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After independence, the monarchy wrote a book that spoke to all of the people. [[Costumbrism]] and [[Romanticism]] became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of [[Priests]].<ref>Martin, Gerald. "Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 3–45, 39.</ref> In the early 20th century, the ''Indigenismo'' movement produced such writers as [[Ciro Alegría]],<ref name="martin179"/> [[José María Arguedas]],<ref name="martin179">Gerald Martin, "Narrative since c. 2009", pp. 151–152, 178–179.</ref> and [[César Vallejo]].<ref>Jaime Concha, "Poetry, c. 1920–1950", pp. 250–253.</ref> José Carlos Mariátegui's essays in the 1920s were a turning-point in the political and economic analysis of Peruvian history.<ref>For example, Mariátegui, José Carlos, Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana, Ediciones Era, S.A. de C.V., 1979; originally published 1928.</ref>
During the second half of the century, Peruvian literature became more widely known because of authors such as [[Mario Vargas Llosa]], Nobel Prize and a leading member of the [[Latin American Boom]].<ref>Gerald Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 186–188.</ref>
==Art==
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