]]. The human population is concentrated in urban areas, limiting deforestation to a certain extent. Rapid urban growth has threatened natural habitats. The country has widespread environmental issues, pollution of the [[Dhaleshwari River]] by the textile industry and shrimp cultivation in Chakaria Sundarbans have both been described by academics as [[ecocide]]s.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Suny |first1=Rabby Us |title=Political Economy of River Ecocide in Bangladesh: A Study in the Context of Dhaleshwari River |date=20 June 2022 |url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789811263750_0005 |work=Politics of Climate Change |pages=83–103 |access-date=10 July 2023 |publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC |doi=10.1142/9789811263750_0005 |isbn=978-981-12-6374-3 |last2=Sarkar |first2=Oliver Tirtho |last3=Hasan |first3=Md Abid |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710162257/https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789811263750_0005 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zaman |first=Samia |date=7 June 2023 |title=The Bangladesh Environmental Humanities Reader: by Samina Luthfa, Mohammad Tanzimuddin Khan, and Munasir Kamal, Lanham, Lexinton Books, 2022 ISBN:978-1-4985-9913-9 and 978-1-4985-9914-6 |journal=Environmental Politics |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=752–754 |doi=10.1080/09644016.2023.2192149 |s2cid=257785219 |issn=0964-4016|doi-access=free}}</ref> Although, many areas are protected under law, some Bangladeshi wildlife is threatened by this growth. The [[Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act]] was enacted in 1995. The government has designated several regions as [[Ecologically Critical Area]]s, including wetlands, forests, and rivers. The [[Sundarbans tiger project]] and the Bangladesh Bear Project are among the key initiatives to strengthen conservation.<ref name="bearprojectbd.weebly.com"/> It ratified the Rio [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] on 3 May 1994.<ref name="cbd.int">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/default.shtml?country=bd|title=Bangladesh – Country Profile|website=cbd.int|access-date=16 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217020013/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/default.shtml?country=bd|archive-date=17 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2014}}, the country was set to revise its [[Biodiversity action plan|National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan]].<ref name="cbd.int"/>
==Government and politics==
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[[File:Bangabhaban.jpg|thumb|[[Bangabhaban]] (literally ''Bengal House'') is the [[presidential palace]] of Bangladesh. It was originally a house for the [[Viceroy of India]] and the [[List of governors of Bengal Presidency|Governor of Bengal]].]]
[[File:The National Parliament of Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban|National Parliament]] building in [[Sher-e-Bangla Nagar]], a neighborhood named after the first [[Prime Minister of Bengal]]]]
Bangladesh is a ''[[de jure]]'' [[representative democracy]] under its [[Constitution of Bangladesh|constitution]], with a [[Westminster system|Westminster]]-style [[parliamentary republic]] that has [[universal suffrage]]. The head of government is the Prime Minister, who forms a government every five years. The President invites the leader of the largest party in parliament to become prime minister.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Bangladesh becoming an autocracy? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/is-bangladesh-becoming-an-autocracy/a-43151970 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=27 March 2018 |access-date=15 August 2019 |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223162129/https://www.dw.com/en/is-bangladesh-becoming-an-autocracy/a-43151970 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Bangladesh Supreme Court.jpg|thumb|[[Supreme Court of Bangladesh]]]]
The [[Government of Bangladesh]] is overseen by a [[Cabinet of Bangladesh|cabinet]] headed by the [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]]. The tenure of a parliamentary government is five years. The [[Bangladesh Civil Service]] assists the cabinet in running the government. Recruitment for the civil service is based on a public examination. In theory, the civil service should be a meritocracy. But a disputed quota system coupled with politicisation and preference for seniority have allegedly affected the civil service's meritocracy.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/08/no-meritocracy-bangladeshs-civil-service/ |last=Kabir |first=A.|title=No Meritocracy: Bangladesh's Civil Service|magazine=The Diplomat|date=12 August 2013|access-date=9 October 2019|archive-date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009054556/https://thediplomat.com/2013/08/no-meritocracy-bangladeshs-civil-service/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[President of Bangladesh]] is the ceremonial head of state<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-bangladesh/government/president/|title=President|publisher=The Nexus Commonwealth Network|access-date=10 October 2019|archive-date=10 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010061821/http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-bangladesh/government/president/|url-status=live}}</ref> whose powers include signing bills passed by parliament into law. The President is the Supreme Commander of the Bangladesh Armed Forces and the chancellor of all universities.
The [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh]] is the highest court of the land, followed by the [[High Court Division|High Court]] and Appellate Divisions. The head of the judiciary is the [[Chief Justice of Bangladesh]], who sits on the Supreme Court. The courts have wide latitude in [[judicial review in Bangladesh|judicial review]], and judicial [[precedent]] is supported by Article 111 of the constitution. The [[Judiciary of Bangladesh|judiciary]] includes district and metropolitan courts divided into civil and criminal courts. Due to a shortage of judges, the judiciary has a large backlog.
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===Foreign relations===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Bangladesh}}
Bangladesh is considered a [[middle power]] in [[global politics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/bangladesh-at-50-on-the-path-to-becoming-a-middle-power/|title=Bangladesh at 50: On the Path to Becoming a Middle Power|work=[[The Diplomat]]|date=16 December 2021 |last=Hassan |first=Asif Muztaba|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926153004/https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/bangladesh-at-50-on-the-path-to-becoming-a-middle-power/|url-status=live}}</ref> It plays an important role in the geopolitical affairs of the [[Indo-Pacific]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbr.org/publication/understanding-the-importance-of-bangladesh-in-the-bay-of-bengal-and-the-indo-pacific/|title=Understanding the Importance of Bangladesh in the Bay of Bengal and the Indo-Pacific |last=Karim |first=Tariq A.|date=21 May 2022|publisher=[[National Bureau of Asian Research]]|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926153004/https://www.nbr.org/publication/understanding-the-importance-of-bangladesh-in-the-bay-of-bengal-and-the-indo-pacific/|url-status=live}}</ref> due to its strategic location between South and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/156355/adbi-wp500.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/156355/adbi-wp500.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Connecting South Asia and Southeast Asia: A Bangladesh Country Study|date=September 2014|publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]]|access-date=26 September 2022|number=500 |last1=Rahman |first1=Mustafizur |last2=Moazzem |first2=Khondaker Golam |last3=Chowdhury |first3=Mehruna Islam |last4=Sehrin |first4=Farzana}}</ref> Bangladesh joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] in 1972 and the United Nations in 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/bangladesh-enters-commonwealth-1894048 |title=Bangladesh enters Commonwealth |last=Sajen |first=Shamsuddoza|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=18 April 2020 |access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926153013/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/bangladesh-enters-commonwealth-1894048|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.un.org/en/audio/2014/09/592702|title=Bangladesh marks 40 years as Member State of the UN |
[[Bangladesh–Myanmar relations|Relations]] with neighbouring Myanmar have been severely strained since 2016–2017, after over 700,000 [[Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh|Rohingya refugees]] illegally entered Bangladesh.<ref name="RohingyaHRW">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/08/05/bangladesh-not-my-country/plight-rohingya-refugees-myanmar|title=Bangladesh Is Not My Country|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=5 August 2018|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927102348/https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/08/05/bangladesh-not-my-country/plight-rohingya-refugees-myanmar|url-status=live}}</ref> The parliament, government, and civil society of Bangladesh have been at the forefront of [[International reaction to the 2016–17 Rohingya exodus|international criticism]] against Myanmar for military operations against the Rohingya, and have demanded their [[right of return]] to [[Arakan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/bangladesh-and-myanmar-resume-talks-on-rohingya-repatriation/ | title=Bangladesh and Myanmar Resume Talks on Rohingya Repatriation | access-date=28 September 2022 | archive-date=28 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928184715/https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/bangladesh-and-myanmar-resume-talks-on-rohingya-repatriation/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/17/rohingya-refugees-have-to-be-taken-back-bangladesh-pm-says|title=Bangladesh tells UN that Rohingya refugees must return to Myanmar|date=17 August 2022|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926223428/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/17/rohingya-refugees-have-to-be-taken-back-bangladesh-pm-says|url-status=live}}</ref>
