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| image = Raduga Kh-22, side view.JPG
| image_size = 300
| caption = Kh-22
| type = [[Anti-ship cruise missile]]
| origin = [[Soviet Union]]
| used_by = Russia
| designer = [[MKB Raduga]]
| unit_cost = $1 million<ref name=Forbes01>{{cite news|url=https://forbes.ua/inside/rosiya-za-vikhidni-vipustila-po-ukraini-raket-vartistyu-blizko-200-mln-otsinka-forbes-27062022-6838
| production_date = 1962
| service = 1968-present
| wars = {{Tree list}}
*[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| weight = {{convert|5820|kg|lb|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}
| length = {{convert|11.65|m|ft|abbr=on}}
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| guidance = [[Inertial guidance]] followed by terminal [[active radar homing]]
| altitude =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform = Tu-22M, Тu-22К, Тu-95К22
}}
The '''Kh-22 "Storm"''' ({{lang-ru|Х-22 "Буря"}}, [[NATO reporting name]] AS-4 'Kitchen') is a large, long-range [[anti-ship cruise missile]] developed by [[MKB Raduga]] in the [[Soviet Union]]. It was designed for use against [[aircraft carrier]]s and [[carrier battle group]]s, with either a conventional or [[nuclear warhead]]. [[Kh-32]] is an updated conventional variant of the Kh-22 and was accepted to service in 2016; it features an improved rocket motor and a new seeker head.
==Development==
After analyzing [[:Category:Naval battles and operations of World War II|World War II naval battles]] and encounters in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Soviet military thinkers concluded that the era of large seaborne battles was over, and that [[Standoff (missile)|stand-off]] attacks would be the way to neutralize and incapacitate large [[Carrier battle group|battle group]]s without having to field a similar force against them. Substituting cruise missiles for air attacks, [[Soviet Air Forces]] and [[AV-MF|Soviet Naval Aviation]] commanders set about converting their heavy bombers to ''raketonosets'', or missile carriers, which could be launched against approaching enemy fleets from coastal or island airfields. The Kh-22 (Complex 22) weapon was developed by the [[MKB Raduga|Raduga design bureau]] and used to arm the [[Tupolev Tu-
==Design==
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Soviet tests revealed that when a [[shaped charge]] warhead weighing {{convert|1000|kg|abbr=on}} was used in the missile, the resulting hole measured {{convert|5|m|abbr=on}} in diameter, {{convert|19.6|m2|ft2|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} in area, and was {{convert|12|m|abbr=on|-1}} deep.<ref name=":0">[http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Regional-PGM.html#Raduga_Kh-22M_Burya Precision Guided Munitions in the Region], Technical Report APA-TR-2007-0109, 2004 - 2012 Carlo Kopp, ausairpower.net</ref><ref>[http://vs.milrf.ru/armament/marine/krm_x22.htm КРЫЛАТАЯ РАКЕТА Х-22Н "Буря"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608090916/http://vs.milrf.ru/armament/marine/krm_x22.htm |date=8 June 2019 }}, Д-2Н, AS-4 Kitchen, Образцы вооружений Военно - морского флота, vs.milrf.ru</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://vs.milrf.ru/armament/marine/krm_x22.htm |title=Вооружения ВМФ Крылатая ракета Х-22Н |publisher=Vs.milrf.ru |access-date=2018-12-31 |archive-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608090916/http://vs.milrf.ru/armament/marine/krm_x22.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/x22/x22.shtml |title=Крылатая ракета Х-22 (комплекс К-22) | Ракетная техника |publisher=Rbase.new-factoria.ru |access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://defendingrussia.ru/enc/pkr/protivokorabelnaja_krylataja_raketa_vozdushnogo_bazirovanija_kh22_burja-1466/ |title=Противокорабельная крылатая ракета воздушного базирования Х-22 "Буря" |language=ru |publisher=Defendingrussia.ru |access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://biblioteka.mycity-military.com/biblioteka/cyber%20fulkrum/E%20N%20G%20L%20E%20S%20K%20I/AC%204%20Publication%20i%20drugo/AC_-_Tupolev_Tu-22_BLINDER___Tu-22M_BACKFIRE_Russia_s_Long_Range_Supersonic_Bombers.pdf |title=Tupolev Tu-22 'Blinder', Tu-22M 'Backfire': Russia's long range supersonic bombers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171054/http://biblioteka.mycity-military.com/biblioteka/cyber%20fulkrum/E%20N%20G%20L%20E%20S%20K%20I/AC%204%20Publication%20i%20drugo/AC_-_Tupolev_Tu-22_BLINDER___Tu-22M_BACKFIRE_Russia_s_Long_Range_Supersonic_Bombers.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2017}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2022}}
