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| species = '''''C. limacina'''''
| binomial = ''Clione limacina''
| binomial_authority = ([[Constantine Phipps, 2nd Baron Mulgrave|Phipps]], 1774) <ref>Phipps, C.J., 1774. ''A voyage towards the North Pole undertaken by His Majesty's Command 1773'' :
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="WoRMS" />
| synonyms =
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}}
'''''Clione limacina''''', known as the '''naked sea butterfly''', '''sea angel''', and '''common clione''', is a [[sea angel]] (pelagic [[sea slug]]) found from the surface to greater than {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} depth.<ref name="WoRMS">Gofas, S. (2012). ''Clione limacina''. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=139178 on 2012-07-23</ref><ref name="Lalli 1989"/> It lives in the [[Arctic Ocean]] and cold regions of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. It was first described by [[Friderich Martens|Martens]] in 1676 and became the first gymnosomatous (without a shell) "[[pteropod]]" to be described.<ref>Spitzbergiscbe oder grönlandische Reisebeschreibung, p. 189, p1. P. fig. f.</ref>
== Subspecies ==
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== Distribution ==
''Clione limacina'' is found in cold waters of the Arctic Ocean, North Pacific Ocean and North Atlantic Ocean.<ref>Mileikovsky S.A. (1970) Breeding and larval distribution of the pteropod ''Clione limacina'' in the North Atlantic, Subarctic and North Pacific Oceans. ''Marine Biology'' 6(4):
[[File:Clione limacina by NOAA.jpg|thumb|left|''Clione limacina'']]
== Description ==
There are two [[subspecies]] that differentiate in body length.<ref name="Böer 2005"/> The northern subspecies lives in colder water, matures at {{convert|3|cm|in|abbr=on}} and can reach a size of {{convert|7|-|8.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Böer 2005"/><ref name=Kallevik>Kallevik, I.H.F. (2013). ''[http://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/5858/thesis.pdf Alternative prey choice in the pteropod ''Clione limacina'' (Gastropoda) studied by DNA-based methods.]'' Biology Field of study - Arctic Marine Ecology and Resource Biology. Bio-3950 (60 ECT). The University Center in Svalbard.</ref> The size of the southern subspecies is {{convert|1.2|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Böer 2005"/>
The [[Neuroscience|neurobiology]] of this [[pteropod]] has been studied in detail.
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=== Feeding habits ===
Adults feed in a predator-prey relationship almost exclusively on the [[sea butterfly|sea butterflies]] of the genus ''[[Limacina]]'': on ''[[Limacina helicina]]'' and on ''[[Limacina retroversa]]''.<ref name="Lalli 1989">Lalli C. M. & Gilmer R. W. (1989). ''Pelagic Snails. The biology of holoplanktonic gastropod molluscs.'' Stanford University Press: Stanford, California. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yIAfwz5cxPMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Pelagic%20Snails%3A%20The%20Biology%20of%20Holoplanktonic%20Gastropod%20Molluscs&hl=cs&pg=PA188#v=onepage&q=Clione%20limacina&f=false page 188].</ref><ref name="Böer 2005">Böer M., Gannefors C., Kattner G., Graeve M., Hop H. & Falk-Petersen S. (2005). "The Arctic pteropod ''Clione limacina'': seasonal lipid dynamics and life-strategy". ''Marine Biology'' '''147'''(3):
Adult ''Limacina'' are absent for much of the year, leaving ''C. limacina'' without access to their main food source. A study of 138 ''C. limacina'' during a period without adult ''Limacina'' found that the stomachs of 24 contained remains of [[amphipod]]s and 3 contained remains of [[calanoid]]s.<ref name=Kallevik/> This temporary prey change may allow them to survive in periods of [[starvation]],<ref name=Kallevik/> although the species can survive for one year without food.<ref name="Böer 2006">Böer M., Graeve M. & Kattner G. (2006). "Exceptional long-term starvation ability and sites of lipid storage of the Arctic pteropod ''Clione limacina''". ''Polar Biology'' '''30'''(5):
The earliest [[larvae]] stages of ''C. limacina'' feed on [[phytoplankton]], but from the later laval stage this changes to ''Limacina''.<ref name=Kallevik/> The development of these two species is parallel and small ''C. limacina'' feed on ''Limacina'' of a similar size, while large ''C. limacina'' avoid small ''Limacina'' (including its larvae).<ref name=Kallevik/>
