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The efficacy of sanctions in achieving intended goals is a subject of debate.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Drezner |first=Daniel W. |date=2024 |title=Global Economic Sanctions |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041322-032240 |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-041322-032240 |issn=1094-2939}}</ref> Scholars have also considered the policy externalities of sanctions.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Farrell |first1=Henry |last2=Newman |first2=Abraham L. |date=2019 |title=Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion |journal=International Security |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=42–79 |doi=10.1162/isec_a_00351 |issn=0162-2889 |s2cid=198952367 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The humanitarian consequences of country-wide sanctions have been a subject of controversy.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Drezner |first=Daniel W. |date=2022 |title=How not to sanction |url=https://academic.oup.com/ia/article/98/5/1533/6686647 |journal=International Affairs |language=en |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=1533–1552 |doi=10.1093/ia/iiac065 |issn=0020-5850 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209133546/https://humanrightscommission.house.gov/sites/humanrightscommission.house.gov/files/documents/How%20not%20to%20sanction%20Daniel%20Drezner.pdf |archive-date=2022-12-09}}</ref> As a consequence, since the mid-1990s, [[United Nations Security Council]] (UNSC) sanctions have tended to target individuals and entities, in contrast to the country-wide sanctions of earlier decades.<ref name="Giumelli 2015" />
== History of sanctions ==
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