The Morgan Library & Museum (originally known as the Pierpont Morgan Library; colloquially the Morgan) is a museum and research library at 225 Madison Avenue in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, New York, U.S. Completed in 1906 as the private library of the banker J. P. Morgan, the institution has more than 350,000 objects. As of 2024[update], the museum is directed by Colin B. Bailey and governed by a board of trustees.
![]() The main building | |
![]() | |
Former name | Pierpont Morgan Library |
---|---|
Established | 1906 March 28, 1924 (public institution) | (private library)
Location | 225 Madison Avenue (at East 36th Street), Manhattan, New York, U.S. |
Coordinates | 40°44′57″N 73°58′53″W / 40.74917°N 73.98139°W |
Type | Museum and research library |
Collection size | 350,000[1][2] |
Visitors | 274,000 (fiscal year 2019)[3] |
Founder | J. P. Morgan |
Director | Colin B. Bailey |
Architect | Charles Follen McKim (main building) Benjamin Wistar Morris (main building annex) Isaac Newton Phelps (231 Madison Avenue) Renzo Piano and Beyer Blinder Belle (expansion) |
Public transit access | Subway: ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Bus: M1, M2, M3, M4, M34 SBS, M34A SBS, M42, Q32[4] |
Website | themorgan |
J. Pierpont Morgan Library | |
New York City Landmark No. 0239, 1119, 2114
| |
NRHP reference No. | 66000544[5] |
NYSRHP No. | 06101.000434 |
NYCL No. | 0239, 1119, 2114 |
Significant dates | |
Added to NRHP | November 13, 1966 (main building)[5] |
Designated NHL | November 13, 1966 (main building)[10] |
Designated NYSRHP | June 23, 1980[6] |
Designated NYCL | May 17, 1966 (main building exterior)[7] March 23, 1982 (main building interior)[8] February 26, 2002 (231 Madison Avenue exterior)[9] |
The site was formerly occupied by several Phelps family residences. J. P. Morgan purchased one of these residences in 1880 and, after collecting thousands of objects in the late 19th century, erected the main library building between 1902 and 1906. The library was made a public institution in 1924 by J. P. Morgan's son John Pierpont Morgan Jr., in accordance with his father's will, and further expansions were completed in 1928, 1962, and 1991. The Morgan Library was renamed the Morgan Library & Museum after the completion of a major expansion in 2006. Further renovations were completed in 2010 and 2022.
The Morgan Library & Museum is composed of several structures. The main building was designed by Charles McKim of the firm of McKim, Mead and White, with an annex designed by Benjamin Wistar Morris. A 19th-century Italianate brownstone house at 231 Madison Avenue, built by Isaac Newton Phelps, is also part of the grounds. The complex includes three additional structures, including a glass entrance building designed by Renzo Piano and Beyer Blinder Belle. The main building and its interior is a New York City designated landmark and a National Historic Landmark, while the house at 231 Madison Avenue is a designated city landmark.
The Morgan Library & Museum contains illuminated manuscripts, authors' original manuscripts, books, and sheets of music. The Morgan also houses collections of drawings, photographs, paintings, maps, and other objects. In addition to its permanent collection, the museum has hosted temporary exhibitions, as well as events such as concerts and lectures. Both the collection and the original building's architecture have received praise over the years, while the annexes' architecture has received mixed commentary.
History
editBackground
editPhelps Stokes/Dodge houses
editIn the second half of the 19th century, the Morgan Library & Museum's site was occupied by four brownstone houses on the east side of Madison Avenue, between 36th Street to the south and 37th Street to the north. The houses were all built in 1852 or 1853 by members of the Phelps Stokes/Dodge merchant family.[11][12] Three houses were built along Madison Avenue on lots measuring 65 feet (20 m) wide by 157 feet (48 m) deep, while a fourth house to the east measured 18 feet (5.5 m) wide and stretched 197.5 feet (60.2 m) between 37th and 36th Streets. All the houses were designed in an Italianate style with pink brownstone.[12] A driveway and stables were located behind the homes.[13] The Madison Avenue houses, from north to south, were owned by Isaac Newton Phelps, William E. Dodge, and John Jay Phelps, while the 37th Street house was owned by George D. Phelps.[11][12] The houses were separated from each other by gardens.[14] The surrounding neighborhood of Murray Hill was not yet developed at the time, but began to grow after the American Civil War.[15]
Isaac Newton Phelps's daughter Helen married Anson Phelps Stokes in 1865. Their son, the architect Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes, was born in the Isaac Newton Phelps house at 231 Madison Avenue two years later. Helen Phelps inherited the house following her father's death. In 1888, she doubled the size of her house and added an attic; the architect R. H. Robertson designed the expansion.[12]
The banker John Pierpont Morgan, who lived at 6 East 40th Street in the 1870s,[16] was looking to buy his own house by 1880. He wished to live in Murray Hill, where many of his and his wife's friends and business contacts lived.[17] Morgan sought to buy John Jay Phelps's house at 219 Madison Avenue, at the corner with 36th Street, which was offered for $225,000.[17][18] He acquired the house in 1880 and renovated it over the following two years, moving there in 1882.[16][17] The exterior design was largely retained, but the interior was extensively renovated by the Herter Brothers.[17][19]
Morgan collection
editMorgan had collected handwriting samples as early as the 1850s,[20] and he also acquired pictures and stained glass pieces throughout the years.[21][22] In the late 19th century, Morgan became one of the most influential financiers in the United States.[23][24] As his wealth grew, Morgan amassed a collection of fine art, inspired by the collection of his father Junius Spencer Morgan, and he also began collecting rare books and other bindings at his nephew Junius's suggestion. The fine art was subject to import taxes and was stored in England; since books were not subject to import taxes, they were stored in the basement of his New York residence.[24][25] J. P. Morgan's collection included 160 titles by 1883.[20]
The collection grew quickly after his father died in 1890.[26] Morgan began acquiring historically important manuscripts after his father obtained Walter Scott's original manuscript of the book Guy Mannering.[27] From 1899 to 1902 alone, he took over three collectors' libraries, which included hundreds of illuminated manuscripts, prints, and other manuscripts.[28] Morgan also acquired smaller collections, such as French literature, medieval chivalry, and American manuscript collections.[29] Morgan may have collected these objects exclusively for pleasure and not for investment purposes.[30] Morgan brought his art collection to the U.S. because an 1897 law allowed him to do it without paying import taxes, and also because he wanted to preserve the objects for the American people.[31]
Development of library
editBy 1900, Morgan's collection took up more space than was available in his residence,[16][32] and his son-in-law described the basement as being packed with piles of objects.[33] Some of his collection had to be stored at the Lenox Library.[34] Morgan was unable to expand the house due to an 18-foot-wide (5.5 m) driveway east of it.[35][36] While part of Morgan's collection was stored in the basement of his house,[37] other items were loaned to institutions or placed in storage.[37][38]
Site acquisition
editIn 1900, the plots north and east of J. P. Morgan's house were placed for sale after the death of Melissa Stokes Dodge, who lived in the Dodge mansion just north of Morgan's house.[39] That January, he bought a 75-by-100-foot (23 by 30 m) plot of land on 36th Street,[35][40] for a library.[16][36] The site had been occupied by two brownstone homes at 35 and 37 East 36th Street, which Morgan promptly razed.[35][41] In 1902, Morgan acquired two more lots on 66th Street with a total frontage of 50 feet (15 m).[35] On the far eastern side of that plot, McKim, Mead & White designed a six-story house at 33 East 36th Street for Morgan's daughter Louisa and her husband Herbert Satterlee.[42][43][44] The Satterlees' house was made of limestone, as contrasted with the brownstones on Madison Avenue, and was connected to Morgan's own home by tunnels.[45] The Satterlee residence measured 28 feet (8.5 m) wide, and Morgan used the 135-foot-wide (41 m) plot between his house and the Satterlees' home for his new library.[16]
Morgan acquired William E. Dodge's home in April 1903.[46] While the Satterlee house was under construction, the couple moved into the Dodge mansion.[39] By late 1904, Morgan had also purchased the old Isaac Newton Stokes house at 229 Madison Avenue for his son J. P. Morgan Jr., who was known as "Jack".[47] Jack initially lived nearby at 22 Park Avenue.[48] When Jack and his wife Jane Norton Grew moved into 229 Madison Avenue in 1905, he commissioned a major renovation of the interior and renumbered it as 231 Madison Avenue. Jack Morgan also performed $1,900 in changes to the house's exterior.[39][49] J. P. Morgan came to own two-thirds of the city block;[50] his holdings by 1907 included the whole 197.5-foot (60.2 m) frontage on Madison Avenue, stretching 300 feet (91 m) on 36th Street and 167 feet (51 m) on 37th Street.[35]
Construction
editMorgan first hired Warren and Wetmore to design a Baroque-style library,[24][51][52] which would have had a heavily decorated upper section.[53] Whitney Warren of Warren and Wetmore had then just completed the elaborately decorated New York Yacht Club Building,[45][54] and Warren had wanted to design a domed structure.[33][54] Morgan's preference for an austere structure may have led him to reject Warren and Wetmore.[45] He instead hired Charles McKim of McKim, Mead & White to design the library in 1902.[39][55][52] C. T. Wills was hired as the builder.[56] The library was to be a classical marble structure with a simple design; Morgan had told McKim that he wanted "a gem".[44] McKim's designs were traditional for their time, while those who wanted more fashionable designs typically hired McKim's partner Stanford White.[33][57]
At the time of the library's planning, restrictive covenants in Murray Hill prohibited the construction of museums there, but the library was originally not planned as a museum.[58] While McKim was responsible for the overall design, Morgan had final say over the aspects of the plan.[44][58] An initial proposal called for a projecting central mass flanked by recessed wings, which Morgan deemed unwieldy. The second version of the plan reduced the size of the central mass and added a recessed entrance.[44] Morgan also rejected a proposal for a Greek temple–like structure topped by a portico.[58] The final designs called for the central section and wings to be the same distance from the street.[44] Morgan insisted the library be made of marble, even though his whole family except for his daughter Louisa lived in a brownstone house.[45] Morgan originally planned to use white marble, but he used pinkish-gray Tennessee marble instead after a neighbor told him that white marble would make the building look like a mausoleum.[58]
