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{{see also|Ji (state)|Yan (state)}}
[[File:EN-YAN260BCE.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ji, marked on the map of the Warring States Period, as the capital of the State of Yan.]]
The [[state of Ji|city state of Ji]] was inhabited by the tribe of the [[Yellow Emperor]] in the [[Shang Dynasty]], and became one of the founding vassal states of the [[Zhou Dynasty]]. According to [[Sima Qian]]'s ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'', [[King Wu of Zhou]], in the 11th year of his reign, deposed [[King Zhou of Shang]] and conferred titles to nobles within his domain, including the rulers of the city states Ji and [[State of Yan|Yan]]. According to the ''[[Book of Rites]]'', [[King Wu of Zhou]] was so eager to establish his legitimacy after his battle victory over the Shang that before dismounting from his chariot, he named the descendants of the Yellow Emperor to the State of Ji.<ref>《礼记•乐记》</ref> The 11th year of the reign of King Wu of Zhou approximates to 1145 B.C. The Beijing Municipal Government designates 1045 B.C. as the first year of the city's history.<ref>(Chinese) [http://www.visitbeijing.com.cn/jdjq/jdjqtj/msgj/128760.html 蓟城纪念柱]</ref>
At some time in the late [[Western Zhou Dynasty]] or the early [[Eastern Zhou Dynasty]], the neighboring State of Yan conquered Ji and made the city its capital. The Yan state eventually became one of the seven powers of the [[Warring States period]] (476 – 221BC). The rulers of the Yan built several capitals and moved their seat of power in response to threats from the nomadic tribes from the north and neighboring kingdoms from the south. Ji was referred to historians as Shangdu (上都) or the "Upper Capital." Other Yan capitals include: (1) the [[Liulihe Site]] in southern [[Fangshan District]] of [[Beijing]], which served as the Yan capital prior to Yan’s conquest of Ji, (2) Linyi (临易) in present-day [[Rongcheng County|Rongcheng]] and [[Xiong County|Xiong]] Counties of [[Hebei Province]] to which the seat of Yan moved in 690s BC,<ref name="Linyi">(Chinese) [http://www.yanduyizhi.com/ydyj3.htm "走进燕国 >> 燕都遗迹 >> 易都—容城南阳遗址、雄县古贤村遗址"] Accessed 2012-12-13</ref> (3) the Ancient City of Doudian in [[Liangxiang]] of Fangshan District, known as Zhongdu (中都), or the "Middle Capital"<ref name="Yan Zhongdu">(Chinese) [http://www.yanduyizhi.com/ydyj4.htm "走进燕国 >> 燕都遗迹 >> 中都——窦店古城"] Accessed 2012-12-13</ref> and (4) [[Xiadu]] (下都) or the "Lower Capital", a larger settlement south of Linyi, in modern
The City of Ji is believed to be located in the southwestern part of present-day urban Beijing, just south of [[Guang'anmen]] in [[Xicheng District|Xicheng]] and [[Fengtai District]]s.<ref name="Shangdu">(Chinese) [http://www.yanduyizhi.com/ydyj2.htm "走进燕国 >> 燕都遗迹 >> 上都——蓟城"] Accessed 2012-12-13</ref> Historical accounts mention a "Hill of Ji" northwest of the city, which would correspond to the large mound at the [[Baiyun Abbey|White Cloud Abbey]], outside Xibianmen about 4 km north of Guang’anmen.<ref>In 284 BC, the victorious Yan general [[Yue Yi]], having conquered 70 cities of neighboring [[Qi (state)|Qi]], wrote to Duke of Yan to report that he had enough booty to fill two palaces and planned to bring home a new tree species to plant on the Hill of Ji, north of the city.</ref> South and west of Guang’anmen, archaeologists have unearthed remnants of concentrated human habitation dating back to at least the 400s BC.<ref name="Shangdu"/> In 1956, during the construction of the Yongding River viaduct, 151 ancient wells dating to the Spring and Autumn, Warring States and Han Dynasty were discovered.