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'''Locoweed''' (also '''crazyweed''' and '''loco''') is a [[common name]] in [[North America]] for any plant that produces [[swainsonine]], an [[alkaloid]] harmful to [[livestock]]. Worldwide, swainsonine is produced by a small number of [[species]], most of them in three [[Genus|genera]] of the [[Angiosperm|flowering plant]] family [[Fabaceae]]: ''[[Oxytropis]]'' and ''[[Astragalus (plant)|Astragalus]]'' in [[North America]],<ref name="RalphsJames1999"/> and ''[[Swainsona]]'' in [[Australia]]. The term locoweed usually refers only to the North American species of ''Oxytropis'' and ''Astragalus'', but this article includes the other species as well. Some references may incorrectly list ''[[Datura]]'' as locoweed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/alanenglish/417160351/|title = Sacred Datura (Locoweed) on North Kaibab Trail Grand Canyon - don't even think about smokin' this s**t uff|date =
Locoweed is relatively [[palatable]] to livestock, and some individual animals will seek it out. Livestock poisoned by chronic ingestion of large amounts of swainsonine develop a medical condition known as ''locoism'' (swainsonine disease, swainsonine toxicosis in North America) and ''pea struck'' in Australia.<ref name="pmid2110378">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pritchard DH, Huxtable CR, Dorling PR | title = Swainsonine toxicosis suppresses appetite and retards growth in weanling rats | journal = Research in Veterinary Science | volume = 48 | issue = 2 | pages = 228–30 |date=March 1990 | pmid = 2110378 | doi = 10.1016/S0034-5288(18)30995-0}}</ref> Locoism is reported most often in cattle, sheep, and horses, but has also been reported in [[elk]] and [[deer]]. It is the most widespread poisonous plant problem in the western [[United States]].<ref name="RalphsJames1999"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100621.htm|title=ARS and New Mexico Scientists Take a Long Look at Livestock and Locoweed : USDA ARS}}</ref>
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|publisher = Northern Inland Weeds Advisory Committee
|url = http://www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au/Poisonous%20plants%20label%20-%20darling%20pea.pdf
|accessdate =
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050615213946/http://northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au/Poisonous%20plants%20label%20-%20darling%20pea.pdf
|archive-date =
}}</ref>
* ''[[Swainsona luteola|S. luteola]]''
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|title = GRIN Genera of Fabaceae subtribe Astragalinae
|year = 2003
|accessdate =
|publisher = Germplasm Resources Information Network
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081015234011/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1504
|archive-date =
}}</ref> Formerly, ''Swainsona'' was in another subtribe, Coluteinae, that has been combined into Astragalinae.
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| pmid = 12717675
| url = http://www.revneurol.com/LinkOut/formMedLine.asp?Refer=2003018&Revista=Revneurol
| accessdate =
}}</ref>
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== Prevention ==
Because ''O. sericea'' is both frequently encountered and relatively [[palatable]] to livestock, it is an important cause of economic losses in livestock production. Keeping livestock away from locoweed-infested pasture in spring and fall when grass and other forbs are not actively growing is recommended. Another suggested remedy is to provide palatable supplemental nutrients if animals are to be kept in infested pasture. These remedies take into account livestock preference for locoweed during seasons when grass is dry and not very nutritious.<ref>[http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100621.htm "ARS and New Mexico Scientists Take a Long Look at Livestock and Locoweed"] by Ann Perry, June 21, 2010, Agricultural Research Service, accessed September 29, 2010</ref> [[Conditioned food aversion]] has been used experimentally to discourage livestock from eating it.<ref name="pmid10817148">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Ralphs MH, Provenza FD | title = Conditioned food aversions: principles and practices, with special reference to social facilitation
| journal = Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
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|url = https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/download/4302/PDF
|issn = 0021-8812
|accessdate =
}}</ref> In horses, a small study has shown promising results using [[lithium chloride]] as the [[aversive agent]].<ref name=Pfisteretal2002/>
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