By August 2016, Russia was finalizing the trials of the [[Kh-32]] cruise missile, a derivative of the Kh-22. Designed for use by the Tu-22M3 bomber, the missile is designed to climb to {{convert|40|km|ft|abbr=on}} to the [[stratosphere]] after launch, transition to level flight, then perform a steep dive to the target. The cruise missile version is also designed to target enemy ships, as well as radars, and "radio-contrast targets" like bridges, military bases, electric power plants, and others. The Kh-32 has an [[inertial navigation system]] and radar homing head, making it independent of [[GPS]]/[[GLONASS]] navigation satellites. Presumably, it has a range of {{convert|1000|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} and a speed of at least {{convert|5000|km/h|mph Mach|abbr=on}}.<ref name="navyreco24aug16">[http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4306 Next Gen Kh-32 ant-ship cruise missile tests drawing to a close in Russia] - Navyrecognition.com, 24 August 2016</ref> Apparently the missile entered service in the same year.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} Thirty-two Kh-22 missiles will be modernized to the Kh-32 level in 2018–2020{{update
==Operational history==
[[File:X-22 under Tu-22M3.jpg|thumb|Kh-22 under a Tu-22M3]]
The first
=== Soviet era ===
The missiles were used by Soviet and then Russian Air Forces on the [[Tupolev Tu-22|Тu-22]]K ('Blinder-B') and [[Tupolev Tu-95|Tu-95]]K22 ('Bear-G') strategic bombers in patrol mission.
=== 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine ===
The first combat use of the missile was reported during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. On 11 May 2022, a video emerged on internet showing a Russian Air Force Tu-22M3 strategic bomber launching a pair of two Kh-22 or Kh-32 missiles at targets somewhere in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/we-may-have-our-first-sight-of-a-russian-bomber-launching-missiles-at-ukraine|title=We May Have Our First Sight Of A Russian Bomber Launching Missiles At Ukraine|website=thedrive.com|date=11 May 2022}}</ref>
The UK [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] stated that Russia is possibly using anti-ship missiles, like the Kh-22, against ground targets and claimed that such missiles "are highly inaccurate and therefore can cause severe collateral damage and casualties".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=KEYTON |first1=David | last2=LEICESTER | first2=John|title= Ukraine: Russia said to be using more deadly weapons in war |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/uk-military-russia-anti-ship-missiles-land-targets-85325793 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=www. abcnews.go.com |language=en}}</ref>
On 9 May 2022, 13 Kh-22 missiles were reportedly fired by the [[Russian Air Force]]: seven at Fontanka, a coastal village about {{cvt|15|km}} north of [[Odesa]], where at least one smashed into the Riviera shopping mall around 10:35 PM (after curfew), killing one, and six at targets in the [[Donetsk Oblast]].<ref name="Roblin-2022-06-29">{{Cite web|
Between 12 May and 25 June 2022, at least 10 other Russian Kh-22 strikes in Ukraine, involving at least 44 missiles in total, were reported in the media.<ref name="Roblin-2022-06-29"/>
On 27 June 2022, two Kh-22 or Kh-32 missiles, launched by Russian Tupolev Tu-22M3 bombers, were reportedly used in the [[Kremenchuk shopping mall attack]], killing at least 21 people and injuring at least 59.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-61957087 |title=Российская ракета попала в торговый центр в Кременчуге. Погибли 20 человек, десятки раненых |trans-title=A Russian rocket hit a shopping mall in Kremenchug. 20 people died, dozens injured |language=ru |work=www.bbc.com}}</ref><ref name="Roblin-2022-06-29"/>