By early 1903, workers were laying the foundation for the library.[59][60] Construction began that April,[61] and the library was being dubbed as "Mr. Morgan's jewel case" by the next year.[56] Few details of the library were given out during construction, as Morgan prohibited the workers from talking to the press.[62] The Wall Street Journal reported in June 1906 that Morgan had "wanted the most perfect structure that human hands could erect and was willing to pay whatever it cost".[63] For example, the usage of dry masonry marble blocks, an uncommon construction method that eliminated the need for joints made of mortar, added $50,000 to the cost of construction.[51][52][64] McKim had suggested the dry masonry blocks to Morgan, who readily agreed to pay the extra cost.[65][66] To fit New York City's climate,[29] tinfoil sheeting was placed between the blocks.[61][63] In addition, the stonework contractor nearly went out of business because the builders would not use any stones with cracks.[67]
Morgan was impressed with the quality of the work[68][69] and often upheld the library as an accomplishment of McKim's.[60][68][70] This was because McKim was not only responsible for selecting the marble from Rome but also for hiring the library's decorators and craftsmen.[60] The final design was more representative of the work of William M. Kendall from McKim, Mead & White.[71] Morgan acquired two hundred cases of books, which were temporarily stored in the Lenox Library and moved to Morgan's personal library starting in December 1905.[72] Around the same time, Morgan hired Belle da Costa Greene as his personal librarian.[73][74] Toward the library's completion, Morgan reportedly requested that the entire library be shortened by one foot.[66]
Private library
editOpening and early years
editMorgan first used his office in November 1906 with a reception for the Metropolitan Museum of Art's purchasing committee. The decorative details were not completed until January 1907, and the collection was relocated into the library later that year.[61] Morgan's library had cost $1.2 million (equivalent to $30.504 million in 2023[a]).[75][76] During the Panic of 1907, the presidents of the city's banks and trust companies were locked in the library overnight until they agreed on a plan to stop the financial crisis.[77] To allow people to see his new library from Madison Avenue, Morgan demolished the Dodge house in 1907–1908[14][78] and replaced it with a garden designed by Beatrix Farrand.[79]
As the librarian, Greene was tasked with expanding the collection,[80][81] as well as cataloging and researching the history of each item.[82] She frequently searched for rare volumes in back alleys, but initially tended to avoid auctions and rarely spent more than $10,000 on a book without permission.[80] Greene tended to acquire items created before the 16th century, since Morgan believed that other libraries were able to adequately care for newer items.[81] Morgan also decided to import the rest of his collection and display it at his library. To avoid paying import taxes, he was required to open the library to the public on certain days of the week.[83] Morgan sometimes acquired art on short notice; in one case, he bought a Vermeer painting minutes after learning about the artist.[21] He also refused to buy works that he believed were too expensive,[21] and, although Morgan sometimes bought whole collections, in other instances he acquired a small number of pieces from a collection.[84]
Morgan frequently met with foreign bankers in the library's study,[85] and he often opted to work in the library rather than in his downtown office.[86] Among Morgan's larger acquisitions in the late 1900s and early 1910s was a collection of rare American authors' manuscripts from merchant S. H. Wakeman in 1909.[87] The Wall Street Journal wrote in 1911 that "Mr. Morgan buys books as some financiers buy a thousand shares of stock";[88] in some years, he spent half his income on the collection.[89] Acquisitions continued until his death in March 1913.[73][90] Morgan had bought thousands of objects since 1899, including 600 manuscripts and 3,000 medieval items.[91]
After J. P. Morgan's death
editMorgan's estate was valued at $128 million (about $2.904 billion in 2023[a]), over half of which lay in the worth of his collection.[92] J. P. Morgan bequeathed all except one piece in the collection to the library,[93] with the request that Jack make the collection "permanently available for the instruction and pleasure of the American people".[73][94] The month after J. P. Morgan's death, the New York state legislature granted a two-year exemption enabling Jack to import his father's overseas collection without having to pay import duties.[95] Jack did not publicly show interest in his father's art collection and reportedly did not expand it in the year after his father died.[96] Jack sold off much of the overseas collection rather than importing it, but he decided to keep the items that were already in his father's library.[97] During 1914, the collection was displayed in full at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the only time the whole collection was displayed.[73][98]
The import duty exemption expired in April 1915,[99] and Jack sold various items in the collection to pay the inheritance taxes and to raise money for the cash bequests in his father's will.[73][89] The next year, the collection was valued at $7.5 million for taxation purposes.[100] Jack and Jane Morgan continued to employ Greene as the librarian, adding items that personally interested them.[73][101][102] Frances Morgan, Jack's mother and John Pierpont's widow, lived at J. P. Morgan's old residence until her death in November 1924.[73] By then, despite Jack's opposition, the surrounding stretch of Madison Avenue was being redeveloped as a business street.[103][104] Although Jane Morgan died in 1925, Jack continued to live at 231 Madison Avenue until his death in 1943,[105] and the Satterlee home remained in the Morgan family until 1944.[106] The United Lutheran Church in America bought 231 Madison Avenue for its headquarters in 1943[107] and built a five-story annex there in 1957.[73][108] It was the only remaining brownstone house along the Murray Hill section of Madison Avenue by the 1960s.[109]
Public institution
edit1920s to 1940s
editThe Pierpont Morgan Library was incorporated as a public institution in March 1924,[110][111] a month after Jack Morgan announced that he would transfer the collection to a board of trustees and provide a $1.5 million endowment for the library.[112][113] The library's name reflected the fact that the elder J. P. Morgan had disliked being called by his first name and even his first initial.[114] The Morgans transferred the library building, and the land under 219 Madison Avenue, to the Morgan Library.[73] Greene was retained as the librarian.[113] The Morgan Library was not a public library and initially only allowed researchers into the space;[115][116] as Jack Morgan said, "one soiled thumb could undo the work of 900 years".[116] Only ten scholars could initially enter the building at once.[117] The library's collection continued to grow, with emphasis placed on rare items; for example, though only four items were acquired in 1926, all of these were unique manuscripts.[89]
To accommodate additional scholars, the Morgan Library announced plans for an annex in January 1927.[118][119] Though Jack initially denied that 219 Madison Avenue would be demolished,[119] that house was ultimately razed.[120][121] Benjamin Wistar Morris was hired to design the annex, while Marc Eidlitz & Son was hired to build it.[119][121] The annex was completed in 1928.[77][122][123] The Morgan Library continued to expand its collections;[124] for instance, between 1936 and 1940, it acquired twelve manuscripts and dozens of drawings.[125] In the 25 years after it became a public institution, the Morgan Library acquired 200 total manuscripts, 83 books, and hundreds of autographed letters and papers.[126]
Through the early 1940s, the Morgan Library continued to limit access only to researchers,[127] prompting city officials to request that the library's tax-exempt status be removed because it was not a public library.[128] In December 1942, Morgan Library officials agreed to open the library to the general public, and city officials agreed not to fight the library's tax-exempt status.[127][129] Many of the library's most valuable artifacts were transported to other locations in the U.S. in 1942 to protect them from possible World War II airstrikes; the objects were returned to the library in December 1944.[130] The Fellows of the Pierpont Morgan Library was formed in 1949 to raise funds for the collections and distribute funds to scholars and publications.[93][131][132] After Belle da Costa Greene retired from the library in 1948,[133] Frederick Baldwin Adams Jr. was appointed as the Morgan's second director.[134]
1950s to mid-1980s
editThe Morgan Library started to host concerts and tours during the 1950s,[102] and it also acquired items such as a collection of 1,375 letters from a British dealer.[135] Officials began raising $3 million for an expansion of the library in 1959; the money was to fund modifications to the annex and a new lecture hall, as well as artifact purchases and new programs.[132][136] By that November, the library had raised $550,000.[132] In 1960, the main library and its annex were connected by a cloister structure.[77] During the renovation, the operating hours of the east room and west room were expanded from three to six days a week.[137] The renovation, designed by J. P. Morgan's nephew Alexander P. Morgan,[77] was completed in 1962 and included office space, a gallery, and meeting space.[138][131][139] In total, the renovation cost $1.4 million.[139] By the early 1960s, the library was open six days a week (five days during the summer), and it charged no admission fee.[140] Access to parts of the collection was limited to authorized researchers.[93][140]
Adams retired as the Morgan's director in 1969 and was succeeded by Charles Ryskamp.[141] During Ryskamp's 17-year tenure, the $11 million endowment was expanded to $38 million.[142][143] By the early 1970s, the Morgan Library had several hundred fellows, or members,[21] and Ryskamp wanted to attract more visitors to the library.[144] The Morgan Library constructed a five-story addition with storage vaults and offices in 1975.[145]