Bangladesh shares an important [[Bangladesh–India relations|bilateral and economic relationship]] with its largest neighbour India,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_Bangladesh_MAR2021.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_Bangladesh_MAR2021.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=India-Bangladesh Bilateral Relations|date=March 2021|publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> which is often strained by [[Water politics in India|water politics]] of the [[Ganges water dispute|Ganges]] and the [[Teesta River#Water sharing challenge|Teesta]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/india-and-bangladesh-conflict-over-ganges-river | title=India and Bangladesh Conflict over the Ganges River | Climate-Diplomacy | date=January 1957 | access-date=23 October 2022 | archive-date=23 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023122123/https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/india-and-bangladesh-conflict-over-ganges-river | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Karim |first=Sajid |date=November 2020 |title=Transboundary Water Cooperation between Bangladesh and India in the Ganges River Basin: Exploring a Benefit-sharing Approach |type=Master's |publisher=[[Uppsala University]] |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1499222/FULLTEXT01.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1499222/FULLTEXT01.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/04/india-must-settle-the-teesta-river-dispute-with-bangladesh-for-lasting-gains/|title=India Must Settle the Teesta River Dispute With Bangladesh for Lasting Gains|work=[[The Diplomat]]|date=9 April 2021|access-date=27 September 2022 |last=Banerji |first=Anuttama|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927102352/https://thediplomat.com/2021/04/india-must-settle-the-teesta-river-dispute-with-bangladesh-for-lasting-gains/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border|border killings of Bangladeshi civilians]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/unlawful-killings-along-india-border-bangladeshi-families-seek-justice/2141343 |title='Unlawful killings' along India border: Bangladeshi families seek justice|work=[[Anadolu Agency]]|date=11 February 2021|access-date=27 September 2022 |last=Kamruzzaman |first=Md.|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927102348/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/unlawful-killings-along-india-border-bangladeshi-families-seek-justice/2141343|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/12/22/bangladesh-sees-highest-border-deaths-in-10-years|title=Bangladesh sees highest border deaths in 10 years|date=22 December 2020 |last=Anik |first=Syed Samiul Basher|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927102351/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/12/22/bangladesh-sees-highest-border-deaths-in-10-years|url-status=live}}</ref> Post-independent Bangladesh has continued to have a problematic relationship with Pakistan, mainly due to its denial of the 1971 Bangladesh genocide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/should-pakistan-apologize-to-bangladesh-for-the-1971-war/a-57051549|title=Should Pakistan apologize to Bangladesh for the 1971 war?|work=[[DW News]]|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=30 March 2021|access-date=27 September 2022 |last=Janjua |first=Haroon|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927102348/https://www.dw.com/en/should-pakistan-apologize-to-bangladesh-for-the-1971-war/a-57051549|url-status=live}}</ref> It maintains a [[Bangladesh-China relations|warm relationship]] with China, which is its largest trading partner, and the largest arms supplier.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/41935-decoding-china-bangladesh-relationship/|title=Decoding China-Bangladesh relationship |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Joyeeta|date=27 June 2018|access-date=27 September 2022|publisher=[[Observer Research Foundation]]|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927102352/https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/41935-decoding-china-bangladesh-relationship/|url-status=live}}</ref> Japan is Bangladesh's largest economic aid provider, and the two maintain a [[Bangladesh–Japan relations|strategic and economic partnership]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/50-years-of-japan-bangladesh-ties-from-economic-to-strategic-partnership/|title=50 Years of Japan-Bangladesh Ties: From Economic to Strategic Partnership|work=[[The Diplomat]]|date=10 February 2022 |last=Shazzad |first=Hussain|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926153002/https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/50-years-of-japan-bangladesh-ties-from-economic-to-strategic-partnership/|url-status=live}}</ref> Political relations with Middle Eastern countries are robust.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/38010 | title=Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia have extremely cordial relations
===Military===
Line 404 ⟶ 276:
The [[Bangladesh Navy]], one of the largest in the Bay of Bengal, includes a [[List of active ships of the Bangladesh Navy|fleet]] of frigates, submarines, corvettes, and other vessels. The [[Bangladesh Air Force]] has a [[List of active Bangladesh military aircraft|small fleet]] of multi-role combat aircraft. Most of Bangladesh's military equipment comes from China.<ref>{{cite news |last=Balachandran |first=P.K. |date=12 April 2017 |title=Rivals India and China woo Bangladesh with aid totalling $46 b |url=http://www.ft.lk/article/609166/Rivals-India-and-China-woo-Bangladesh-with-aid-totalling---46-b |work=[[Daily FT]] |access-date=27 July 2017 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728123712/http://www.ft.lk/article/609166/Rivals-India-and-China-woo-Bangladesh-with-aid-totalling---46-b |url-status=live }}</ref> In recent years, Bangladesh and India have increased joint military exercises, high-level visits of military leaders, [[counter-terrorism]] cooperation and intelligence sharing. Bangladesh is vital to ensuring stability and security in [[northeast India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/migration-river-management-radicalisation-66008/ |title=Migration, river management, radicalisation: What does the future hold for India-Bangladesh relations? |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Joyeeta |date=May 2020 |website=Observer Research Foundation |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207231444/https://www.orfonline.org/research/migration-river-management-radicalisation-66008/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-206537 |title=Bangladesh and India's Northeast: A security perspective |work=The Daily Star |date=15 October 2011 |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=8 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208025833/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-206537 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Bangladesh's strategic importance in the eastern subcontinent hinges on its proximity to China, its frontier with Burma, the separation of mainland and northeast India, and its maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anu Anwar, Michael Kugelman |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/01/us-bangladesh-relations-dhaka-india-china-bri/ |title=The U.S. Should Deepen Ties With Bangladesh |publisher=Foreignpolicy.com |date=1 December 2021 |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207162327/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/01/us-bangladesh-relations-dhaka-india-china-bri/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2002, Bangladesh and China signed a Defence Cooperation Agreement.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kinne |first=Brandon J. |date=15 August 2018 |title=Defense Cooperation Agreements and the Emergence of a Global Security Network |journal=International Organization |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=799–837 |doi=10.1017/S0020818318000218 |s2cid=158722872 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The United States has pursued negotiations with Bangladesh on a [[Status of forces agreement|Status of Forces Agreement]], an [[Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement]] and a General Security of Military Information Agreement.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paul |first=Bimal Kanti |date=2005 |title=Bangladeshi American Response to the 1998 Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA): An Assessment |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9272.2005.00494.x?journalCode=rtpg20 |journal=The Professional Geographer |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=495–505 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9272.2005.00494.x |bibcode=2005ProfG..57..495P |s2cid=129498633 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207162327/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9272.2005.00494.x?journalCode=rtpg20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Nazmul |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/us-keen-on-military-ties-with-dhaka-1.386026 |title=U.S. keen on military ties with Dhaka | Uae |
===Civil society===
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{{Main|Human rights in Bangladesh}}
[[File:R.A.B.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Armed men in black uniforms on a street|The [[Rapid Action Battalion]] has been sanctioned by the United States for human rights abuses.]]