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| publisher = Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
| url = http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Natural_History,_Mollusca
}}</ref> Some fishes are also its predators.<ref name="Böer 2005"/> For example, the Chum Salmon, ''[[Oncorhynchus keta]]'', is a major predator of sea angels.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Takashi|first1=Makoa|last2=Takashi|first2=Kuwahara|last3=Masanoa|first3=Narita|title=Carotenoids of Sea Angels ''Clione limacina'' and Paedoclione doliiformis from the Perspective of the Food Chain|journal=Marine Drugs|date=March 2014|volume=12|issue=3|pages=1–11|doi=10.3390/md12031460|url=http://www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs|accessdate=22 April 2015}}</ref>
==References==
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== Further reading ==
* http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet/cliolima accessed 5 January 2010
* {{da icon}} [[Johan Erik Vesti Boas|Boas J. E. V.]] (1888). "Spolia Atlantica. Bidrag til Pteropodernes. Morfologi og Systematik samt til Kundskaben om deres geografiski Udbredelse". ''Det Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskabs skrifter''. København, serie 6, number 4:
* Abbott, R.T. (1974). ''American Seashells''. 2nd ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York, NY (USA). 663 pp
* Backeljau, T. (1986). ''Lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van België [List of the recent marine molluscs of Belgium].'' Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen: Brussels, Belgium. 106 pp.
* Conover R. J. & Lalli C. M. (1972). "Feeding and growth in ''Clione limacina'' (Phipps), a pteropod mollusc". ''[[Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology]]'' '''9'''(3):
* Falk-Petersen S., Sargent J. R., Kwasniewski S., Gulliksen B. & Millar R.-M. (2001). "Lipids and fatty acids in ''Clione limacina'' and ''Limacina helicina'' in Svalbard waters and the Arctic Ocean: trophic implications". ''Polar Biology'' '''24'''(3):
* Gilmer R. W. & Lalli C. M. (1990). "Bipolar variation in ''Clione'', a gymnosomatous pteropod". ''Am. Malacol. Union Bull.'' '''8'''(1):
* Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). ''European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification''. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
* Gosliner T. (1987). ''Nudibranchs of southern Africa: A guide to Opisthobranch molluscs of southern Africa''. Sea Challengers, Monterey. {{ISBN|0-930118-13-8}}
* Gosner, K.L. 1971. ''Guide to identification of marine and estuarine invertebrates: Cape Hatteras to the Bay of Fundy.'' John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 693 p.
* Hermans C. O. & Satterlie R. A. (1992). "Fast-Strike Feeding Behaviour in a Pteropod Mollusk, ''Clione limacina'' Phipps". ''The Biological Bulletin'', [[Marine Biological Laboratory]], '''182''': [https://archive.org/stream/biologicalbullet182mari#page/1/mode/1up 1]
* Linkletter, L.E. 1977. ''A checklist of marine fauna and flora of the Bay of Fundy''. Huntsman Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, N.B. 68 p.
* Morton J. E. (1958). "Observations on the gymnosomatous pteropod ''Clione limacina'' (Phipps)". ''[[Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom]]'' '''37''':
* Muller, Y. (2004). ''Faune et flore du littoral du Nord, du Pas-de-Calais et de la Belgique: inventaire. [Coastal fauna and flora of the Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Belgium: inventory]''. Commission Régionale de Biologie Région Nord Pas-de-Calais: France. 307 pp.
* Thomas, M.L.H. (ed.). 1983. ''Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy Region, New Brunswick''. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64. 306 p.
* Trott, T.J. 2004. ''Cobscook Bay inventory: a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years''. Northeastern Naturalist (Special Issue 2):
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Rosenthal | first1 = J. J. C.
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* Turgeon, D. D., et al. 1998. ''Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates of the United States and Canada''. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26
== External links ==
{{Taxonbar}}
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