The library continued to acquire other collections in the 1970s and 1980s, including the musical manuscript collection of Mary Flagler Cary;[146][147] 1,500 Italian drawings from János Scholz;[148] Dannie Heineman's collection of letters, books, and newspaper clippings;[147][149] part of Robin Lehman's music manuscript collection;[147][150] and 75 rare manuscripts from William S. Glazier.[151] Ryskamp also arranged various temporary exhibitions.[142] During the 1980s, the library raised $1.5 million each year for its operating budget, in addition to funding for repairs.[142] The institution received a $1 million grant for the preservation of its printed books (the largest donation it had ever received at the time)[152] and a $600,000 matching grant for its conservation department in 1981.[153] In the mid-1980s, the institution was officially renamed the Morgan Library.[154]
1980s and 1990s expansion
editRyskamp resigned as director in 1986[142][143] and was replaced the next year by Charles Eliot Pierce Jr.[155] Pierce was the first director of the Morgan who was not associated with Princeton University. After he was appointed, Pierce sought to attract visitors; he would later recall that he was "disconcerted" by reports that previous visitors had been turned away from the library.[114] In 1988, the Morgan Library bought 231 Madison Avenue from the Lutheran Church for $15 million.[22][108] The library planned to spend $5 million restoring the house,[108] and it also announced that it would raise $40 million for a capital campaign.[22][156] The original buildings could display only one percent of the total collection at once,[22][156] and the entire exhibition space consisted of two rooms and a corridor.[157]
In 1989, the firm of Voorsanger and Mills designed a glass conservatory connecting 231 Madison Avenue and the main building's annex.[156][158] The conservatory would expand the library's space to 45,000 square feet (4,200 m2), add a walled terrace on Madison Avenue, and make the structures wheelchair-accessible. Because the original building was a city landmark, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) had to approve the plans.[156] An early plan called for converting 231 Madison Avenue to exhibition galleries, but the house's internal structure made this impossible,[159] so 231 Madison Avenue became offices and a bookstore.[11][157] The library's artworks were also extensively cleaned,[160][161] display cases were added to the original East Library, and the West Study was opened to the public.[162] The expansion was finished in October 1991.[157][163] The project was originally planned to cost $9–10 million[158] but ultimately cost $15 million.[157] The Morgan finished raising $40 million in November 1992.[164]
Visitor numbers had increased by the mid-1990s,[114] and the library had pay-what-you-wish admission fees.[165] At the time, the library still had a reputation for being a rich enclave, and many board members were part of rich families.[114] The library's acquisitions in the 1990s included part of Alice Tully's art collection,[166] Carter Burden's collection of over 30,000 American literary volumes,[167] and Pierre Matisse's collection of 2,000 letters from artists.[168] The Morgan opened a drawing center on the second floor of the annex, designed by Beyer Blinder Belle, in 1999.[124][169] The same year, the Morgan received $10 million from Eugene V. Thaw and Clare E. Thaw;[170] these funds were used to establish the Thaw Conservation Center, completed in 2002.[1][171] By the beginning of the 21st century, the library's facilities had become dated. Pierce said later: "We had a lecture hall, not a concert hall; a reading room that owed more to 1928 instead of 2006."[172]
2000s expansion
editThe Morgan's board began planning another expansion in the late 1990s. The board hosted an architectural design competition and selected three finalists, all of whose plans involved demolishing the 1991 conservatory.[173][174] Ultimately, the board hired the Italian architect Renzo Piano (who had not participated in the original competition[174]), along with Beyer Blinder Belle.[173][175] Although Piano had not previously designed a building in New York City,[176][91] he had been selected because of his experience designing buildings in various styles and geographical contexts.[176][177] The plans called for new exhibit areas, a reading room, an auditorium, and more storage space.[178][179] The Morgan planned to raise $25 million for maintenance and $100 million for the renovation itself.[173][174] Despite the September 11 attacks, the Morgan decided to proceed with the expansion.[174][180] The library presented preliminary plans to the LPC in January 2002.[181] The LPC approved the proposal shortly afterward,[182] despite concerns about the design from Manhattan Community Board 6 and the architect Robert A. M. Stern.[183]
In May 2003, the Morgan Library's buildings were closed for construction and expansion,[184][185] and the collection was placed into storage or moved to other institutions.[185][174] At the time, the museum recorded about 200,000 annual visitors[186] but wanted to accommodate twice that number.[173][174] The library sponsored numerous traveling exhibitions around the country.[187] All of the post-1928 annexes were demolished.[57][188] Workers built most of the new spaces underground,[38] excavating nearly 50,000 short tons (45,000 long tons; 45,000 t) of bedrock.[57] The entrance was also relocated to Madison Avenue.[186][187] In conjunction with the renovation, Pierce planned to rebrand the institution as a museum.[189] The Morgan also continued to acquire objects during the renovation, such as the collection of the lyricist Fred Ebb.[190] The project cost $106 million in total;[191][192][193][b] the renovation did not include the main building.[195][196]
The library reopened on April 29, 2006,[186][197] and was renamed the Morgan Library & Museum.[195][193] J. P. Morgan's private office and vault were also opened to the public.[187][154] Following the renovation, the number of annual visitors increased to 223,000, but this number had declined to 150,000 by 2010.[194] The museum also hosted concerts in its new auditorium,[198] and it hired Restaurant Associates to operate a cafe there.[199] Pierce retired as the museum's director in early 2007,[192][200] saying that some museum members had opposed changes made during his tenure.[192] William M. Griswold was hired as the museum's next director that April,[200][201] overseeing the growth of its collections, exhibition programs, and curatorial departments.[202] By the late 2000s, there was still not enough space for the museum's permanent collection.[195][196] The museum began planning to restore the main building c. 2008.[203]
2010s to present
editIn May 2010, Griswold announced that the main building would be renovated, and the museum started providing audio guides about its collections.[195] The renovation cost $4.5 million[194][204] and included cleaning the marble facade, replacing electrical systems and lighting, and opening the North Room to the public.[194][205] Beyer Blinder Belle designed the restoration,[203][205] which was completed in October 2010.[206][207] Alongside the main building's renovation, Griswold wanted to digitize the collection.[208] The Morgan established a photography department in 2012.[209][210] Griswold resigned as the Morgan's director in 2014,[202] and Colin Bailey was appointed as the director of the Morgan Library & Museum the next year.[211]
The Morgan Library & Museum announced in February 2019 that it would renovate the main building's facade.[212][213] Integrated Conservation Resources restored the main building.[214][215] After the facade's restoration was completed later that year,[67][213] the landscape designer Todd Longstaffe-Gowan designed a garden surrounding the original building.[214][216] The LPC had initially opposed the garden, as the original building had never had a garden, but approved the project after learning that J. P. Morgan had wanted a garden around the library.[215] The museum was temporarily closed from March to September 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic,[217] and the renovation was delayed as a result.[214] The garden opened to the public in June 2022.[216][215] The renovation had cost $13 million in total.[214][218]
The Morgan Library & Museum celebrated its 100th anniversary as a public institution in 2024.[219][220] To celebrate its centennial, the museum began raising $50 million in 2023,[220][221] including $35 million for its endowment and $15 million for capital improvements.[210] The heiress Katharine Rayner donated $10 million to endow the director's position, which was renamed in her honor in early 2024,[222][223] and the Jerome L. Greene Foundation donated another $5 million.[220][224]
Collection
editJohn Pierpont Morgan's original collection included porcelains, triptychs, books, and manuscripts.[17] The collection of the Morgan Library & Museum contained more than 350,000 objects by the early 21st century.[1][2][172] One late-20th-century reporter described the collection as including a variety of "almost random treasures".[21] The library's online catalog, Corsair, contains records for many of the collection's objects.[225]
Manuscripts and letters
editThe Morgan Library & Museum has long contained a collection of illuminated manuscripts,[226] which date from the sixth to sixteenth centuries.[116][144][227] As early as 1923, the Morgan Library counted 560 illuminated manuscripts in its collection,[228] a number that had grown to over 1,100 by the 21st century.[227] Among the manuscripts are the Morgan Bible, Morgan Beatus, Hours of Catherine of Cleves, Farnese Hours, Morgan Black Hours, and Codex Glazier,[116][229] as well as an Anglo-Saxon Gospels manuscript.[230]
The manuscript collection also contains authors' original manuscripts, many of them autographed.[144] The library's early acquisitions included a Charles Dickens manuscript of A Christmas Carol;[93][102][231] a J. M. Barrie manuscript;[232] and original drawings for The Pickwick Papers and the Book of Job.[233] The collection also includes manuscripts of poems by Robert Burns;[110] nine of Walter Scott's novels;[110] Alexander Pope's poem An Essay on Man;[144] John Keats's poem Endymion;[93] Francis Bacon's book Novum Organum,[234] Edgar Allan Poe's short story "A Tale of the Ragged Mountains";[172] and Ernest Hemingway's short story "Three Stories and Ten Poems".[235] There are also writings from Émile Zola, Victor Hugo, Marie Antoinette, George Sand, Alexandre Dumas, Thomas Moore,[228] Jane Austen, John Milton,[196] John Ruskin,[236] and Honoré de Balzac.[110] Other documents in the Morgan's collection are a collection of 64 Central European manuscripts[237] and one of about two dozen original prints of the United States Declaration of Independence.[238]
There are many letters in the collection, some dating as far back as ancient Babylonian times.[239] The Morgan holds original letters by Napoleon, Horace Walpole,[233] Voltaire, Francesco Filelfo,[240] John Cheever,[167] Thomas Pynchon,[167][241] Vincent van Gogh,[242] and George Beaumont.[243] There is also a rare 1516 letter from Andrea Corsali with the first description of the Southern Cross.[244]