[[Torture]] is banned by the [[Constitution of Bangladesh]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24583.html|title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh | 35. Protection in respect of trial and punishment|website=bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108042355/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24583.html|url-status=live}}</ref> but is rampantly used by Bangladesh's security forces. Bangladesh joined the [[Convention against Torture]] in 1998 and it enacted its first anti-torture law, the [[Torture and Custodial Death (Prevention) Act]], in 2013. The first conviction under this law was announced in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/law-our-rights/news/jonnys-custodial-death-case-lessons-learned-the-verdict-1969413|title=Jonny's custodial death case: Lessons learned from the verdict |first=Ali |last=Mashraf|date=29 September 2020|work=The Daily Star|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108042350/https://www.thedailystar.net/law-our-rights/news/jonnys-custodial-death-case-lessons-learned-the-verdict-1969413|url-status=live}}</ref> Amnesty International [[Prisoner of conscience|Prisoners of Conscience]] from Bangladesh have included [[Saber Hossain Chowdhury]] and [[Shahidul Alam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa13/9065/2018/en/|title=Bangladesh: Prisoner of conscience faces prolonged detention: Shahidul Alam|date=11 September 2018|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108042350/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa13/9065/2018/en/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa130022003en.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa130022003en.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Bangladesh: Senior Awami League politician in danger of torture |date=9 January 2003 |
On [[International Human Rights Day]] in December 2021, the United States [[United States Department of the Treasury|Department of Treasury]] announced [[Economic sanctions|sanctions]] on commanders of the [[Rapid Action Battalion]] for extrajudicial killings, torture, and other human rights abuses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0526 |title=Treasury Sanctions Perpetrators of Serious Human Rights Abuse on International Human Rights Day|website=U.S. Department of the Treasury|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=26 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226182610/https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0526|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Freedom House]] has criticised the government for human rights abuses, the crackdown on the opposition, mass media, and civil society through politicized enforcement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/bangladesh |title=Bangladesh: Country Profile |website=Freedom House |date=30 March 2022|access-date=18 February 2015|archive-date=12 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212185912/https://freedomhouse.org/country/bangladesh|url-status=live}}</ref> Bangladesh is ranked "partly free" in Freedom House's ''[[Freedom in the World]]'' report,<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/bangladesh Bangladesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212185912/https://freedomhouse.org/country/bangladesh |date=12 February 2015 }}. Freedom House. Retrieved 27 April 2015.</ref> but its [[press freedom]] has deteriorated from "free" to "not free" in recent years due to increasing pressure from the government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/bangladesh |title=Bangladesh – Country report – Freedom in the World – 2016|website=freedomhouse.org|access-date=12 May 2016|date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610020814/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/bangladesh}}</ref> According to the British [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], the country has a [[hybrid regime]]: the third of four rankings in its [[Democracy Index]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sudestada.com.uy/Content/Articles/421a313a-d58f-462e-9b24-2504a37f6b56/Democracy-index-2014.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.sudestada.com.uy/Content/Articles/421a313a-d58f-462e-9b24-2504a37f6b56/Democracy-index-2014.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Democracy Index 2014: Democracy and its discontents |newspaper=The Economist |via=Sudestada.com.uy}}</ref> Bangladesh was ranked 96th among 163 countries in the 2022 [[Global Peace Index]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GPI-2022-web.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GPI-2022-web.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Global Peace Index 2022 |publisher=Institute for Economics & Peace |date=June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022 |pages=10–11}}</ref> According to National Human Rights Commission, 70% of alleged human-rights violations are committed by law-enforcement agencies.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/bangladeshs-crisis-civil-liberties-and-human-rights |title= Clashing ideologies |author= Ridwanul Hoque |date= 5 August 2015 |publisher= D+C, development and cooperation |access-date= 21 December 2015 |archive-date= 22 December 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151222125141/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/bangladeshs-crisis-civil-liberties-and-human-rights |url-status= live }}</ref>
[[LGBT rights in Bangladesh|LGBT rights]] are frowned upon among social conservatives.<ref>{{cite web
===Corruption===
{{Main|Corruption in Bangladesh}}
Like many developing countries, [[institutional corruption]] is an issue of concern for Bangladesh. Bangladesh was ranked 146th among 180 countries on [[Transparency International]]'s 2018 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018/results|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2018 – Transparency International|publisher=[[Transparency International]]|access-date=29 January 2017|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053429/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018/results}}</ref> Land administration was the sector with the most bribery in 2015,<ref>''[https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/images/2016/es_nhhs_16_en.pdf Corruption in Service Sectors: National Household Survey 2015] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107003918/https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/images/2016/es_nhhs_16_en.pdf |date=7 January 2017 }}'', Transparency International Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2016, p. 1</ref> followed by education,<ref>''[https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/images/2016/es_nhhs_16_en.pdf Corruption in Service Sectors: National Household Survey 2015] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107003918/https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/images/2016/es_nhhs_16_en.pdf |date=7 January 2017 }}'', Transparency International Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2016, p. 12</ref> police<ref>''[https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/images/2016/es_nhhs_16_en.pdf Corruption in Service Sectors: National Household Survey 2015] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107003918/https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/images/2016/es_nhhs_16_en.pdf |date=7 January 2017 }}'', Transparency International Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2016, p. 21</ref> and water supply.<ref>''[https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bribe/2009/08/bangladesh-a-dirty-deal-back-fires.html The Business of Bribes: Bangladesh: The Blowback of Corruption] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809062926/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bribe/2009/08/bangladesh-a-dirty-deal-back-fires.html |date=9 August 2017 }}'', Public Broadcasting Services, Arlington, Virginia, 2009</ref> The [[Anti Corruption Commission Bangladesh|Anti Corruption Commission]] was formed in 2004, and it was active during the [[2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis]], indicting many leading politicians, bureaucrats and businessmen for [[Graft (politics)|graft]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.u4.no/publications/overview-of-corruption-and-anti-corruption-in-bangladesh/|title=Overview of corruption and anti-corruption in Bangladesh|website=U4|access-date=9 December 2015|archive-date=8 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108140729/http://www.u4.no/publications/overview-of-corruption-and-anti-corruption-in-bangladesh/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ACC largely ineffective |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/acc-largely-ineffective-25194 |work=The Daily Star |date=21 May 2014 |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729013717/https://www.thedailystar.net/acc-largely-ineffective-25194 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://govpoliju.com/anti-corruption-commission-and-political-government-an-evaluation-of-awami-league-regime-2009-2012/|title=Anti Corruption Commission and Political Government: An Evaluation of Awami League Regime (2009–2012) {{!}} Government and Politics, JU|website=govpoliju.com|access-date=1 June 2016|archive-date=18 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118035306/http://govpoliju.com/anti-corruption-commission-and-political-government-an-evaluation-of-awami-league-regime-2009-2012/}}</ref>
==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Bangladesh}}
[[File:Kemal Ataturk Avenue 2023 Nov.jpg|thumb|Office blocks on Kemal
Bangladesh is the second largest economy in South Asia after India.<ref name="The Daily Star-2019" /><ref name="scroll.in" /> The country has outpaced India and Pakistan in terms of per capita income.<ref name="Sharma-2021" /><ref name="scroll.in" /> According to the [[World Bank]], "when the newly independent country of Bangladesh was born on December 16, 1971, it was the second poorest country in the world—making the country's transformation over the next 50 years one of the great development stories. Since then, poverty has been cut in half at record speed. Enrollment in primary school is now nearly universal. Hundreds of thousands of women have entered the workforce. Steady progress has been made on maternal and child health. And the country is better buttressed against the destructive forces posed by climate change and natural disasters. Bangladesh's success comprises many moving parts—from investing in human capital to establishing macroeconomic stability. Building on this success, the country is now setting the stage for further economic growth and job creation by ramping up investments in energy, inland connectivity, urban projects, and transport infrastructure, as well as focusing on climate change adaptation and disaster preparedness on its path toward sustainable growth."<ref>{{Cite web
[[File:Straddle carrier from Port of Chittagong (01).jpg|thumb|[[Chittagong]] has the [[Port of Chittagong|busiest port]] on the Bay of Bengal.]]
