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The revolutionary committee headed by [[Niceto Alcalá-Zamora]] became the provisional government, with Alcalá-Zamora as [[president]] and [[head of state]].<ref>Beevor (2006) p. 23.</ref> The republic had broad support from all segments of society.<ref>Preston (2006). pp. 38–39.</ref> In May, an incident where a taxi driver was attacked outside a monarchist club sparked anti-clerical violence throughout [[Madrid]] and south-west [[Spain]]; the government's slow response disillusioned the right and reinforced their view that the [[Second Spanish Republic|Republic]] was determined to persecute the church. In June and July the [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo]] called several [[Strike action|strikes]], which led to a violent incident between [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]] members and the [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Civil Guard]] and a brutal crackdown by the [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Civil Guard]] and the [[Spanish Army|army]] against the [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]] in [[Seville]]; this led many workers to believe the [[Republic|Second Spanish Republic]] was just as oppressive as the [[monarchy]] and the [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]] announced their intention of overthrowing it via [[revolution]].<ref>Beevor(2006) p.26</ref> Elections in June 1931 returned a large majority of Republicans and [[Socialism|Socialists]].<ref>Preston (2006). p. 50.</ref> With the onset of the [[Great Depression]], the government attempted to assist rural Spain by instituting an [[eight-hour day]] and giving [[land tenure]] to farm workers.<ref>Preston (2006). p. 42.</ref><ref>Beevor (2006). p. 22.</ref>
[[Fascism]] remained a reactive threat, helped by controversial reforms to the military.<ref>Preston (2006). pp. 45–48.</ref> In December, a new reformist, liberal, and democratic [[Spanish Constitution of 1931|constitution]] was declared. It included strong provisions enforcing a broad [[secularization]] of the Catholic country, which many moderate committed Catholics opposed.<ref>Preston (2006). p. 53.</ref> In October 1931, Republican [[Manuel Azaña]] became prime minister of a minority government.<ref>Thomas (1961). p. 47.</ref><ref>Preston (2006). p. 61.</ref> In 1933, the right won the [[Spanish general election, 1933|general elections]], largely due to the [[anarchism|anarchists']] abstention from the vote,<ref name="casanova90">Casanova (2010). p. 90.</ref> increased right wing resentment of the incumbent government caused by
Events in the period following November 1933, called the "black two years," seemed to make a civil war more likely.<ref>Preston (2006). pp. 66–67.</ref> Alejandro Lerroux of the Radical Republican Party (RRP) formed a government and rolled back changes made under the previous administration<ref>Preston (2006). pp. 67–68.</ref> and also granted amnesty to the collaborators of the unsuccessful uprising by General [[José Sanjurjo]] in August 1932.<ref>Preston (2006). pp. 63–65.</ref><ref>Thomas (1961). p. 62.</ref> Some monarchists joined with the then fascist-nationalist [[Falange Española y de las JONS]] ("Falange") to help achieve their aims.<ref>Preston (2006). pp. 69–70.</ref> Open violence occurred in the streets of Spanish cities, and militancy continued to increase,<ref>Preston (2006). p. 70.</ref> reflecting a movement towards radical upheaval, rather than peaceful democratic means as solutions.<ref>Preston 92006). p. 83.</ref>
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