<ref name="Shangdu"/> In 1957, a rammed earth platform was found south of Guang’anmen along with tiles used for palace construction.<ref name="Shangdu"/> Since then more wells and tiles have been discovered, and the wells are most densely concentrated in south of [[Xuanwumen (Beijing)|Xuanwumen]] and Hepingmen.<ref name="Shangdu"/><ref name="wells"/> Archaeologists have yet to discover remnants of city walls from the Zhou Dynasty that have been found at the other four capitals. In 1974, excavations around the White Cloud Abbey uncovered remnants of city walls but three tombs from the [[Eastern Han Dynasty]] found underneath the walls indicate the walls post-date the tombs.<ref name="wells">(Chinese) [http://www.bjww.gov.cn/2005/8-4/132425.html "北京建城之始-燕蓟遗迹"] 2005-09-01</ref> The fact that the other four capitals were buried beneath farmland and the Guang’anmen area is a densely populated section of urban Beijing accounts for the greater difficulty of searching for Ji’s ruins. In 2008, city authorities in Beijing announced that archaeological efforts would accompany urban renewal constructions projects in southern Bejiing to search for more artifacts of Ji in the pre-imperial era.<ref>(Chinese) [http://news.sohu.com/20080919/n259650551.shtml "考古工作者搜寻蓟城遗址 锁定北京宣南工地(图)" ''北京晚报''] 2008-09-19</ref>
==Early Imperial Era==
===Qin Dynasty===
[[Qin Dynasty|Qin]] general [[Wang Jian (Qin)|Wang Jian]] conquered Ji in 226 BC and the [[First Emperor]] completed his unification of China in 221 BC. The country was organized into 48 [[commandery (China)|commanderies]]. Ji was the capital of the Guangyang Commandery. To prevent the Warring States from regaining their power, the First Emperor ordered the walls of the old capitals be destroyed and Ji's walls were torn down in 215 BC but later rebuilt.{{sfn|BTVU|loc =[http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit02/htm/01_3.htm "三、燕都蓟城 "]}} The Qin removed defensive barriers dividing the Warring States, including the southern wall of the Yan, which separated the Beijing Plain from the Central Plain, and built a national roadway network.{{sfn|BTVU|loc = [http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit03/htm/01_2.htm “屏障中原的军事重镇”]}} Ji served as the junction for the roads connecting the Central Plain with Mongolia and Manchuria.{{sfn|BTVU|loc = [http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit03/htm/01_2.htm “屏障中原的军事重镇”]}} The First Emperor visited Ji in 215 BC and, to protect the frontier from the [[Xiongnu]], had the Qin Great Wall built north of Ji and fortified [[Juyongguan|Juyong Pass]].{{sfn|BTVU|loc = [http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit03/htm/01_2.htm “屏障中原的军事重镇”]}} The Qin conscripted men from throughout the country to be garrisoned at the forts north of Ji. In 209 BC, a group of conscripts who were delayed in their march to the north by flooding in central China and faced penalty by death, rose in [[Dazexiang Uprising|rebellion]] under the leadership of [[Chen Sheng]] and [[Wu Guang]]. The rebellion spread to Ji, where [[Han Guang]] revived the Yan Kingdom. Han Guang sent his subordinate [[Zang Tu]] to help rebel leader [[Xiang Yu]], who succeeded in capturing the Qin capital at Xianyang in 207 BC. Xiang Yu then divided the country into [[Eighteen Kingdoms|Eighteen Principalities]], appointing Zang Tu as the lord of Ji and Han Guang as the lord of nearby Liaodong. Han Guang refused to cede Ji to Zang Tu, who seized the city and killed Han Guang. Zang Tu then sided with [[Emperor Gaozu of Han|Liu Bang]], the lord of Sichuan, in the [[Chu–Han Contention|war against Xiang Yu]]. After Liu Bang prevailed and founded the [[Han Dynasty]], Zang Tu was appointed the [[Prince of Yan]], and governed the Principality of Yan from Ji.