In 2022, Bangladesh had the second largest [[List of countries by foreign exchange reserves|foreign-exchange reserves]] in South Asia. The reserves have boosted the government's spending capacity despite tax revenues forming only 7.7% of government revenue.<ref name="trade.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/bangladesh-market-overview |title=Bangladesh
The [[Bangladeshi taka]] is the national currency. The service sector accounts for about 51.3% of total GDP and employs 39% of the workforce. The industrial sector accounts for 35.1% of GDP and employs 20.4% of the workforce. The [[Agriculture in Bangladesh|agriculture sector]] makes up 13.6% of the economy but is the biggest employment sector, with 40.6% of the workforce.<ref name="trade.gov"/> In agriculture, the country is a major producer of [[Rice production in Bangladesh|rice]], [[List of fishes in Bangladesh|fish]], [[Tea production in Bangladesh|tea]], fruits, vegetables, flowers,<ref>{{Cite web
===Private sector===
The private sector accounts for 80% of GDP compared to the dwindling role of state-owned companies.<ref>{{Cite web
===Infrastructure===
[[File:The padma bridge 04.jpg|thumb|The [[Padma Bridge]] is a [[List of road–rail bridges|road-rail bridge]] which spans the Bangladeshi branch of the [[Ganges]] that is known as the [[Padma River]]. It is the longest bridge on the Ganges. When it was opened in June 2022, the bridge was expected to boost GDP by 1.23%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Economic impact of Padma Bridge |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/
Since 2009, Bangladesh has embarked on a series of [[List of megaprojects in Bangladesh|megaprojects]]. For instance, the 6.15 km long Padma Bridge was built for US$3.86 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/bangladesh-unveils-padma-river-bridge/6633218.html#:~:text=Costing%20%243.86%20billion%2C%20it%20is,company%20linked%20to%20the%20bridge |first1=Faisal |last1=Mahmud |title=Bangladesh Unveils Padma River Bridge |publisher=VOA
===Tourism===
{{Further|Tourism in Bangladesh}}
The tourism industry is expanding, contributing some 3.02% of total GDP.<ref>{{cite web
===Energy===
{{main|Electricity sector in Bangladesh|Energy policy of Bangladesh|Bangladesh Power Development Board|Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh|Petrobangla}}
[[File:Moving Turbines!!.jpg|thumb|Wind turbines on [[Kutubdia Island]]]]
Bangladesh is gradually transitioning to a [[green economy]]. It has the largest off-grid solar power programme in the world, benefiting 20 million people.<ref>{{cite web
Bangladesh continues to have huge untapped reserves of natural gas, particularly in its maritime territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2021/12/natural-gas-underexplored-in-bangladesh|title=Natural Gas – Underexplored in Bangladesh?|date=15 December 2021|website=GEO ExPro|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003114124/https://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2021/12/natural-gas-underexplored-in-bangladesh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/11/bangladesh-asias-new-energy-superpower/#:~:text=With%20its%20new%20territory%2C%20Bangladesh%27s,the%20end%20of%20the%20year. |
While [[List of government-owned companies of Bangladesh|government-owned companies in Bangladesh]] generate nearly half of Bangladesh's electricity, privately owned companies like the Summit Group and [[Orion Group (Bangladesh)|Orion Group]] are playing an increasingly important role in both generating electricity, and supplying machinery, reactors, and equipment.<ref>{{Cite web
The government stopped buying [[spot price]] LNG in June 2022. The country's [[forex]] reserves declined due to surging fuel imports. Bangladesh imported 30% of its LNG on the [[spot price]] market in 2022, down from 40% in 2021. Bangladesh continues to trade in LNG on the [[futures exchange]] markets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devnath |first=Arun |date=7 August 2022 |title=Bangladesh Plans Staggered Factory Holidays to Ease Power Crunch |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-08/bangladesh-plans-staggered-factory-holidays-to-ease-power-crunch |access-date=12 October 2022 |
The [[Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant]], Bangladesh's first operational nuclear plant, is nearing completion as of the end of 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-russia-nuclear-plant-b38f3dcdce3404c3da0be1d68e7ba469 | title=Bangladesh gets first uranium shipment from Russia for its Moscow-built nuclear power plant |
==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Bangladesh|Bengalis}}
{{Historical populations
Line 470 ⟶ 342:
|2022|165,160,000
}}
According to the [[2022 Census of Bangladesh|2022 Census]], Bangladesh has a population of 165.1 million,<ref name="populationcensus2022"/> and is the [[List of countries by population|eighth-most-populous country]] in the world, the [[List of Asian countries by population|fifth-most populous country]] in Asia, and the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|most densely populated large country]] in the world, with a headline population density of 1,265 people/km<sup>2</sup> {{as of|2020|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web
Bangladesh is an [[List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level|ethnically and culturally homogeneous society]], as [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] form 99% of the population.<ref name="dhakatribune1"/> The [[Adivasi]] population includes the [[Chakma people|Chakmas]], [[Marma people|Marmas]], [[Santhal people|Santhals]], [[Mru people (Mrucha)|Mros]], [[Tanchangya people|Tanchangyas]], [[Bawm people|Bawms]], [[Tripuri people|Tripuris]], [[Khasi people|Khasis]], [[Khumi people|Khumis]], [[Kuki people|Kukis]], [[Garo people|Garos]], and [[Bisnupriya Manipuri people|Bisnupriya Manipuris]]. The Chittagong Hill Tracts region experienced unrest and an [[Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict|insurgency]] from 1975 to 1997 in an autonomy movement by its indigenous people. Although a peace accord was signed in 1997, the region remains militarised.<ref name="rashiduzzaman">{{cite journal |last=Rashiduzzaman |first=M |year=1998 |title=Bangladesh's Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord: Institutional Features and Strategic Concerns |journal=Asian Survey |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=653–70 |doi=10.2307/2645754 |jstor=2645754}}</ref> [[Urdu]]-speaking [[stranded Pakistanis]] were given citizenship by the Supreme Court in 2008.<ref>[https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1261574665_4b2b90c32.pdf Note on the nationality status of the Urdu-speaking community in Bangladesh] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222201246/https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1261574665_4b2b90c32.pdf |date=22 February 2015}}. UNHCR – The UN Refugee Agency.</ref> Bangladesh also hosts over 700,000 Rohingya refugees since 2017, giving it one of the largest refugee populations in the world.<ref name="RohingyaHRW"/>
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===Urban centres===
{{Further|List of cities and towns in Bangladesh}}
Bangladesh's capital Dhaka and the largest city and is overseen by two city corporations that manage between them the northern and southern parts of the city. There are 12 [[List of City Corporations of Bangladesh|city corporations]] which hold mayoral elections: Dhaka South, Dhaka North, [[Chittagong]], [[Comilla]], [[Khulna]], [[Mymensingh]], [[Sylhet]], [[Rajshahi]], [[Barisal]], [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], [[Gazipur, Dhaka Division|Gazipur]] and [[Narayanganj]]. But there are 8 district's in total. There being 8 districts in total. They are- [[Dhaka]], [[Chittagong]], [[Sylhet]], [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], [[Rajshahi]], [[Khulna]], [[Mymensingh]], [[Barishal]]. Mayors are elected for five-year terms. Altogether there are 506 urban centres in Bangladesh which 43 cities have a population of more than 100,000.