The collection includes notebooks and journals as well. These include the notebooks of Percy Bysshe Shelley,[50][233] Nathaniel Hawthorne,[245] Tennessee Williams,[167] and Henry David Thoreau.[246] Diaries are also displayed, including those of Queen Victoria, pirate Bartholomew Sharp, writer E. B. White, and J. P. Morgan Sr. himself.[247]
Musical collection
editThe Morgan Library & Museum also houses a sizable musical manuscript collection.[146][102] A 1998 magazine article about the collection described it as containing 1,250 music manuscripts; 1,900 pieces of music-related literature; and 7,000 letters written by musicians.[147] The music collection includes autographed and annotated libretti and scores from Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, Luigi Cherubini, Frédéric Chopin, Charles Gounod, George Frideric Handel, Joseph Haydn, Gustav Mahler, Gioachino Rossini, and Giuseppe Verdi.[146][110] It also contains letters by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Felix Mendelssohn, and Richard Wagner, among other musicians.[248]
The only significant music manuscript that Morgan bought in his lifetime was Beethoven's Violin Sonata in G major, Opus 96, which he acquired in 1907.[249] Notable specific pieces include two sets of Schubert's Impromptus manuscripts;[150] Andrea Antico's Motetti e Canzone,[248][146] and Mozart's Haffner Symphony.[110][250] The collection also contains the scraps of paper on which Bob Dylan jotted down "Blowin' in the Wind" and "It Ain't Me Babe".[251] There are several pieces of Victorian-era musical artifacts, such as Gilbert and Sullivan manuscripts and related artifacts.[252]
Books
editThe collection includes early printed Bibles and other religious works, among them three Gutenberg Bibles,[102][144][253] one of six original copies of the first Italian Bible,[116][254] one of three known copies of the Constance Missal,[255] a rare copy of the Mainz Psalter,[93][116][256] and the Golden Gospels of Henry III.[233] The Morgan also contains material from ancient Egypt and medieval liturgical objects (including Coptic literature examples);[257] William Blake's original drawings for his edition of the Book of Job; and concept drawings for Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince.[110] The Morgan has a collection of ancient Near Eastern cylinder seals: small stone cylinders finely engraved with images for transfer to clay by rolling.[258]
The Morgan contains various examples of Latin and Greek literary classics, along with more modern American and European printed books.[22] The collection includes numerous examples of fine bookbinding.[259] These include various bindings of Coptic manuscripts from the 9th and 10th centuries,[260] the metalwork covers of the Lindau Gospels,[93][261] copies of books by early British printer William Caxton,[126] and a binding made for Christina, Queen of Sweden.[243]
There are also children's books. For example, the collection includes a book with the first known printing of the rhyme "This Is the House That Jack Built".[262] In addition, the collection contains the first editions or proofread versions of Struwwelpeter, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, and Max and Moritz.[263]
Visual art
editThe Morgan contains a large collection of incunabula, prints, and drawings. The collection includes some Old Master paintings collected by Morgan,[264] as well as objects like wedding portraits.[93] The Old Master paintings include works by Hans Memling,[265][266] Perugino,[267] and Cima da Conegliano.[266] Some Old Master works have been sold off over the years, such as Domenico Ghirlandaio's masterpiece Portrait of Giovanna Tornabuoni.[268] The collection also includes numerous drawings from 13th-to-19th-century French masters such as Antoine Watteau, François Boucher, Jacques-Louis David, and Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres.[269] The Morgan also holds a set of miniature Rajput paintings.[263] Other notable artists of the Morgan Library & Museum include Jean de Brunhoff,[270] Paul Cézanne,[271] Gaston Phoebus,[272] and Rembrandt van Rijn.[273]
The Morgan's collection includes around 12,000 drawings and watercolors dating as far back as the 14th century.[274] Notable specific objects include twelve William Blake watercolors,[275] the drawing Bathers by Renoir,[276] eight Rembrandt etchings, and 54 drawings by Eugène Delacroix.[128] The Morgan also has a photography department.[209] The collection includes work from such photographers as Dennis Oppenheim and Henri Cartier-Bresson, and the photographs themselves are collected from various genres and time periods.[277]
Other objects
editBefore J. P. Morgan died, he had acquired a variety of decorations such as a Persian carpet, Genoese and Chinese vases, and an Egyptian carved-stone group.[278] The Washington Post reported in 1914 that the collections included "tapestries, bronzes and silver, Greek antiques, jeweled miniatures, porcelains, ancient jewelry, and wonderful books and manuscripts".[96] Among these were royal jewels, 70 pieces of old German silver, 64 miniatures, a set of 15th-century marble and bronze objects, Chinese porcelain, and watches.[96][279] Morgan also kept various "knickknacks" such as a four-thousand-year-old Babylonian figure found near Pompeii.[234] The institution once had a reliquary that supposedly included Mary Magdalene's tooth,[84] as well as Renaissance-era bronze medals, which have been sold off.[280]
The modern-day museum has a silver-gilt figure of Le Roi de Bourges,[281] and the 12th-century Stavelot Triptych.[93][282] Other notable objects include stage and costume designs from the collection of Donald Oenslager[263] and a map of the Palestine region from around 1300.[240] The museum's Gilder Lehrman Collection also contains various maps.[283]
Restitution claims
editOver the years, there have been several restitution claims regarding alleged stolen artwork in the Morgan's collection.The Morgan returned two items to Germany in 2001 after the Morgan's officials confirmed that they had been stolen.[284] In 2019, an Italian prosecutor claimed that the museum hosted a sacramentary that was stolen in 1925 from the municipality of Apiro.[285] In 2023, the Morgan and several other institutions surrendered seven pieces painted by Egon Schiele after the New York County District Attorney determined that the works had been looted from the collection of Fritz Grünbaum, who was murdered in the Holocaust.[286]
Programming and events
editVarious events and programs are hosted at the Morgan, such as concerts, films, and lectures.[287] The museum has hosted concerts and tours since the 1950s,[102] and it began hosting regular concerts and recitals in Gilder Lehrman Hall in 2006.[198] In addition, guided tours of the permanent collection are hosted each afternoon except Monday.[288] The Morgan also operates several classes for school groups.[289] Parties are hosted at the Morgan annually, such as the Young Fellows Summer Cocktail Party[290] and Mr. Morgan's Winter Gala.[291]
The Morgan hosts exhibits on a variety of topics throughout the year.[292] In the mid-20th century, the Morgan's annual exhibits included showcases of recent acquisitions[c] and rare books.[294] Temporary exhibitions were staged in the annex buildings, while the main building was reserved for Morgan's main collection.[33] Until the Morgan Library's expansion was completed in 1991, the institution had so little space that parts of the permanent collection had to be hidden from view whenever there was a temporary exhibition.[295] Although the 1991 expansion allowed for more temporary exhibitions,[296] the museum could host only one exhibition at once, and it often could not display its permanent collection.[154][179] After the 2006 expansion, it could host multiple exhibitions at once.[154][179]
Buildings
editMain building
editThe main building (also known as the McKim Building) was constructed between 1902 and 1906 as the original structure in the complex. It was designed in the Classical Revival style by Charles Follen McKim of McKim, Mead & White.[43][75][297] The original building occupies a lot of 117 by 50 feet (36 by 15 m)[62][63] and was intended to be built in a similar scale to contemporary New York Public Library branches.[43] The center of the original structure contains an extension measuring 73.5 feet (22.4 m) long, giving the structure a "T" shape;[62] this small wing was intended to connect to a similar structure along 37th Street.[35] The original library building is placed behind a solid-bronze fence with hand-twisted bars.[62]
Facade
editThe building has a facade of Tennessee marble,[58][214] behind which is an air gap and an interior brick wall.[62] McKim took his inspiration from the Villa Giulia, particularly the attic of its Nymphaeum.[44][51][52] Further inspiration came from the 16th-century Villa Medici in Rome.[43][52][298] The exterior walls are made of dry masonry, which allowed the marble blocks to be set evenly, thus requiring a minimal amount of mortar.[63][297][7] Tinfoil sheeting was placed between the blocks to prevent moisture buildup;[61][63] the tinfoil sheeting measures 1⁄64 inch (0.40 mm) thick and is laid between the horizontal joints.[61] Charles T. Wills was responsible for the dry masonry construction.[77] The Wall Street Journal reported upon the library's completion, "No other building in Europe or America was ever erected with this care."[63]
The main entrance is a Palladian arch at the center of the 36th Street facade. It is composed of an arched opening 14 feet (4.3 m) wide, flanked by two openings under flat lintels, each of which is 9 feet (2.7 m) wide.[299] There are two recessed niches on that facade, one on each side of the entrance.[51] Surrounding the library is a garden, which covers 5,000 square feet (460 m2) and contains artifacts from J. P. Morgan's collection.[214][215] The garden also contains pathways embedded with pebbles, which Sicilian craftsman Orazio Porto laid manually.[216]
The central archway contains a portico with a groin vaulted ceiling,[7] supported by two Ionic columns on each side.[300] A flight of steps, leading to the main entrance, is flanked by two lionesses sculpted by Edward Clark Potter, who would later create the two lions that guard the New York Public Library Main Branch.[138][301][302] Above the entranceway are allegorical roundels and panels, which was originally given to Andrew O'Connor[302][303] and then reassigned to Adolph Weinman after O'Connor could not complete his contract.[75][301] These panels depict tragic and lyric poetry.[303] The portico has a geometric mosaic tile floor with marble.[302] Inside the portico is a 16th-century pair of bronze doors,[304] imported from Florence and made in the style of Lorenzo Ghiberti's doors at the Florence Baptistery.[138][7][305] Each door contains five carved bronze panels, which depict allegorical scenes.[305] By the 21st century, the doors were opened extremely infrequently.[50] There are six Doric style pilasters flanking the main entrance.[138][7]
Interior