In the night between 30 June and 1 July 2022, three Kh-22 missiles were fired from Tu-22M3s [[Serhiivka missile strike|into a 9-storey apartment building and a recreational center]] in [[Serhiivka, Serhiivka settlement hromada, Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion, Odesa Oblast|Serhiivka]], Ukraine, killing at least 21 people and wounding at least 39.<ref name="Meduza_Serhiivka">{{cite news |title=В Одесской области из-за ракетного удара погибли 18 человек |trans-title=18 people have died in Odesa Oblast after missile strike |url=https://meduza.io/news/2022/07/01/v-odesskoy-oblasti-iz-za-raketnogo-udara-pogibli-17-chelovek |agency=[[Meduza]] |date=1 July 2022 |
On 14 September 2022, it was reported at least seven Kh-22 missiles were launched by Russia at various hydraulic structures in [[Kryvyi Rih]], including a nearby dam. This caused the water level of the [[Inhulets]] river to increase by {{Convert|2–3|m}}, or even {{Convert|5–6|m}}. Previously, the Inhulets was too shallow, allowing the Ukrainian army to build [[pontoon bridge]]s during its [[2022 Ukrainian southern counteroffensive|southern counteroffensive]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2022/09/14/water-level-of-ukraines-river-inhulets-rises-after-russia-strikes-hydraulic-structures-of-kryvyi-rih-news|title=Water level of Ukraine's river Inhulets rises after Russia strikes hydraulic structures of Kryvyi Rih|work=[[Novaya Gazeta]]|date=14 September 2022}}</ref> However, Ukrainian MoD claimed that [[Kh-55|Kh-101]] missiles were used in the strike.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/russian-missile-strike-damaged-hydraulic-structures-in-kryvyi-rih/|title=Russian missile strike damaged hydraulic structures in Kryvyi Rih|website=mil.in.ua|date=14 September 2022}}</ref>
On 14 January 2023, [[2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike|a Russian missile strike]], possibly using a Kh-22, demolished a 9-
On 8 May 2023, Ukrainian Air Force spokesman Colonel [[Yurii Ihnat]] said that "seven aircraft and up to eight launches of Kh-22 cruise missiles" at Odesa Oblast. Many of the missiles are believed to have self-destructed due to their age. Only one is believed to have hit a food storage warehouse in Odesa. The missiles were fired from [[Tu-22M|Tu-22]] bombers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-08 |title=Russian invaders fire 8 Kh-22 missiles at Odesa Oblast |url=https://news.yahoo.com/russian-invaders-fire-8-kh-052734905.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=news.yahoo.com}}</ref>
Three nights of attacks on [[Odesa]],
During the [[29 December 2023 Russian strikes on Ukraine]] and other attacks, eight X-22/Kh-22s have been fired at Ukraine by Russian forces. None have been shot down by Ukrainian forces. Although it is suggested that Russia has been targeting areas where there are no [[Patriot missile]] batteries, of which Ukraine has three, or one [[SAMP/T]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-20 |title=Nuclear warfighter: Key characteristics of Russian Tu-22M3 bomber and Kh-22 'blind' missiles |language=en |work=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/world/nuclear-warfighter-key-characteristics-of-russian-tu-22m3-bomber-and-kh-22-blind-missiles/ar-AA1mdgGT|author1= Danylo Kramarenko|author2= Daria Shekina|publisher=MSN|access-date=2023-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-30 |title=Nuclear warfighter: Key characteristics of Russian Tu-22M3 bomber and Kh-22 'blind' missiles |language=en |work=MSN|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/26102|publisher= The Kyiv Post|access-date=2023-12-30}}</ref>
On 19 April 2024, Ukraine claimed to have shot down two Kh-22/32s for the first time during the war. Pictures were later released showing the Kh-32 was manufactured in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-20|title= Ukraine's obsolete S-200 missile systems reportedly back on track to hit Russian targets|author= Kateryna Denisova |language=en |url= https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-obsolete-s-200-missile-systems-reportedly-back-on-track-to-hit-russian-targets/|publisher= The Kyiv Independent |access-date=2024-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-20|title= Ukraine air defense intercept state-of-the-art Russian Kh-32 missile produced in 2023 |language=en |url= https://euromaidanpress.com/2024/04/20/ukraine-air-defense-intercept-state-of-the-art-russian-kh-32-missile-produced-in-2023/ |publisher= Euromaidanpress |author= ALYA SHANDRA |access-date=2024-04-21}}</ref>
