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== Theistic dualism ==
In theology, dualism can refer to the relationship between God and creation or God and the universe. This form of dualism is a belief shared in certain traditions of Christianity and Hinduism.<ref>For dualism school of Hinduism, see: Francis X. Clooney (2010), ''Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries between Religions'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199738724}}, pp. 51–58, 111–115</ref><ref name="Rouner"/>
===Zoroastrianism===
{{main|Zoroastrianism}}
[[Zoroastrianism]] or "Mazdayasna" is one of the world's oldest continuously-practiced religions, based on the teachings of the [[Iranian peoples|Iranian-speaking]] prophet [[Zoroaster]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Zarathustra – Iranian prophet|url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Zoroaster-Iranian-prophet|access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zoroaster-i-the-name|access-date=2021-03-29|website=www.iranicaonline.org|title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> It has a [[dualistic cosmology]] of [[good and evil]] and an [[eschatology]] which predicts the ultimate conquest of evil by good.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Zoroastrianism/Zoroastrianism1_Intro.pdf|title=Introduction to Zoroastrianism|last=Skjærvø|first=Prods Oktor|year=2005|website=Iranian Studies at Harvard University}}</ref> Zoroastrianism exalts an uncreated and benevolent deity of wisdom known as [[Ahura Mazda|''Ahura Mazda'']] ({{Literal translation|Wise Lord}}) as its supreme being.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahura-mazda|title=AHURA MAZDĀ – Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=2019-07-13}}</ref>
===Manichaeism===
{{main|Manichaeism}}
[[Manichaeism]] was a major religion<ref>R. van den Broek, Wouter J. Hanegraaff ''Gnosis and Hermeticism from Antiquity to Modern Times''SUNY Press, 1998 {{ISBN|978-0-7914-3611-0}} p. 37</ref> founded in the 3rd century AD by the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]]<ref>Yarshater, Ehsan ''The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3 (2), The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983.</ref> prophet [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] ({{circa|216–274 AD}}), in the [[Sasanian Empire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09591a.htm |title=Manichaeism |publisher=New Advent Encyclopedia |access-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> Manichaeism taught an elaborate dualistic cosmology describing the [[conflict between good and evil|struggle]] between a [[goodness and value theory|good]], [[spirituality|spiritual]] world of [[light]], and an [[evil]], material world of [[darkness]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cosmogony-iii|title=Cosmogony and Cosmology iii. In Manicheism|website=Encyclopædia Iranica|language=en|access-date=2018-02-24|quote=[I]n Manicheism the world was a prison for demons...}}</ref> Through an ongoing process that takes place in human history, light is gradually removed from the world of matter and returned to the world of light, whence it came. Its beliefs were based on local Mesopotamian religious movements and [[Gnosticism]].<ref>Widengren, Geo ''Mesopotamian elements in Manichaeism (King and Saviour II): Studies in Manichaean, Mandaean, and Syrian-gnostic religion'', Lundequistska bokhandeln, 1946.</ref>
==={{vanchor|In Christianity}} and other Abrahamic religions===
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