editThe interior of the main library building is richly decorated, with a polychrome rotunda. It leads to three public rooms: Morgan's private study to the west, the librarian's office to the north, and the original library to the east.[43][60][76] Each of the three rooms had dozens of bookcase doors. As a fireproofing measure, almost nothing in the library was made of wood, except for the bookcases' frames and some doors. The bookcases had glass shelves and were covered with steel grilles.[304] Morgan also had a steel vault where he kept his most valuable manuscripts,[60][62][88] such as about 600 Renaissance and medieval manuscripts.[192] There were asbestos shutters that could seal off the building's windows if necessary.[60][62] The main building contains 14,700 square feet (1,370 m2) of space[205] and has displayed over 300 objects since 2010.[206][205]
The rotunda has a ceiling with murals and plasterwork inspired by Raphael, created by H. Siddons Mowbray.[138][303][304] On the north side of the ceiling is a half-dome with ten relief panels in a blue-and-white color scheme.[306][307] The lunette panels on the west, east, and south sides of the ceiling, measuring 23 feet (7.0 m) high,[306] allude to material in Morgan's collection.[308] There is also a dome with roundels and decorative rectangular panels,[307][309] as well as an octagonal central skylight.[310] The rotunda floor is clad with multicolored marble, patterned after the floor of the Villa Pia in Vatican City,[303][311] and features a porphyry centerpiece.[306] The walls contain mosaic baseboards and are separated into panels with vertical pilasters, topped by Composite style pilasters.[311] When the library opened, the rotunda was furnished with two 15th-century chairs and a bronze bust by Benvenuto Cellini.[89][304] Following a 2010 renovation, the rotunda has several display cases.[204][84] The doorways to the rooms on the east and west are made of white marble, topped by marble entablatures and flanked by green marble columns.[311]
Morgan's study is the West Room.[304] The design of the study reflected Morgan's tastes; as his son-in-law Herbert Satterlee said, "No one could really know Mr. Morgan at all unless he had seen him in the West Room."[92][312] The West Room contains low wooden bookshelves as well as a fireplace with a marble mantelpiece.[68][313] The decorative elements include stained glass panels in the study's windows, as well as a wall covering of red damask.[61][68][314] The current damask covering replicates a pattern that was displayed at Rome's Chigi Palace.[68][312] The coffered ceiling was reportedly purchased in Italian cardinal's palace.[61][123] The artist James Wall Finn painted coats-of-arms onto the ceiling based on Italian bookplates from Morgan's collection.[68][123] Finn's work was designed in such an authentic manner that it was frequently mistaken as part of the ceiling's original design.[123] By 2010, the room displayed some of the objects that Morgan collected.[84]
To the north or rear of the rotunda is the original librarian's office.[304][84] During the mid-20th century, the room was also used as a directors' office.[84] Since 2010, the office has been open to the public as a gallery known as the North Room.[194][206] The space hosts ancient Roman, Greek, and Near Eastern objects, as well as items such as Egyptian figures and ancient seals.[207][208] Bookcases are placed on a mezzanine, while the main level includes display cases.[84]
The East Room (also the library room) is the largest room in the main building[61] and has triple-tiered bookcases.[75][138][307] The bookcases were lined with asbestos and encased in glass;[48] the original Plexiglas was replaced with acrylic in 2010.[315] Some of the bookcases can be moved, providing access to a stairway to the upper tiers and to a secret compartment.[316] On the east wall of the East Room is a fireplace with a tapestry showing the "Triumph of Avarice".[61][307][317] The fireplace itself dates from the 15th century[304] and was imported from Italy.[318] Mowbray designed eighteen lunettes and spandrels atop each wall, modeled after the work of Pinturicchio.[310][318] The figures in the lunettes alternate between allegorical female muses and notable artists, explorers, or teachers.[138][307] Zodiac symbols are placed on the spandrels, as the signs of the zodiac were particularly important to J. P. Morgan.[32][310][319] Two additional spandrels contain allegorical motifs that depict changing seasons.[320][319]
Madison Avenue and 36th Street annex
editThe corner of Madison Avenue and 36th Street contains a two-story Italianate style structure designed by Benjamin Wistar Morris, with space for offices, exhibitions, and a research library.[104][121] The annex, made of the same Tennessee marble as the original, was completed in 1928.[77][122][123] It measures 90.67 by 60.5 feet (28 by 18 m),[121] with a later 26-by-30-foot (7.9 by 9.1 m) addition.[145] The Morris annex is accessed by a 22-foot-wide (6.7 m) stair facing 36th Street.[161] Compared with the main building, the Morris annex is simpler in design.[75][104][297]
The Morris annex included a bookstore until 1991,[161] when it became a gallery space.[154][161] After 2006, the gallery space was split up, and the partitions there were removed.[91][154] At the center of the Morris annex is the Marble Hall, flanked by the Morgan Stanley Galleries West and East.[321]
231 Madison Avenue
editAlso part of the library grounds is 231 Madison Avenue, an Italianate brownstone house on the southeast corner of Madison Avenue and East 37th Street, which was the home of Isaac Newton Phelps and later J. P. "Jack" Morgan Jr.[11] The house contains the Morgan Shop on its northern side, facing 37th Street, and the Morgan Dining Room on its southern side.[321] The house is set behind a barricade composed of a wrought-iron fence atop a brownstone ledge. The house was originally three stories tall and faced with pink stone, but after R. H. Robertson's renovation of 1888, became four stories tall with a raised basement. An office annex to the east, built in 1957, was originally faced with brick.[322] Before the Morgan acquired it in 1988, it was a headquarters of the Lutheran Church.[158][323]
Facade
editThe Madison Avenue facade is divided vertically into three bays. An entrance stoop with a balustrade leads up to a central portico with two Corinthian columns flanked by rectangular sash windows. The second and third stories each have three rectangular windows, and a cornice runs above the third story. The attic contains small Ionic colonettes and pediments.[322]
Along 37th Street, the water table containing the raised basement is topped by a molding. The original 1853 house to the west and the 1888 extension to the east are divided by a pier. The original section of the house is three bays wide, with a balcony and pediment on the first floor, and oval windows and an oriel window on the second. Within the 1888 extension, the first floor contains a projecting three-sided bay and a windowless arch, and the other two stories contain various windows. The cornice above the third floor, as well as the attic, in both the original house and its extension are similar to on Madison Avenue.[322]
The southern facade of the house faces the rest of the library and is mostly obscured behind the 2006 addition. The westernmost portion of that facade, near Madison Avenue, contains rounded first- and second-story windows. There are also three-sided angled windows at the center of that facade.[324]
Interior
editInside the house were 45 rooms.[158] After the museum's 1991 expansion, the house contained offices, conference rooms, meeting areas, and a gift shop.[159][295] In addition, the ground-floor spaces were converted to lecture spaces.[161] Following a 2006 renovation, one of the house's first-floor rooms was converted to a dining room, while the shop was relocated to another space.[325] Inside the residence's attic is the 5,600-square-foot (520 m2) Thaw Conservation Center,[326] which is composed of spaces such as a library, reception area, and conservation rooms.[1]
Entrance building and other annexes
editIn 2006, three structures were completed to designs by Renzo Piano,[57][327] who worked alongside preservation architect Beyer Blinder Belle.[57][75] There are four galleries in this section of the museum: the Clare Eddy Thaw Gallery, the Morgan Stanley Galleries West and East, and the Engelhard Gallery.[321] The facades of the new above-ground buildings contain pinkish steel-and-glass curtain walls[57][328] and are set back slightly from the museum's other structures.[193] The buildings expanded the Morgan Library's area by 75,000 square feet (7,000 m2),[38][187][328] much of which is below ground.[57]
Entrance building
editThe primary structure in that grouping is a four-story, steel-and-glass entrance building on Madison Avenue.[75] The structure links McKim's library building, the annex, and the Phelps Stokes/Morgan house.[187][329] The steel structural members are covered in rose-tinted paint as an allusion to the designs of main library and Phelps Stokes/Morgan house.[329] Although externally inconspicuous, the building helps linksthe interior spaces of the complex.[57][297] Inside the structure, a glass elevator links the different levels.[57][330]
The entrance building contains the JPMorgan Chase Lobby,[321] a space clad in cherry wood.[91][330] Stairs lead up to the Morgan Shop and Morgan Dining Room, and there is an admission counter and coat room. The south wall has a corridor to the Morris annex and stairs to the second-floor Engelhard Gallery,[321] the latter of which is a temporary-exhibition space.[91] The Sherman Fairchild Reading Room, the museum's research library, is located on the top floor of the Madison Avenue pavilion[331][332] and has balconies and a skylight.[57] At the northeast corner of the entrance building[332] is Gilder Lehrman Hall, an auditorium about 65 feet (20 m) below street level.[191][328] Lehrman Hall has 280 seats.[333][334][d] New storage rooms were also created by drilling into Manhattan's bedrock schist.[328][333] The underground rooms exten 55 feet (17 m) deep and contain much of the Morgan Library's collection.[172]
Adjacent structures
editGilbert Court, a covered courtyard at the center of the complex,[335] surrounds the entrance building on the north, east, and south.[321] The courtyard is topped by a 50-foot-tall (15 m) glass roof.[57][188] On the south wall of the court is the Clare Eddy Thaw Gallery,[321] a 20-by-20-by-20-foot (6.1 m × 6.1 m × 6.1 m) space inspired by Renaissance chambers that Piano observed in Italy.[172][329][328] At the court's southeast corner, stairs lead up to the original Morgan Library building, connecting to a vestibule between Morgan's study (the West Library) and the rotunda.[321] There is also a structure next to 231 Madison Avenue, with ancillary areas and offices,[327] in addition to a loading dock.[188]
Former structures