==Variants==
Two initial versions were built, the Kh-22 with a large conventional warhead and the Kh-22N with a 350–1000-kiloton nuclear warhead.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220508001950/http://fly.hausnet.ru/spravochnik/5/05r/h-22/index.html В Полтаве готовятся к утилизации последнего бомбардировщика]
* '''Kh-22M/MA''' — upgraded variants with Mach 3.3 speed and {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}} range. Weighs {{cvt|5780|kg|lb}}, contains {{cvt|960|kg|lb}} of RDX.<ref>{{cite web|author=Air Power Australia |url=http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-Cruise-Missiles.html |title=Soviet/Russian Cruise Missiles |publisher=Ausairpower.net |date=2014-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208010251/https://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-Cruise-Missiles.html |archive-date=2014-02-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrLgAwAAQBAJ&q=kh-22m+missile&pg=PA100 |title=Tupolev TU-22 - Sergey Burdin - Google Książki |date=2005-11-17 |isbn=9781844152414 |access-date=2018-12-31|last1=Burdin |first1=Sergey |publisher=Pen and Sword }}</ref>
* '''[[Kh-32]]''' — an updated conventional variant of Kh-22 with Mach 5 speed and {{convert|1000|km|mi|abbr=on}} range.<ref name="navyreco24aug16"/> It features an improved rocket motor and a new seeker head. Currently produced for the Tu-22M3 launch platform.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eng.ktrv.ru/news/publ/830.html?PHPSESSID=b55062d53f861256438076e6c6d01f44 |title=ОАО
[[File:Tu-22M.Rakete.jpg|thumb|Kh-22 under a Tu-22M3]]
==Operators==
▲* [[Russian Air Force]]
===
*{{RUS}} − Used on Tu-22 bombers{{sfn|Williams|2023|page=29}}
===Former===
* 423 scrapped after Ukrainian [[Tupolev Tu-22M|Tu-22M]] fleet's decommission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aviaport.ru/digest/2006/01/26/100145.html |title=В Полтаве готовятся к утилизации последнего бомбардировщика|date= January 26, 2006|website= www.aviaport.ru|language=RU}}</ref>▼
*{{BLR}}<ref name="Lennox">{{cite book |editor1-last=Lennox |editor1-first=Duncan |title=Jane's Air-Launched Weapons |date=1997 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=Surrey |edition=35th |chapter=AS-4 'Kitchen' (Kh-22 BURYA)}}</ref>
*{{KAZ}}<ref name="Lennox" />
*{{URS}} − Passed on to successor states<ref name="Lennox" />
▲*{{UKR}}<ref name="Lennox" /> − 423 scrapped after Ukrainian [[Tupolev Tu-22M|Tu-22M]] fleet's decommission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aviaport.ru/digest/2006/01/26/100145.html |title=В Полтаве готовятся к утилизации последнего бомбардировщика|date= January 26, 2006|website= www.aviaport.ru|language=RU}}</ref>
==Notes==
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* {{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Yefim|title=Soviet/Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two|year=2004|location=Hinckley, England|publisher=Midland Publishing|isbn=1-85780-188-1}}
*{{cite magazine|last=Healey|first=John K.|title=Retired Warriors: 'Cold War' Bomber Legacy |magazine=[[Air Enthusiast]] |date=January–February 2004|issue=109 |pages=75–79 |issn=0143-5450}}
*{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Ian |title=Putin's Missile War: Russia's Strike Campaign in Ukraine |date=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-7067-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3fREAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://airwar.ru/weapon/kr/x22.html Х-22 БУРЯ] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/naval-technology/6088-new-kh-32-antiship-missile-becomes-operational-in-russia-part-1.html New Kh-32 Antiship Missile Becomes Operational in Russia - part 1] Navy Recognition
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