{{Largest cities
| country = Bangladesh
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===Language===
{{Main|Languages of Bangladesh}}
The official and predominant language of Bangladesh is [[Bengali language|Bengali]], which is spoken by more than 99% of the population as their [[first language|native language]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Population and Housing Census 2022: Report on Socio-Economic and Demographic Survey 2023 |url=http://nsds.bbs.gov.bd/storage/files/1/SEDS_2023_Report.pdf |date=June 2024 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |page=xx |isbn=978-984-35-2977-0 |access-date=9 June 2024 |archive-date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609194053/http://nsds.bbs.gov.bd/storage/files/1/SEDS_2023_Report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LOG">{{cite
English plays an important role in Bangladesh's judicial and educational affairs, due to the country's history as part of the British Empire. It is widely spoken and commonly understood, and is taught as a compulsory subject in all [[List of schools in Bangladesh|schools]], [[List of colleges in Bangladesh|colleges]] and [[List of universities in Bangladesh|universities]], while the English-medium educational system is widely attended.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=Mohammad Mosiur |last2=Islam |first2=Mohammad Shaiful |last3=Karim |first3=Abdul |last4=Chowdhury |first4=Takad Ahmed |last5=Rahman |first5=Muhammad Mushfiqur |last6=Ibna Seraj |first6=Prodhan Mahbub |last7=Mehar Singh |first7=Manjet Kaur |title=English language teaching in Bangladesh today: Issues, outcomes, and implications |date=5 June 2019 |journal=Language Testing in Asia |volume=9 |number=9 |doi=10.1186/s40468-019-0085-8 |s2cid=189801612 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Tribal languages, although increasingly endangered, include the [[Chakma language]], another native Eastern Indo-Aryan language, spoken by the Chakma people. Others are [[Garo language|Garo]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]], [[Kokborok]] and [[Rakhine language|Rakhine]]. Among the [[Austroasiatic languages]], the most spoken is the [[Santali language]], native to the [[Santal people]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Seung |first1=Kim |last2=Kim |first2=Amy |title=The Santali cluster in Bangladesh: a sociolinguistic survey |year=2010 |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/85/39/32/85393268857150358467007206894440229270/silesr2010_006.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/85/39/32/85393268857150358467007206894440229270/silesr2010_006.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |issue=2010–006 |publisher=[[SIL International]] |series=Survey Report |access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
The [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh|stranded Pakistanis]] and some sections of the [[Dhakaiyas|Old Dhakaite]]s often use [[Urdu]] as their native tongue. Still, the usage of the latter remains highly reproached.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ashrafi |first=Shah Tazrian |title=How the Urdu language and literature slipped into darkness in Bangladesh |url=https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/how-the-urdu-language-and-literature-slipped-into-darkness-in-bangladesh-43391 |work=[[TRT World]] |date=19 January 2021 |type=Opinion |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220324085008/https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/how-the-urdu-language-and-literature-slipped-into-darkness-in-bangladesh-43391 |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Religion ===
{{pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religions in Bangladesh (2022)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/bangladeshs-population-size-now-1651-million | title=Census 2022: Bangladesh population now 165 million | date=27 July 2022 | access-date=28 July 2022 | archive-date=27 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727073234/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/bangladeshs-population-size-now-1651-million | url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 91.04
|color1 = green
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|value2 = 7.95
|color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Buddhism]]
|value3 = 0.61
|color3 = yellow
|label4 = [[Christianity]]
|value4 = 0.30
|color4 = DodgerBlue
|label5 = Others
|value5 = 0.12
|color5 = wheat }}
{{Main|Religion in Bangladesh}}
{{multiple image
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}}-->
Bangladesh was constitutionally proclaimed as a [[secular state]] in 1972.
Before the partition of India in 1941, Hindus formed 28% of the population.
=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Literacy rate Bangladesh.png|thumb|right|Literacy rates in Bangladesh districts]]
The constitution states that all children shall receive free and compulsory education.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh: Article 17 (Free and compulsory education) |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367§ions_id=24565 |website=Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808153353/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367§ions_id=24565 |url-status=live }}</ref> Education in Bangladesh is overseen by the [[Ministry of Education (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Education]]. The [[Ministry of Primary and Mass Education]] is responsible for implementing policy for primary education and state-funded schools at a local level. Primary and secondary education is [[compulsory education|compulsory]], and is financed by the state and free of charge in public schools. Bangladesh has a [[literacy rate]] of 74.7% per cent as of 2019: 77.4% for males and 71.9% for females.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 September 2020
The education system is divided into five levels: primary (first to fifth grade), junior secondary (sixth to eighth grade), secondary (ninth and tenth grade), higher secondary (11th and 12th grade), and tertiary which is university level.<ref name="CompEd2">{{cite book |author=T. Neville Postlethwaite |title=The Encyclopedia of Comparative Education and National Systems of Education |publisher=Pergamon Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-08-030853-1 |page=130}}</ref> According to Hossain 2016, the formal schooling of secondary education in Bangladesh is seven years. The first three years are called junior secondary and include grades six to eight. The next two years are called secondary and include grades nine and ten. The final two years are called higher secondary and include grade eleven and twelve. Based on the information from Hossain 2016 and Daily Star 2010, to pass the fifth grade the Bangladesh Education Ministry requires a public exam called Primary School Certificate (PSC). During the eighth grade students have to pass the Junior School Certificate (JSC) exam to get enrolled in ninth grade, while tenth-grade students have to pass the Secondary School Certificate (SSC) exam to proceed to eleventh grade. Lastly, students have to pass the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) exam at grade twelve to apply for university.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mamun |first1=Mohammed A. |last2=Griffiths |first2=Mark D. |date=2022 |title=Young Teenage Suicides in Bangladesh—Are Mandatory Junior School Certificate Exams to Blame? |journal=International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
[[Universities in Bangladesh]] are of three general types: public (government-owned and subsidised), private (privately owned universities) and international (operated and funded by international organisations). The country has 47 public,<ref name="ugc-universities.gov.bd"/> 105 private<ref>{{cite web
Bangladesh was ranked 105th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=29 October 2023 |date=31 May 2024 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=978-92-805-3432-0|archive-date=23 February 2024 |
===Health===
{{Main|Health in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Life expectancy by WBG -Bangladesh.png|thumb|Historical development of [[life expectancy]] in Bangladesh, displaying significant strides since independence<ref>{{cite web
Bangladesh, by the constitution, guarantees healthcare services as a fundamental right to all of its citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mof.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mof.portal.gov.bd/budget_mof/b3342588_2e85_4fcb_95af_dddfdea4851b/G-1_04_127_Health%20Services_English.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://mof.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mof.portal.gov.bd/budget_mof/b3342588_2e85_4fcb_95af_dddfdea4851b/G-1_04_127_Health%20Services_English.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Chapter-5 {{!}} Health Services Division|publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (Bangladesh)]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] is the largest institutional healthcare provider in Bangladesh,<ref name="overview">{{cite book |editor-last1=Naheed |editor-first1=Aliya |editor-last2=Hort |editor-first2=Krishna |last1=Ahmed |first1=Syed Masud |last2=Alam |first2=Bushra Binte |last3=Anwar |first3=Iqbal |last4=Begum |first4=Tahmina |last5=Huque |first5=Rumana |last6=AM Khan |first6=Jahangir |last7=Nababan |first7=Herfina |last8=Osman |first8=Ferdaus Arfina |title=Bangladesh Health System Review |volume=5 |number=3 |year=2015 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |isbn=978-92-9061-705-1 |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/208214/9789290617051_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124162855/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/208214/9789290617051_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref> and contains two divisions: [[Health Service Division]] and [[Medical Education And Family Welfare Division]].<ref>{{cite web
Bangladesh's poor healthcare system suffers from severe underfunding from the government.<ref name="overview"/> {{As of|2019}}, some 2.48% of total GDP was attributed to healthcare,<ref>{{cite web
The main causes of death are [[coronary artery disease]], [[stroke]], and chronic [[respiratory disease]]; comprising 62% and 60% of all adult male and female deaths, respectively.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shawon |first1=Md. Toufiq Hassan |last2=Ashrafi |first2=Shah Ali Akbar |last3=Azad |first3=Abul Kalam |last4=Firth |first4=Sonja M. |last5=Chowdhury |first5=Hafizur |last6=Mswia |first6=Robert G. |last7=Adair |first7=Tim |last8=Riley |first8=Ian |last9=Abouzahr |first9=Carla |last10=Lopez |first10=Alan D.|title=Routine mortality surveillance to identify the cause of death pattern for out-of-hospital adult (aged 12+ years) deaths in Bangladesh: introduction of automated verbal autopsy|date=12 March 2021 |journal=BMC Public Health|publisher=[[BioMed Central]]|volume=21|number=491|page=491 |doi=10.1186/s12889-021-10468-7|pmid=33706739 |pmc=7952220 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Malnutrition]] is a major and persistent problem in Bangladesh, mainly affecting the rural regions, more than half of the population suffers from it. Severe acute malnutrition affects 450,000 children, while nearly 2 million children have moderate acute malnutrition. For children under the age of five, 52% are affected by [[anaemia]], 41% are [[stunted growth|stunted]], 16% are [[wasting|wasted]], and 36% are [[underweight]]. A quarter of women are underweight and around 15% have short stature, while over half also suffer from anaemia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icddrb.org/news-and-events/press-corner/media-resources/malnutrition |title=Malnutrition |publisher=[[International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh]] (ICDDR,B) |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001130754/https://www.icddrb.org/news-and-events/press-corner/media-resources/malnutrition |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Culture==
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[[File:Mosque in the 15th century Bengal style.jpg|thumb|Mosque in the 15th century in a [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengali style]]]]
The architectural traditions of Bangladesh have a 2,500-year-old heritage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Mahbubur |year=2012 |chapter=Architecture |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Architecture |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116231638/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Architecture |url-status=live }}</ref> Terracotta architecture is a distinct feature of Bengal. Pre-Islamic Bengali architecture reached its pinnacle in the Pala Empire when the Pala School of Sculptural Art established grand structures such as the Somapura Mahavihara. [[Islamic architecture]] began developing under the Bengal Sultanate, when local terracotta styles influenced medieval mosque construction.