editThe 2006 annexes replaced all of the additions built after 1928.[57][188] These included a glass conservatory called the Garden Court, which was designed by Bartholomew Voorsanger and completed in 1991. The Garden Court had a curved roof measuring 42 feet (13 m) tall.[157][159] Under the roof was a vaulted space with plants selected by landscape architect Dan Kiley.[159][336] The roof was supported by a 55-foot-long (17 m) truss and was covered by clear laminated glass to allow the plants to grow.[336] The space also had metal-and-translucent-glass wall panels and a limestone wall on Madison Avenue.[336][295] There was a vestibule connecting with the Morris annex to the south.[161]
The post-1928 annexes also included a cloister structure between the main building and the Morris annex, built in 1960.[77] A five-story, 26-by-30-foot (7.9 by 9.1 m) expansion was built in 1975 and designed by Platt, Wyckoff & Coles, with storage vaults and offices.[145]
Operation
editManagement
editThe Morgan Library & Museum is operated by a nonprofit organization of the same name, which is dedicated to conserving the artworks in the museum's collection.[337] Colin Bailey has been the director of the Morgan Library & Museum since 2015.[211] As a result of a 2024 donation from Katharine Rayner, the director's position is known as the Katharine J. Rayner Director until 2049.[222][223] The museum is administered by a board of trustees.[338] As of March 2024[update], Robert K. Steel and G. Scott Clemons were the co-presidents of the museum's board of trustees.[339]
Until 1981, the president of the museum was a Morgan family member.[340] Previous museum presidents have included Jack Morgan's sons Junius Spencer Morgan III[341] and Henry Sturgis Morgan.[340] Other notable people in the museum's history have included Felice Stampfle, who was appointed the first Curator of Drawings and Prints at the Morgan Library in 1945.[342] Some of the museum's past staff have donated objects to the collection, such as longtime librarian Curt F. Bühler, who donated illuminated manuscripts upon his death in 1985.[263]
Attendance and funding
editAs of 2024[update], the museum accommodates 250,000 in-person visitors annually, while its online programming serves seven million additional people each year.[210] Starting in January 2024, college students have been able to visit for free on the first Sunday of each month.[221] The museum also allows visitors to reserve tickets for free admission on Friday evenings.[343] According to the Condé Nast Traveler, most visitors are tourists, though local residents also visit the museum whenever there was an event or new exhibition.[288]
Jack Morgan established a $1.5 million endowment fund for the Pierpont Morgan Library when it was opened to researchers in 1924.[112][113] The endowment had grown to $53.5 million by the mid-1990s[114] and $105 million by the early 2000s.[174] In 2023[update], the museum recorded revenue of $23.7 million, expenses of $31.4 million, total assets of $386 million, and liabilities of $19.5 million.[344]
Reception and commentary
editCollection commentary
editA correspondent for the London Times, in 1908, characterized John Pierpont Morgan as "probably the greatest collector of things splendid and beautiful and rare who has ever lived".[345][60] In 1927, after the library became a research institution, one writer for the New York Herald Tribune called it "a temple of white marble, most fair and proportionate yet with an air of secret exclusiveness".[89] A writer for The Christian Science Monitor said in 1961 that the library housed "one of the most important private art collections in the world",[226] and the Los Angeles Times wrote in 1966 that the Morgan Library was "a source of aesthetic refreshment and intellectual stimulation in any season".[93] Another writer in 1969 described the Morgan as shunning publicity and that the collection of illuminated manuscripts, book bindings, and drawings was "unsurpassed in the Western Hemisphere".[346]
A Newsweek article from 1970 described the library as having a "regal atmosphere",[144] and a 1974 article from the same magazine called the library a symbol of the "patronage and connoisseurship" of the early 20th century.[30] The Globe and Mail described the library in 1980 as a "treasure trove of early art".[281] A writer for The New York Times Magazine said in 1994 that she felt the library was inviting, despite its formidable appearance.[347]
In 1998, a reporter for The Journal News described the library as "a hushed and shady refuge from the city's sweltering asphalt".[296] During the 2000s, a writer for the Chicago Tribune said that, although the Morgan was "a bibliophile's vision of paradise on Earth", it had a lower profile than other New York City museums because of its location.[38] A 21st-century review from the Condé Nast Traveler said: "The Morgan is like a multi-hyphenate millennial—only instead of actress/model/influencer/whatever leads to early retirement, it's museum/library/landmark/historic site/music venue."[288] A Fodor's review described the museum as having an "exceptional" collection of artifacts.[348]
Architectural reception
editArchitectural commentary
editSeveral publications praised the library after its completion.[302] In 1906, the Real Estate Record and Guide wrote of McKim, Mead & White: "the new Morgan Library, in Thirty-sixth street, is among their most carefully studied designs."[349] The library building was described in another publication as "one of the Seven Wonders of the Edwardian World",[138][350] while Architectural Review called it "icy and exquisite".[50] In a 1932 survey of 50 American architects, eleven ranked the Morgan Library as the United States' best building.[351] A 1969 news article described the interiors' opulence as "almost indescribable",[346] and Newsweek called Morgan's study as emblematic of "his taste, his power and his vanity".[30] Morgan's private study was described by historian Wayne Andrews as "one of the greatest achievements of American interior decoration".[68][317] Paul Goldberger wrote in 1981 that the main building's facade represented "rigorous, not fanciful, classicism" and the interiors were "very rich and very cold".[33]
The annexes received mixed reviews. Architectural historian Robert A. M. Stern said the 1928 addition "did not frame McKim's jewel box so much as sidle up to it like an unattractive sibling",[104] and Washington Post reporter Benjamin Forgey said it was "not nearly so exquisite" as the original structure.[295] Conversely, Norval White and Elliot Willensky thought the 1928 annex "modestly defers to its master".[297] Goldberger described the Garden Court in 1991 as having "a sleek, almost brittle quality",[159] and Forgey described the conservatory as helping create "a definable low-rise historical place in high-rise New York".[295]
When the Piano annex opened in 2006, Ada Louise Huxtable wrote that the museum was "cool in its understated excellence, its laid-back drama, the refinement of its details", as opposed to the old museum, which was "hot" because it was outwardly extravagant.[57] Although Newsday and the Wall Street Journal both described the new entrance atrium as inviting,[91][154] the Architectural Record criticized the atrium as not being distinctive.[330] The Financial Times wrote that the 2006 annex's "luminous steel and glass spaces, was as radically different to the heavy stone and dense ornament of the library as was possible".[218]
Landmark designations
edit231 Madison Avenue was designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) in 1965, being one of the first structures protected under New York City's landmarks law.[73] The Lutheran Church, then the owner of 231 Madison Avenue, had hoped to erect an office structure on the site of the Phelps Stokes/Morgan house[352] and heavily opposed the house's designation. As a result, in 1974, the landmark status was removed from that house following a New York Court of Appeals ruling.[73][353] After the Morgan acquired 231 Madison Avenue, that house was re-designated as a city landmark in 2002; the Morgan did not oppose the designation.[181]
In 1952, the Municipal Art Society and the Society of Architects' New York chapter published a list of 20 buildings in the city that should "be preserved at all costs".[354] The main library building on 36th Street was the only 20th-century building on that list.[137][346] The LPC designated the exterior of the library's main building as a city landmark in 1966,[75][355] and that structure was declared a National Historic Landmark the same year.[10][356][357] In 1982, the main library building's interior was designated a city landmark.[358] After the 1991 renovation made the main building wheelchair-accessible, the LPC gave the library an excellence award.[359]
Media
editThe Morgan has also occasionally appeared in works of popular culture.[360] E. L. Doctorow's 1975 novel Ragtime and its 1981 film adaptation depicted the library as a symbol of the wealthy.[196] In addition, part of the Netflix TV series Dash & Lily was filmed in the museum.[360]
See also
editReferences
editNotes
edit- ^ a b Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
- ^ One source gives a conflicting figure of $109 million.[194]
- ^ See, for example:[240][243][293]
- ^ Other sources give conflicting figures of 260[328] or 299 seats.[327]
Citations
edit- ^ a b c d Snoonian, Deborah (October 2002). "For Paper Savers, Samuel Anderson Architect Transforms an Old Attic at the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York City into the Modern Thaw Conservation Center" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. 190, no. 10. pp. 132–135. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 3, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023
- ^ a b Esplund, Lance (April 27, 2006). "The Museum As Mall". The New York Sun. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ "Pierpont Morgan Library". GuideStar. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ "Manhattan Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
- ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
- ^ "Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. November 7, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e "The Pierpont Morgan Library and Annex" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. May 17, 1966. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1982, p. 1.
- ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, p. 1.
- ^ a b "J. Pierpont Morgan Library". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 18, 2007. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012.
- ^ a b c d Gray, Christopher (August 26, 2001). "Streetscapes/Morgan Library's Bookstore at 37th Street and Madison Avenue; A Brownstone Holdout Among the Skyscrapers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, p. 2.
- ^ Gray, Christopher (November 4, 2010). "New York's Rare Family Compounds". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ a b "A Stonishing Extravagances of the Hopelessly Rich: How J. Pierpont Morgan Tore Down a Half Million Dollar Mansion to Make a Garden Palaces of Other Multi-Millionaires". Detroit Free Press. March 15, 1908. p. D4. ProQuest 564128665.