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When the Han court began to purge former supporters of Xiang Yu, Zang Tu became fearful and rebelled. Liu Bang as the [[Emperor Gaozu of Han|Emperor Gaozu]] personally led a campaign against Zang Tu in Ji.{{sfn|BTVU|loc = [http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit03/htm/01_2.htm “屏障中原的军事重镇”]}} Zang Tu was defeated and killed in 206 BC.{{sfn|BTVU|loc = [http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit03/htm/01_2.htm “屏障中原的军事重镇”]}} Emperor Gaozu appointed his childhood friend [[Lu Wan]] as the Prince of Yan.{{sfn|BTVU|loc =[http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit03/dskt.htm "中央政府与地方势力的较量"]}} In 195 BC, he became distrustful of Lu Wan and invaded Ji. Lu Wan fled to the [[Xiongnu]] in the steppes. To tighten control of the region, the Emperor Gaozu sent his son Liu Jian to Ji as the Prince of Yan.{{sfn|BTVU|loc =[http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit03/dskt.htm "中央政府与地方势力的较量"]}} After Liu Jian died in 181 BC, Gaozu's widow, the [[Empress Lü Zhi]] controlled the Han court, and made her nephew Lü Tong as the Prince of Yan.{{sfn|BTVU|loc =[http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit03/dskt.htm "中央政府与地方势力的较量"]}} When Empress Lü Zhi's regency ended in 179 BC, Liu Ze became the Prince of Yan and his family ruled Ji for three generations.{{sfn|BTVU|loc =[http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit03/dskt.htm "中央政府与地方势力的较量"]}}
In 117 BC, [[Emperor Wu of Han]] appointed his son Liu Dan as the Prince of Yan.{{sfn|BTVU|loc =[http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit03/dskt.htm "中央政府与地方势力的较量"]}} Liu Dan held the title for 38 years.{{sfn|BTVU|loc =[http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit03/dskt.htm "中央政府与地方势力的较量"]}} In 106 BC, Emperor Wu of Han organized the [[Western Han Dynasty]] into 13 province-sized prefectures, each administered by a ''cishi'' (刺史) or inspector. The [[City of Ji]] was the prefectural seat for Youzhou, which governed roughly the same territory as the [[Yan (state)|State of Yan]] during the [[Warring States]] period.<ref>(Chinese) [http://www.guoxue123.com/other/map/pic/04/16.jpg Map of Youzhou during the Western Han Dynasty] Accessed 2012-12-19</ref> Youzhou was composed of the Shanggu, Zhuo, Guangyang, Bohai, Yuyang, Right Beiping, Liaoxi, Liaodong, [[Xuantu]] and [[Lelang]] Commanderies. After Emperor Wu died, Liu Dan conspired with the Empress Gaichang and [[Sang Hongyang]] to subvert the throne.{{sfn|BTVU|loc =[http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit03/dskt.htm "中央政府与地方势力的较量"]}} When the plot was foiled, Liu Dan was forced to commit suicide in 80 BC and the Principality of Yan was converted to Guangyang Commandery.{{sfn|BTVU|loc =[http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit03/dskt.htm "中央政府与地方势力的较量"]}} In 73 BC, Liu Jian's son, Liu Jian was appointed the Prince of Guangyang and the Guangyang Commandery became the Guangyang Principality.{{sfn|BTVU|loc =[http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit03/dskt.htm "中央政府与地方势力的较量"]}} Liu Jian's tomb is now [[Dabaotai Western Han Dynasty Mausoleum]] in [[Fengtai District]] of Beijing. His grandson Liu Jia was ousted from the principality after [[Wang Mang]]'s seized the Han throne.{{sfn|BTVU|loc =[http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit03/dskt.htm "中央政府与地方势力的较量"]}} During the [[Xin Dynasty|Wang Mang interregnum]], Guangyang Principality became the Guangyou Principality.{{sfn|BTVU|loc =[http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit03/dskt.htm "中央政府与地方势力的较量"]}}
During the [[Eastern Han Dynasty]], Youzhou was as one of 12 prefectures and contained a dozen subordinate commanderies, including the Guangyang Commandery. In 24 A.D., [[Liu Xiu]] moved Youzhou's prefectural seat from Ji County (in modern-day Tianjin) to the City of Ji. In 96 A.D., the City of Ji served as the seat of both the Guangyang Commandery and Youzhou.<ref>(Chinese)[http://www.bjww.gov.cn/2005/8-4/131820.html "北方军事重镇-汉唐经略东北的基地-东汉时期的幽州蓟城" Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage] 2005-09-01</ref>