The [[Sixty Dome Mosque]] was the largest medieval mosque built in Bangladesh and is a fine example of Turkic-Bengali architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sixty Dome Mosque |url=https://beautifulbangladesh.gov.bd/loc/khulna/56 |access-date=6 February 2024 |website=beautifulbangladesh.gov.bd |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206015653/https://beautifulbangladesh.gov.bd/loc/khulna/56 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Mughal architecture|Mughal style]] replaced indigenous architecture when Bengal became a province of the Mughal Empire and influenced urban housing development. The [[Kantajew Temple]] and [[Dhakeshwari Temple]] are excellent examples of late medieval [[Hindu temple architecture]]. [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]], based on Indo-Islamic styles, flourished during the British period. The zamindar gentry in Bangladesh built numerous Indo-Saracenic palaces and country mansions, such as the [[Ahsan Manzil]], [[Tajhat Palace]], [[Uttara Gonobhaban|Dighapatia Palace]], [[Puthia Rajbari]] and [[Natore Rajbari]].
Bengali [[vernacular architecture]] is noted for pioneering the [[bungalow]]. Bangladeshi villages consist of [[thatch]]ed roofed houses made of natural materials like [[mud]], [[straw]], wood, and bamboo. In modern times, village bungalows are increasingly made of [[tin]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
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{{Main|Museums in Bangladesh|List of libraries in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Varendra Research Museum 10.jpg|thumb|The [[Varendra Research Museum]] in [[Rajshahi]], maintained by Rajashi University<ref name="Rudro 2022 f820" />]]
Established in 1910, the [[Varendra Research Museum]] is the oldest museum in Bangladesh.<ref name="Rudro 2022 f820">{{cite web | last=Rudro | first=Ashif Ahmed | title=Varendra Museum: A Review of the First Museum of Bangladesh | website=The Daily Star | date=7 July 2022 | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/life-living/news/varendra-museum-review-the-first-museum-bangladesh-3066226 | access-date=11 March 2024 | archive-date=2 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902065545/https://www.thedailystar.net/life-living/news/varendra-museum-review-the-first-museum-bangladesh-3066226 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Financial Express 2024 n822">{{cite web | title=Varendra Research Society: The only research museum in the country | website=The Financial Express | date=11 March 2024 | url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/reviews/varendra-research-society-the-only-research-museum-in-the-country-1668661768 | access-date=11 March 2024 | archive-date=11 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311173519/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/reviews/varendra-research-society-the-only-research-museum-in-the-country-1668661768 | url-status=live }}</ref> It houses important collections from both the pre-Islamic and Islamic periods, including the sculptures of the Pala-Sena School of Art and the Indus Valley civilisation, and Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian manuscripts and inscriptions.<ref name="Sun 2024 j674">{{cite web | last=Howlader | first=Md. Ziaul Haque | title=Importance of Varendra Research Museum | website=daily-sun | date=11 March 2024 | url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/696700/Importance-of-Varendra-Research-Museum | access-date=11 March 2024 | archive-date=11 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311172033/https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/696700/Importance-of-Varendra-Research-Museum | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wub.edu.bd n079" />
The [[Ahsan Manzil]], the former residence of the [[Nawab of Dhaka]], is a national museum housing collections from the British Raj.<ref name="wub.edu.bd n079">{{cite web | title=Know About Bangladesh | website=The World University of Bangladesh | url=https://wub.edu.bd/about/know_about_bangladesh | access-date=11 March 2024 | archive-date=11 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311172034/https://wub.edu.bd/about/know_about_bangladesh | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Morshed 2018 t186">{{cite web | last=Morshed | first=Adnan Zillur | title=A Palace on the River: Ahsan Manzil | website=The Daily Star | date=2 July 2018 | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/palace-the-river-ahsan-manzil-1598293 | access-date=11 March 2024 | archive-date=23 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123104127/https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/palace-the-river-ahsan-manzil-1598293 | url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Bangladesh National Museum southern side (01).jpg|thumb|[[Bangladesh National Museum]] in [[Dhaka]]]]
The [[Tajhat Palace]] Museum preserves artifacts of the rich cultural heritage of North Bengal, including Hindu-Buddhist sculptures and Islamic manuscripts. The [[Mymensingh Museum]] houses the personal antique collections of Bengali aristocrats in central Bengal. The [[Ethnological Museum of Chittagong]] showcases the lifestyle of various tribes in Bangladesh. The [[Bangladesh National Museum]] is located in [[Shahbag]]h, Dhaka, and has a rich collection of antiquities. The [[Liberation War Museum]] documents the Bangladeshi struggle for independence and the 1971 genocide.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
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The Hussain Shahi dynasty established royal libraries during the Bengal Sultanate. Libraries were established in each district of Bengal by the [[Zamindar]] gentry during the Bengal Renaissance in the 19th century. The trend of establishing libraries continued until the beginning of World War II. In 1854, four major public libraries were opened, including the Bogra Woodburn Library, the Rangpur Public Library, the Jessore Institute Public Library, and the Barisal Public Library.
The [[Northbrook Hall|Northbrook Hall Public Library]] was established in Dhaka in 1882 in honour of [[Lord Northbrook]], the Governor-General. Other libraries inaugurated in the British period included the Victoria Public Library, Natore (1901), the Sirajganj Public Library (1882), the [[Rajshahi Public Library]] (1884), the Comilla Birchandra Library (1885), the Shah Makhdum Institute Public Library, Rajshahi (1891), the Noakhali Town Hall Public Library (1896), the Prize Memorial Library, Sylhet (1897), the Chittagong Municipality Public Library (1904) and the Varendra Research Library (1910). The Great Bengal Library Association was formed in 1925.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Md Zillur |year=2012 |chapter=Library |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Library |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=15 December 2015 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902065547/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Library |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Central Public Library (Dhaka)|Central Public Library of Dhaka]] was established in 1959. The [[National Library of Bangladesh]] was established in 1972. The [[Bishwo Shahitto Kendro|World Literature Centre]], founded by [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] winner [[Abdullah Abu Sayeed]], is noted for operating numerous [[mobile library|mobile libraries]] across Bangladesh and was awarded the UNESCO Jon, Amos Comenius Medal.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
===Women===
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Bengal has a long history of [[feminist activism]] dating back to the 19th century. [[Begum Rokeya]] and [[Nawab Faizunnesa|Faizunnessa Chowdhurani]] played an important role in emancipating Bengali Muslim women from [[purdah]], before the country's division, as well as promoting girls' education. Several women were elected to the Bengal Legislative Assembly in the British Raj. The first women's magazine, ''[[Begum (magazine)|Begum]]'', was published in 1948.