- ^ Strouse 1999, p. 74; Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, pp. 2–3.
- ^ a b c d e Tauranac 1985, p. 65.
- ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, p. 3.
- ^ Strouse 1999, p. 195.
- ^ Strouse 1999, pp. 226–229.
- ^ a b Boyce 1952, p. 21.
- ^ a b c d e Chapin, Louis (July 23, 1971). "Museum Treasure Hunt: Pierpont Morgan Library". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 8. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 511256520.
- ^ a b c d e Russell, John (April 20, 1988). "Morgan Library, In an Expansion, Is Buying a Neighboring Mansion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ National Park Service 1966, p. 5; Wilson 1983, pp. 218–219.
- ^ a b c Roth 1983, p. 288.
- ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, pp. 3–4; Strouse 1999, pp. 11–21.
- ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1982, p. 2; Adams 1974, p. 7
- ^ Boyce 1952, pp. 21–22.
- ^ Boyce 1952, p. 22.
- ^ a b Boyce 1952, p. 23.
- ^ a b c Davis, Douglas (April 1, 1974). "Morgan's Treasure". Newsweek. Vol. 83, no. 13. p. 85. ProQuest 1866774792.
- ^ Byard 2008, pp. 21–23.
- ^ a b Goldberger, Paul (December 30, 1981). "Morgan Library Show Traces 75-Year History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Goldberger, Paul (December 30, 1981). "Morgan Library Show Traces 75-Year History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ Byard 2008, p. 21.
- ^ a b c d e f "J. P. Morgan's Plans for Beautified Home; Private Park Will Take the Place of the Old Buildings Adjoining Financier's Residence and Art Museum. Preservation of Murray Hill Section of Madison Avenue Assured by Elaborate Scheme Proposed". The New York Times. June 16, 1907. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 29, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- ^ a b "Fireproof Home: For His Valuable Manuscripts Will Be Built by Pierpont Morgan". Cincinnati Enquirer. February 24, 1900. p. 4. ProQuest 882375742.
- ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1982, pp. 2–3.
- ^ a b c d Swanson, Stevenson (May 13, 2005). "Cultural Butterfly Looking to Emerge; The Morgan Library's $102 Million Makeover Aims to Take It from Drab to Fab in the New York Museum Scene". Chicago Tribune. p. 1.22. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 420315024.
- ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, p. 4.
- ^ "Clubs on Upper 5Th Avenue—Historical Interest of A Coming Sale". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 65, no. 1661. January 13, 1900. p. 45. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2021 – via columbia.edu.
- ^ "The Gorgeous Homes of New York Millionaires: Pierpont Morgan Tore Down Two $150,000 Houses to Make Room for His Art Gallery". The Sun. March 15, 1908. p. 14. ProQuest 537521315.
- ^ "Status of New Work". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 74, no. 1908. October 8, 1904. p. 725. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2021 – via columbia.edu.
- ^ a b c d e Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Gregory; Massengale, John Montague (1983). New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism, 1890–1915. New York: Rizzoli. pp. 102–103. ISBN 0-8478-0511-5. OCLC 9829395.
- ^ a b c d e f Roth 1983, p. 289.
- ^ a b c d Roth 1983, p. 409.
- ^ "Mr. Morgan's Purchase of Dodge House". The New York Times. April 29, 1903. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2021; "The Real Estate World; Gossip, News and Personals". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 71, no. 1830. April 11, 1903. p. 704. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2021 – via columbia.edu.
- ^ Strouse 1999, p. 493; Forbes, John (1981). J. P. Morgan Jr., 1867–1943. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. pp. 30–31, 54–55. ISBN 978-0-8139-0889-2. OCLC 7274491; "Morgan Has Block Front: Buys From Mrs. Stokes She Repurchases Old Home Across Madison-ave". New-York Tribune. November 23, 1904. p. 4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571472649.
- ^ a b Tauranac 1985, p. 70.
- ^ "The Real Estate World; Gossip, News and Personals". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 75, no. 1939. May 13, 1905. p. 1104. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2021 – via columbia.edu.
- ^ a b c d Gray, Christopher (February 12, 2006). "A Private Library That Became a Public Treasure". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 4, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 1982, p. 3.
- ^ a b c d e Wilson 1983, p. 219.
- ^ Tauranac 1985, pp. 65–67.
- ^ a b Lewis, Michael J. (July 27, 2022). "'J. Pierpont Morgan's Library: Building the Bookman's Paradise' Review: Speaking Volumes". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ Roth 1983, pp. 288–289.
- ^ a b "Of Interest to the Building Trades". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 74, no. 1908. October 8, 1904. p. 729. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021 – via columbia.edu.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Huxtable, Ada Louise (June 8, 2006). "The New Morgan Library's Building Is Cool..." The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Tauranac 1985, p. 67.
- ^ "Palace for Morgan's Books". The Atlanta Constitution. March 1, 1903. p. A9. ProQuest 495815718.
- ^ a b c d e f g Tauranac 1985, p. 69.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Roth 1983, p. 291.
- ^ a b c d e f g "J. P. Morgan's Library: Massive New Structure for Literary and Artistic Treasures". New-York Tribune. June 10, 1906. p. A2. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571839633.
- ^ a b c d e f "J. Pierpont Morgan's New Library". The Wall Street Journal. June 23, 1906. p. 6. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Andrews 1957, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Tauranac 1985, pp. 67–69.
- ^ a b "Library Has a Greek Style, Unlike 'Boxes-On-Boxes'". Poughkeepsie Journal. May 19, 1964. p. 6. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Conklin, Emily (October 10, 2019). "AN Gets up Close with McKim, Mead & White at the Morgan Library Restoration". The Architect's Newspaper. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g Landmarks Preservation Commission 1982, p. 6.
- ^ Andrews 1957, p. 1.
- ^ Andrews 1957, p. 12.
- ^ Wilson 1983, p. 218.
- ^ "Assembling Morgan's Books; Volumes in Big Private Library to Be Together by Jan. 1" (PDF). The New York Times. December 21, 1905. p. 9. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, p. 5.
- ^ Ardizzone 2007, p. 76.
- ^ a b c d e f g h New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; Dolkart, Andrew S.; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.). Guide to New York City Landmarks (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-470-28963-1.
- ^ a b Nevius, Michelle & Nevius, James (2009), Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City, New York: Free Press, pp. 197–198, ISBN 141658997X
- ^ a b c d e f g Roth 1983, p. 410.
- ^ "Morgan Overbid Kaiser; News of the Sale of the Van Dycks Arouses Anger in Italy". The New York Times. February 28, 1907. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ Brown, Jane (1995). Beatrix : The Gardening Life of Beatrix Jones Farrand, 1872–1959 (1st ed.). New York, NY: Viking. pp. 204–216. ISBN 0-670-83217-0.
- ^ a b "Young Woman Librarian Continues Work of Great Morgan Collection". The Buffalo News. August 3, 1913. p. 46. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 2, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "Spending J.P. Morgan's Money for Rare Books; That Is One of the Pleasant Duties of the Librarian of the Financier, Miss Belle Green, Who at 26 Has Won Fame by Her Intimate Knowledge of Valuable Tomes". The New York Times. April 7, 1912. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 6, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ Johnson, Ralph (October 2, 1910). "Great Fortunes Are Exaggerated: Immense Fortunes Have Way of Dwindling. Men Reputed to Be Worth $50,000,000 Generally Leave Estates Valued at Around $10,000,000—a Remarkable New York Woman". The Atlanta Constitution. p. c7. ProQuest 496345927.
- ^ "The Great Morgan Museum: Financier Plans a Wonderful Storehouse for His More Wonderful Treasures of Art". The Sun. March 8, 1903. p. 12. ProQuest 536637416.
- ^ a b c d e f g Brake, Alan G. (October 21, 2010). "The Morgan Opens the Vault (And the Director's Office)". The Architect's Newspaper. Archived from the original on May 1, 2024. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
- ^ "Room: In Morgan Library Destined to Live Long in Financial History". Cincinnati Enquirer. September 16, 1915. p. 4. ProQuest 870100335.
- ^ Gray, Christopher (October 28, 2010). "The Architect Charles McKim, Designer of the Morgan Library". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ "J.P. Morgan Buys Rare Manuscripts; Gets Wakeman Collection of Poe, Thoreau, Lowell, Longfellow, Whittier, And Bryant". The New York Times. October 27, 1909. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ a b "Hobbies of Several Millionaires.: While Morgan Turns to Art and Books Hill's Delight Is in Holstein Cattle". The Wall Street Journal. December 23, 1911. p. 6. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 129266279.
- ^ a b c d e Irwin, Will (April 10, 1927). "Morgan Island: On the Crest of Murray Hill Stands the One Perfect Great Thing on Manhattan Island-- The Morgan Library-- Whose Marble Walls Inclose Treasure More Valuable Than the Vault Contents of Most New York Banks". New York Herald Tribune. p. SM14. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1132967715.
- ^ Strouse 1999, p. 26.
- ^ a b c d e f Budick, Ariella; Davidson, Justin (April 23, 2006). "The House of Morgan, An Expansion Reinvigorates the Legendary Financier's Famous Library". Newsday. pp. 152, 153, 154. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "Object Lessons: A Stroll Through House of Morgan". The Wall Street Journal. March 5, 1999. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Seldis, Henry J. (July 17, 1966). "Oasis of Opulence in Manhattan". Los Angeles Times. pp. B16. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 155520374.
