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Berners-Lee submitted a proposal to CERN in May 1989, without giving the system a name.<ref name="TBL Web Proposal" /> He got a working system implemented by the end of 1990, including a browser called [[WorldWideWeb]] (which became the name of the project and of the network) and [[CERN httpd|an HTTP server]] running at CERN. As part of that development he defined the first version of the HTTP protocol, the basic URL syntax, and implicitly made HTML the primary document format.<ref>W3 (1991) [https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/1991/08/art-6484.txt Re: Qualifiers on Hypertext links] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207032603/https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/1991/08/art-6484.txt |date=7 December 2021 }}</ref> The technology was released outside CERN to other research institutions starting in January 1991, and then to the whole Internet on 23 August 1991. The Web was a success at CERN, and began to spread to other scientific and academic institutions. Within the next two years, [[List of websites founded before 1995|there were 50 websites created]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hopgood |first1=Bob |title=History of the Web |url=https://www.w3.org/2012/08/history-of-the-web/origins.htm#c7p1 |website=w3.org |publisher=The World Wide Web Consortium |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321090119/https://www.w3.org/2012/08/history-of-the-web/origins.htm#c7p1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A short history of the Web |url=https://home.cern/science/computing/birth-web/short-history-web |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=CERN |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417082120/https://home.cern/science/computing/birth-web/short-history-web |url-status=live }}</ref>
CERN made the Web protocol and code available royalty free in 1993, enabling its widespread use.<ref>{{cite web |title=Software release of WWW into public domain |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1164399/ |access-date=17 February 2022 |website=CERN Document Server |date=30 January 1993 |publisher=CERN |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217212624/https://cds.cern.ch/record/1164399/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 April 2003 |title=Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software |url=http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Welcome.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813032723/http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Welcome.html |archive-date=13 August 2009 |access-date=27 July 2009 |publisher=Tenyears-www.web.cern.ch}}</ref> After the [[National Center for Supercomputing Applications|NCSA]] released the [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic web browser]] later that year, the Web's popularity grew rapidly as [[List of websites founded before 1995|thousands of websites]] sprang up in less than a year.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Calore |first1=Michael |title=April 22, 1993: Mosaic Browser Lights Up Web With Color, Creativity |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/04/0422mosaic-web-browser/ |access-date=12 February 2022 |date=22 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="Couldry">{{cite book |last1=Couldry |first1=Nick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcHvP9trbkAC&pg=PA2 |title=Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice |date=2012 |publisher=Polity Press |isbn=9780745639208 |location=London |page=2}}</ref> Mosaic was a graphical browser that could display inline images and submit [[Form (HTML)|forms]] that were processed by the [[NCSA HTTPd|HTTPd server]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hoffman |first1=Jay |title=The Origin of the IMG Tag |url=https://thehistoryoftheweb.com/the-origin-of-the-img-tag/ |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=The History of the Web |date=21 April 1993 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213213527/https://thehistoryoftheweb.com/the-origin-of-the-img-tag/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Clarke |first1=Roger |title=The Birth of Web Commerce |url=http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/WCBirth.html |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=Roger Clarke's Web-Site |publisher=XAMAX |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215174226/http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/WCBirth.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Marc Andreessen]] and [[James H. Clark|Jim Clark]] founded [[Netscape]] the following year and released the [[Netscape Navigator|Navigator browser]], which introduced [[Java (programming language)|Java]] and [[JavaScript]] to the Web. It quickly became the dominant browser. Netscape [[Initial public offering|became a public company]] in 1995 which triggered a frenzy for the Web and started the [[dot-com bubble]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=McCullough |first1=Brian |title=20 YEARS ON: WHY NETSCAPE'S IPO WAS THE "BIG BANG" OF THE INTERNET ERA |url=http://www.internethistorypodcast.com/2015/08/20-years-on-why-netscapes-ipo-was-the-big-bang-of-the-internet-era/ |website=www.internethistorypodcast.com |publisher=INTERNET HISTORY PODCAST |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212213213/http://www.internethistorypodcast.com/2015/08/20-years-on-why-netscapes-ipo-was-the-big-bang-of-the-internet-era/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Microsoft responded by developing its own browser, [[Internet Explorer]], starting the [[browser wars]]. By bundling it with Windows, it became the dominant browser for 14 years.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Calore |first1=Michael |title=Sept. 28, 1998: Internet Explorer Leaves Netscape in Its Wake |url=https://www.wired.com/2009/09/0928ie-beats-netscape/ |access-date=14 February 2022 |magazine=Wired |date=28 September 2009}}</ref>
Berners-Lee founded the [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C) which created [[XML]] in 1996 and recommended replacing HTML with stricter [[XHTML]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daly |first1=Janet |title=World Wide Web Consortium Issues XHTML 1.0 as a Recommendation |url=https://www.w3.org/2000/01/xhtml-pressrelease |access-date=8 March 2022 |publisher=W3C |date=26 January 2000 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620230850/https://www.w3.org/2000/01/xhtml-pressrelease |url-status=live }}</ref> In the meantime, developers began exploiting an IE feature called [[XMLHttpRequest]] to make [[Ajax (programming)|Ajax]] applications and launched the [[Web 2.0]] revolution. [[Mozilla]], [[Opera (company)|Opera]], and Apple rejected XHTML and created the [[WHATWG]] which developed [[HTML5]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hickson |first1=Ian |title=WHAT open mailing list announcement |url=https://whatwg.org/news/start |website=whatwg.org |publisher=WHATWG |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308052351/https://whatwg.org/news/start |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, the W3C conceded and abandoned XHTML.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shankland |first1=Stephen |title=An epitaph for the Web standard, XHTML 2 |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/an-epitaph-for-the-web-standard-xhtml-2/ |access-date=17 February 2022 |publisher=CNet |date=9 July 2009 |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216142629/https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/an-epitaph-for-the-web-standard-xhtml-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, it ceded control of the HTML specification to the WHATWG.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorandum of Understanding Between W3C and WHATWG |url=https://www.w3.org/2019/04/WHATWG-W3C-MOU.html |publisher=W3C |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529012854/https://www.w3.org/2019/04/WHATWG-W3C-MOU.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
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