In 2008, Bangladeshi female workforce participation stood at 26%.<ref name=whispers/> According to a report published by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics in March 2023, the female labour force participation rate has reached to 42.68%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=More women joining the workforce |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/more-women-joining-workforce-607426 |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=The Business Standard|archive-date=7 February 2024 |
===Performing arts===
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The dance traditions of Bangladesh include indigenous tribal and Bengali dance forms, as well as [[classical Indian dance]]s, including the [[Kathak]], [[Odissi]] and [[Manipuri dance]]s.
The [[music of Bangladesh]] features the [[Baul]] [[Mysticism|mystical]] tradition, listed by UNESCO as a [[Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity|Masterpiece of Intangible Cultural Heritage]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30973&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|title=UNESCO – The Samba of Roda and the Ramlila proclaimed Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=17 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211111/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D30973%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lalon|Fakir Lalon Shah]] popularised Baul music in the country in the 18th century and it has since been one of the most popular music genres in the country since then. Most modern [[Bauls]] are devoted to Lalon Shah.<ref>{{cite news
===Media and cinema===
{{Main|Media of Bangladesh|Cinema of Bangladesh}}
[[File:Anwar Hossain in the film "Nawab Sirajuddoulah" (1967).jpg|thumb|[[Anwar Hossain (actor)|Anwar Hossain]] playing [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]], the last independent [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab of Bengal]], in the 1967 film ''[[Nawab Sirajuddaula (film)|Nawab Sirajuddaulah]]'']]
The Bangladeshi press is diverse and privately owned. Over 200 newspapers are published in the country. [[Bangladesh Betar]] is a state-run radio service.<ref>{{cite news |title=Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra's Rashidul Hossain passes away |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/12/22/swadhin-bangla-betar-kendras-rashidul-hossain-passes-away |work=bdnews24.com |access-date=2 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229065132/http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/12/22/swadhin-bangla-betar-kendras-rashidul-hossain-passes-away |archive-date=29 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] operates the popular [[BBC Bangla]] news and current affairs service. Bengali broadcasts from [[Voice of America]] are also very popular. [[Bangladesh Television]] (BTV) is
The [[cinema of Bangladesh]] dates back to 1898 when films began screening at the Crown Theatre in Dhaka. The [[Dhaka Nawab Family]] patronised the production of several [[silent film]]s in the 1920s and 30s. In 1931, the East Bengal Cinematograph Society released the first full-length feature film in Bangladesh, titled ''Last Kiss''. The first feature film in East Pakistan, ''[[Mukh O Mukhosh]]'', was released in 1956. During the 1960s, 25–30 films were produced annually in Dhaka. By the 2000s, Bangladesh produced 80–100 films a year. While the Bangladeshi film industry has achieved limited commercial success, the country has produced notable independent filmmakers. [[Zahir Raihan]] was a prominent documentary maker assassinated in 1971. [[Tareque Masud]] is regarded as one of Bangladesh's outstanding directors.<ref>{{Cite news
===Textiles===
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{{Further|Bengali cuisine}}
[[File:Panta Ilish.jpg|thumb|[[Panta bhat]] with [[Ilish|Hilsa fish]], a popular dish consumed on [[Pahela Baishakh]] (Bengali New Year)]]
Bangladeshi cuisine, formed by its geographic location and climate, is rich and diverse; sharing its culinary heritage with the neighbouring Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref name="cuisine">{{cite book |last=Osman |first=Shawkat|title=খুনতি কড়াই : Bangladeshi Cuisine |publisher=Mapin Publishing|date=16 February 2009|isbn=978-1-890-20602-4}}</ref>{{rp|14}} The staple dish is [[white rice]], which along with fish, forms the culinary base. Varieties of [[leaf vegetable]]s, potatoes, [[gourd]]s and [[lentil]]s ([[dal]]) also play an important role. [[Curry|Curries]] of beef, [[mutton]], chicken and duck are commonly consumed,<ref name="shaheda">{{cite web
[[File:Chitoi Pitha.jpg|thumb|Egg Chitoi Pitha]]
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Among the various used spices, [[turmeric]], [[fenugreek]], [[nigella]], [[coriander]], [[anise]], [[cardamom]] and [[chili powder]] are widely used; a famous spice mix is the [[panch phoron]]. Condiments and herbs used include [[red onion]]s, [[Chili pepper|green chilli]]es, garlic, [[ginger]], [[cilantro]], and [[Mentha|mint]].<ref name="cuisine"/>{{rp|12}} [[Coconut milk]], [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard paste]], [[mustard seeds]], [[mustard oil]], [[ghee]], [[South Asian pickle|achar]]s<ref name="shaheda"/> and [[chutney]]s are also widely used in the cuisine.<ref name="cuisine"/>{{rp|13–14}}
Fish is the main source of protein, owing to the country's riverine geography, and it is often enjoyed with its [[roe]]. The [[hilsa]] is the national fish and is immensely popular; a famous dish is [[shorshe ilish]]. Other highly consumed fishes include [[rohu]], [[Pangasius pangasius|pangas]], and [[tilapia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=Md. Naimur |last2=Islam |first2=Abu Reza Md Towfiqul|title=Consumer fish consumption preferences and contributing factors: empirical evidence from Rangpur city corporation, Bangladesh|pmid=33426347|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05864|volume=6|number=12|date=28 December 2020|journal=[[Heliyon]]|pages=e05864 |publisher=[[Cell Press]]|doi-access=free |pmc=7779775|bibcode=2020Heliy...605864R }}</ref> [[Lobster]]s, [[shrimp]]s and [[dried fish]] (''shutki'') also play an important role, with the [[chingri malai curry]] being a famous shrimp dish.<ref name="cuisine"/>{{rp|8}} In Chittagong, famous dishes include [[kala bhuna]] and [[mezban]], the latter being a traditionally popular feast, featuring the serving of ''mezbani gosht'', a hot and spicy beef curry.<ref name="cuisine"/>{{rp|10}}<ref name="shaheda"/><ref name="guardiancuisine">{{cite web
[[File:Basmati Kacchi Biryani (2).jpg|thumb|left|''Kacchi Biryani'', a popular dish originating in the capital Dhaka]]
Bangladesh has a vast spread of desserts, including distinctive [[sweets]] such as the ''[[Rasgulla|rôshogolla]]'', ''[[Ras malai|roshmalai]]'', ''[[chomchom]]'', ''[[Sandesh (confectionery)|sondesh]]'', ''[[mishti doi]]'' and ''[[Gulab jamun|kalojaam]]'', and ''[[Jalebi|jilapi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/the-concept-desserts-bangladesh-1244389|title=The Concept of Desserts in Bangladesh|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=24 June 2016|access-date=2 October 2022 |last=Karim |first=Elita}}</ref> [[Pitha]]s are traditional boiled desserts made with rice or fruits.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/deshi-mix/winter-pitha-176893|title=Winter Pitha|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=24 November 2015|access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> [[Halwa]] and [[shemai]], the latter being a variation of [[vermicelli]]; are popular desserts during religious festivities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/life-living/news/shab-e-barat-the-night-fortune-and-forgiveness-2983236|title=Shab-e-Barat: The night of fortune and forgiveness|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=15 March 2022|access-date=2 October 2022 |last=Khondokar |first=Faiza}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/aappayon/variations-vermicelli-1250221|title=Variations on Vermicelli|date=5 July 2016|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> [[Roti|Ruti]], [[naan]], [[paratha]], [[luchi]] and [[bakarkhani]] are the main local breads.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/ls-special/bread-101-1566847|title=Bread 101|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=24 April 2018|access-date=2 October 2022 |last=Tariq |first=Jahanara}}</ref><ref name="shaheda"/> Hot [[milk tea]] is the most commonly consumed beverage in the country, being the centre of [[Adda (South Asian)|adda]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/reader%E2%80%99s-chit/coffee-lifestyle-or-just-another-alternative-tea-1503541|title=Coffee: a lifestyle or just another alternative to tea?