===[[Six Dynasties]]===
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The Wei court instituted offices in Youzhou to manage relations with the [[Wuhuan]] and [[Xianbei]].<ref name=WeiKingdom/> To help sustain the troops garrisoned in Youzhou, the governor in 250 AD built the [[Lilingyan]], an irrigation system that greatly improved agricultural output in the plains around Ji.<ref name=WeiKingdom>(Chinese) [http://www.bjma.gov.cn/InfoShowRoll/InfoShowRolls.ycs?GUID=1166苏天钧, 魏晋十六国时期的幽州城, 北京城市历史地理] 2005-12-30</ref>
Ji was demoted to a county seat in the [[Jin Dynasty (265–420)|Western Jin Dynasty]] (晋), which made neighboring [[Zhuozhou|Zhuo County]], in present
In 319 AD, [[Shi Le]], the founder of the [[Later Zhao]] Kingdom, captured Ji from Duan Pidi, a Xianbei chieftain nominally loyal to the Jin Dynasty. In 349, [[Ran Min]], an [[Han Chinese|ethnic Han]] general seized control of this kingdom, which he renamed [[Ran Wei]] in 350. But before he could capture Ji, the city was taken by the Murong Xianbei, led by Prince [[Murong Jun]] who swept down from [[Manchuria]]. Murong Jun then defeated Ran Min and extinguished the Ran Wei. In 352, he declared himself emperor and made the city, the capital of the [[Former Yan]] Kingdom.<ref name="Difangzhi">
In 369-70, the [[Former Qin]], led by [[Fú Jiān|Fu Jiān]], a [[Di (Wu Hu)|Di]], defeated the Former Yan and briefly unified northern China. But after losing the [[Battle of Feishui]] in 383, the Former Qin's control crumbled as the [[Later Yan]], [[Northern Wei]] and other kingdoms broke away. In 385, the Northern Yan, under [[Murong Chui]] and seized Ji from the Former Qin. At around 398, the Former Yan governor of Ji, Gao Hu, surrendered to the [[Northern Wei]], led by the [[Tuoba]] clan of the Xianbei, who established the first of the [[Northern Dynasties]].<ref>(Chinese) [http://www.btcbd.com/Culture/2009/2675.html 北魏太和造像] 2009-01-11</ref> Ji became the prefecture capital of Youzhou. This designation continued through the remainder of the Northern Dynasties, [[Eastern Wei]], [[Northern Qi]] and [[Northern Zhou]].
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The Tang Dynasty reduced the size of a prefecture, as a unit of administration [[History of the administrative divisions of China|administrative division]], from a province to a commandery and renamed Zhuojun back to Youzhou, which was one of over 300 Tang Prefectures.<ref>[[#CASS|CASS 1985]]: 39-40</ref> With the creation of a separate prefecture called Jizhou (蓟州) in present-day [[Tianjin]] in 730, the name Ji was transplanted from Beijing to Tianjin, where a [[Ji County, Tianjin|Ji County]] (蓟县) still exists today.<ref>(Chinese) [http://jixian.52njl.com/farm21.htm "古今的‘蓟县’，我今天才大概知道"] 20120-07-07</ref> In Beijing, the City of Ji gradually became known as Youzhou.
The seat of the government of Youzhou remained in place but took on slightly different names. In 616, the government was called Youzhou Zongguanfu (幽州总管府); in 622, Youzhou Dazongguanfu (幽州大总管府); in 624, Youzhou Dadudufu (幽州大都督府) and in 626, Youzhou Dudufu (幽州都督府).
In 645, Tang [[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Emperor Taizong]] launched [[Goguryeo–Tang War|another war against Goguryeo]] using Ji as the base of forward operating base. He was defeated badly and retreated to the city, and built the [[Fayuan Temple]] in the western suburbs to commemorate the war dead.{{sfn|BTVU|loc = [media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit03/htm/01_2.htm "屏障中原的军事重镇"]}}
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==Sources==
* {{citation|last = BTVU|first = |title=中国历史与文化| publisher =北京广播电视大学
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