|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=12 December 2017|access-date=1 October 2022 |last1=Amatya |first1=Suki |last2=Mahin |first2=Tamanna |last3=Sadaaf |first3=Bushra Humaira |last4=Sarkar |first4=Supriti}}</ref> [[Borhani]], [[mattha]] and [[lassi]] are popular traditionally consumed beverages.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jyoti Prakash |first1=Tamang |title=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Alcoholic Beverages of Asia |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9788132228004 |pages=77–89}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Supriti|title=Tis' the season (almost) for Lassi|date=13 February 2018|access-date=24 April 2023|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/ls-pick/tis-the-season-almost-lassi-1533559}}</ref> [[Kebab]]s are widely popular, particularly [[seekh kebab]], [[chapli kebab]], [[shami kebab]], [[chicken tikka]] and [[shashlik]], along with various types of ''chaaps''.<ref name="shaheda"/> Popular street foods include [[chotpoti]], [[jhal muri]], ''shingara'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/my-dhaka/news/all-about-shingaras-3396736|title=All about shingaras|publisher=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=18 August 2023|access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref> [[samosa]] and [[Panipuri|fuchka]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/2010/03/02/centre.htm|title=street food 101|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=9 March 2010 |last=Haider |first=M. H.|access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>
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===Holidays and festivals===
{{Main|Public holidays in Bangladesh|List of festivals in Bangladesh}}
''[[Pahela Baishakh]]'', the Bengali new year, is the major festival of [[Culture of Bengal|Bengali culture]] and sees widespread festivities. Of the major holidays celebrated in Bangladesh, only Pahela Baishakh comes without any pre-existing expectations (specific religious identity, a culture of gift-giving, etc.) and has become an occasion for celebrating the simpler, rural roots of Bengal. Other cultural festivals include [[Nabanna|Nabonno]] and Poush Parbon, Bengali harvest festivals.<ref name="Discover the Vibrant Festivals in Bangladesh-2023">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2023 |title=Discover the Vibrant Festivals in Bangladesh
[[File:Cumilla Shilpo Mela, 2019 (04).jpg|thumb|A [[fair]] in [[Comilla]]]]
The Muslim festivals of Eid al-Fitr, [[Eid al-Adha]], [[Mawlid]], [[Muharram]], [[Chand Raat]], [[Barat Night|Shab-e-Barat]]; the Hindu festivals of [[Durga Puja]], [[Janmashtami]] and [[Rath Yatra]]; the Buddhist festival of [[Vesak|Buddha Purnima]], which marks the birth of [[Gautama Buddha]], and the Christian festival of Christmas are [[Public holidays in Bangladesh|national holidays]] in Bangladesh and see the most widespread celebrations in the country. The two Eids are celebrated with a long streak of public holidays and allow celebrating the festivals with their families outside the city.<ref name="Discover the Vibrant Festivals in Bangladesh-2023"/>
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{{Main|Sports in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Mashrafe 2016 (9).jpg|thumb|[[Bangladesh cricket team]]]]
In rural Bangladesh, several [[Traditional games of Bangladesh|traditional indigenous sports]] such as [[Kabaddi]], [[Boli Khela]], [[Lathi Khela]] and [[Nouka Baich]] remain fairly popular. While Kabaddi is the national sport,<ref>{{cite book |last=Faroqi |first=Gofran |year=2012 |chapter=Kabadi |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kabadi |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> [[Cricket]] is the most popular sport in the country. The [[Bangladesh national cricket team|national cricket team]] participated in their first [[Cricket World Cup]] in 1999 and the following year was granted [[Test cricket]] status. Bangladesh reached the quarter-final of the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]], the semi-final of the [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy]] and they reached the final of the [[Asia Cup]] 3 times – in 2012, 2016, and 2018. [[Shakib Al Hasan]] is widely regarded as one of the greatest [[All-rounder]]s in the history of Cricket and as one of the greatest Bangladeshi sportsman ever.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2020 |title=Why Shakib Al Hasan is one of cricket's greatest allrounders
[[File:Bangladesh National Football Team in Maldives in the SAFF Championship 2021.jpg|thumb|[[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh football team]]]]
[[Association football|Football]] is also a leading sport in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/football-the-game-which-makes-us-come-alive-1671032486|title=Football ... the game which makes us come alive|date=14 December 2022|website=The Financial Express}}</ref> Although football was seen as the most popular sport in the country before the 21st century, success in cricket has overshadowed its previous popularity. The first instance of a national football team was the emergence of the [[Shadhin Bangla Football Team|Shadhin Bangla Team]], which played friendly matches throughout India to raise international awareness about the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/shadhin-bangla-football-dal-team-no-other |title='Shadhin Bangla Football Dal': A team like no other |date=16 December 2019 |work=The Business Standard |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815160845/https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/shadhin-bangla-football-dal-team-no-other |url-status=live }}</ref> On
Bangladesh archers Ety Khatun and Roman Sana won several gold medals winning all the 10 [[archery]] events (both individual and team events) in the [[2019 South Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/athletics/bangladesh-win-all-10-golds-in-archery-sa-games-2019-1837909 |title=Ety, Sana complete Bangladesh's clean sweep in archery |date=9 December 2019 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> The [[National Sports Council]] regulates 42 sporting federations.<ref>{{cite web|title=All Affiliated National Federation/Association |url=http://nsc.gov.bd/n/?cat=11 |publisher=[[National Sports Council]] |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121160742/http://nsc.gov.bd/n/?cat=11 |archive-date=21 January 2013}}</ref> [[Chess]] is very popular in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has five grandmasters in chess. Among them, [[Niaz Murshed]] was the first grandmaster in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdchessfed.com/grand-masters|title=Bangladesh Chess Federation|website=bdchessfed.com|access-date=17 January 2020|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129112718/http://bdchessfed.com/grand-masters/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, mountain climber [[Musa Ibrahim]] became the first Bangladeshi climber to conquer [[Mount Everest]].<ref name="dailystardetail">{{cite news |title=Musa conquers Everest |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=139787 |work=The Daily Star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027015045/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-139787 |archive-date=27 October 2017 |date=24 May 2010}}</ref> [[Wasfia Nazreen]] is the first Bangladeshi climber to climb the [[Seven Summits]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Mary Anne Potts |title=Bangladeshi Climber Shares Her Spiritual Journey for the Women of Her Country |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/adventure-blog/2016/05/27/bangadeshi-climber-wasfia-nazreen-shares-her-spiritual-journey-for-the-women-of-her-country/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119031640/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/adventure-blog/2016/05/27/bangadeshi-climber-wasfia-nazreen-shares-her-spiritual-journey-for-the-women-of-her-country/ |archive-date=19 November 2019 |website=National Geographic |date=27 May 2016}}</ref>
Bangladesh hosts several international tournaments. [[Bangabandhu Cup]] is an international football tournament hosted in the country. Bangladesh hosted the South Asian Games several times. Bangladesh co-hosted the [[ICC Cricket World Cup 2011]] with India and Sri Lanka in 2011. Bangladesh solely hosted the [[2014 ICC World Twenty20]] championship. Bangladesh hosted the Cricket Asia Cup in 2000, 2012, 2014 and 2016. Bangladesh has also hosted the [[1985 Men's Hockey Asia Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Field hockey
==See also==
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==References==
{{reflist
===Sources===
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