- ^ Strouse 1999, pp. 684–688; "$3,000,000 To Each Child and $1,000,000 To Mrs. Morgan" (PDF). The New York Times. April 20, 1913. pp. 1–3. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ "Carries Out Wishes of the Elder Morgan; His Will Suggested a Public Gift—No Advantage Taken of the Tax Exemption Law. Grew Impatient at Delay. Breaks in the Collection" (PDF). The New York Times. December 18, 1917. p. 14. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ a b c "Great Morgan Art Collection May Prove White Elephant to New Head of House: Son Said to Lack the Father's Artistic Appreciation of Rare Treasures Costing Millions, And Even Proposes to Sell Some of Them -Will He, In Time, Make Gift to the People as Father Planned?". The Washington Post. February 8, 1914. p. 6. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 145355573.
- ^ "Morgan Will Keep His Library Intact; Appraisal of 30,000 Volumes Is Now Being Made for the Inheritance Tax" (PDF). The New York Times. April 2, 1915. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021; "Morgan Library Not to Be Sold". The Christian Science Monitor. April 2, 1915. p. 7. ProQuest 509362618.
- ^ "Art at Home and Abroad; Enamels in Morgan Collection on Exhibition at Metropolitan Museum Not Only Priceless Works of Art, But Extremely Valuable as Human Documents" (PDF). The New York Times. February 22, 1914. p. M11. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ "Morgan Art Tax Must Be Levied; Controller Travis Announces the State Will Collect on Objects Worth Many Millions". The New York Times. April 1, 1915. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 29, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ "J. P. Morgan Library Taxed at $7,500,000; State Transfer Appraisal Puts Books at $5,000,000 And Other Objects at $2,500,000". The New York Times. March 19, 1916. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2021; "$7,500,000 Value on Morgan Library: Books Valued at $5,000,000 and Other Objects at $2,500,000". The Hartford Courant. March 20, 1916. p. 7. ISSN 1047-4153. ProQuest 556319971.
- ^ Ardizzone 2007, p. 309.
- ^ a b c d e f Wiegand, W.A.; Davis, D.G. (1994). Encyclopedia of Library History. Garland reference library of social science. Garland Pub. p. 499. ISBN 978-0-8240-5787-9. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ "J. P. Morgan Loses Long Zoning Fight; City Plan Committee Votes to Open Madison Avenue to Trade Near His Home" (PDF). The New York Times. April 27, 1926. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrick; Mellins, Thomas (1987). New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars. New York: Rizzoli. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-8478-3096-1. OCLC 13860977.
- ^ "J. P. Morgan Dies, Victim of Stroke at Florida Resort; Financier, 75, Had a Recurrence of Heart Ailment on Vacation Trip 2 Weeks Ago" (PDF). The New York Times. March 13, 1943. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ Cooper, Lee E. (December 10, 1944). "Brown Assembles Murray Hill Land for Housing Site: Realty Man Gets Four Parcels at Park Avenue Corner in the Morgan Block". The New York Times. p. R1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 106902315; "Morgan Home In 36th St., Last Of 'Block,' Sold: House Next Door to Morgan Library to Make Room for 19-Story Apartment". New York Herald Tribune. December 10, 1944. p. 45. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1264864029.
- ^ "Morgan Deal Completed; Lutherans Sign Contract for Purchase of Madison Ave. Home" (PDF). The New York Times. September 11, 1943. p. B24. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ a b c Hampson, Rick (April 22, 1988). "Manhattan Neighborhoods Manhattan Closeup; Morgan Library to Expand Next Door". Newsday. The Associated Press. p. 27. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 277873501.
- ^ "Contrasts Sharp on Murray Hill: Modern Apartment Houses Tower Among Opulent Brownstones". The New York Times. March 5, 1961. p. R1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 115290625.
- ^ a b c d e f g Stam, D.H. (2001). International Dictionary of Library Histories. Taylor & Francis. p. 637. ISBN 978-1-136-77785-1. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ "Morgan Library Bill a Law; Senate Committee Reports in Favor of Phone Rate Inquiry" (PDF). The New York Times. March 28, 1924. p. 16. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ a b "Morgan Gives Great Library to the Public: $8,500,000 Memorial to His Father". Chicago Tribune. February 17, 1924. p. 1. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 180566977.
- ^ a b c "Puts Its Value at $8,500,000; Scholars Call Gift Most Splendid of the Kind Ever Made". The New York Times. February 17, 1924. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Smith, Dinitia (November 9, 1995). "The Morgan Tries to Unstuff the Shirts". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 1, 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
- ^ "Morgan Library Doors Ajar in Welcome to Needy Students". New-York Tribune. February 24, 1924. p. A5. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1331159491.
- ^ a b c d e f Dashwood, Wyona (February 3, 1932). "Morgan Library's Rich Stores Placed on Special Exhibition: Treasure House of World's Rare Manuscripts and First Editions". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 5. ProQuest 513138486.
- ^ "Seekers for Admission Swamp Morgan Library: Consideration of Applications Halted Until Late Summer". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. April 16, 1924. p. 15. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113092372.
- ^ "Morgan Library to Be Given City". The Christian Science Monitor. January 7, 1927. p. 1. ProQuest 512125429; "To Wreck Home of Late J. Pierpont Morgan And Double the Size of Morgan Library". The New York Times. January 7, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ a b c "Razing of Morgan Home Denied; Fenced In- For Library Addition". New York Herald Tribune. January 7, 1927. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113512236.
- ^ "Morgan Library to Build Annex: Will Aid Research Workers". The Christian Science Monitor. February 1, 1927. p. 4A. ProQuest 512070198.
- ^ a b c d "Outlines Annex to Morgan Library; Plan Calls for a Two-Story Structure on Site of Late Financier's Home". The New York Times. January 30, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ a b Strouse 1999, p. 689.
- ^ a b c d e Wilson 1983, p. 223.
- ^ a b "Timeline". The Morgan Library & Museum. March 14, 2014. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ "Rarities Enrich Morgan Library; Art and Literary Treasures Acquired in Last 4 Years Described in Report". The New York Times. November 12, 1941. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
- ^ a b "Morgan Library to Review Gains; Exhibition Opening Tomorrow Will Feature Acquisitions in Quarter Century". The New York Times. April 4, 1949. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
- ^ a b "Morgan Library Opened to Public; In Return, The City Withdraws Its Opposition to Exemption From Taxes Since 1935". The New York Times. December 8, 1942. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
- ^ a b "Court Blocks Tax on Morgan Library; Justice McLaughlin Rules It Is Public Institution and Exempt From Levy". The New York Times. July 9, 1941. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
- ^ "Pierpont Morgan Library Is Opened To General Public". The Christian Science Monitor. December 15, 1942. p. 4. ProQuest 514101202.
- ^ "Morgan Library Art Items Back From Hideouts: Treasures, Which Had Been Guarded From Air Raids, Will Be Exhibited Today". New York Herald Tribune. December 14, 1944. p. 19. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1289108302; Devee, Howard (December 14, 1944). "Religious Works on Display Today; Exhibition at Morgan Library Includes Two Copies of the Gutenberg Bible". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
- ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1982, p. 7.
- ^ a b c Knox, Sanka (November 24, 1959). "Morgan Library Seeks $3,000,000; Funds Needed to Enlarge Building, Widen Program and Spur Acquisitions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ "Miss Greene Retiring as Morgan Librarian" (PDF). The New York Times. October 22, 1948. p. 23. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2021; "Head of Morgan Library Ending 13-Year Career: Belle Da Costa Greene Will Be Succeeded by Frederick B. Adams Jr". New York Herald Tribune. October 24, 1948. p. 43. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1324175502.
- ^ "F. B. Adams Jr. Takes Post at Morgan Library". New York Herald Tribune. December 2, 1948. p. 25. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327198740.
- ^ "Unpublished Dickens Blast at U. S. Shown: 1842 Letter on Display in Morgan Library". Chicago Tribune. March 31, 1970. p. A2. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 169034245.
- ^ "Pierpont Morgan Library Begins Drive". New York Herald Tribune. November 24, 1959. p. 18. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1324104148.
- ^ a b "Morgan Library Opens Silken Room 6 Days a Week". The New York Times. September 6, 1960. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h National Park Service 1966, p. 2.
- ^ a b Knox, Sanka (October 5, 1962). "Morgan Library, Remodeled, Opens; Cost of Reconstruction, And Additions Is $1.4 Million". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ a b "The Pierpont Morgan Library". New York Daily News. February 14, 1960. p. 184. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Pierpont Morgan Library Appoints a New Director" (PDF). The New York Times. December 1, 1969. p. 15. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Glueck, Grace (December 19, 1986). "The Frick Gets New Director". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
- ^ a b "Frick Collection Names New Director". Newsday. December 19, 1986. p. 194. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e f Shirey, David L. (January 12, 1970). "J.P.'s Place". Newsweek. Vol. 75, no. 2. p. 64. ProQuest 1895337127.
- ^ a b c Horsley, Carter B. (July 9, 1975). "Morgan Library Starts New Wing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Otto E (June 1, 1972). "Musical Treasures in the Morgan Library". Notes. Vol. 28, no. 4. p. 643. ProQuest 1296768815.
- ^ a b c d Turner 1998, p. 290.
- ^ Loercher, Diana (December 20, 1973). "A Dazzling Gift of Italian Drawings: New York's Pierpont Morgan Library Gets Private Janos Scholz Collection--'finest In America' Art Outright Gift". The Christian Science Monitor. p. B6. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 511596975; Canaday, John (December 12, 1973). "Morgan Library Obtains 1,500-Piece Art Treasure". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ Shenker, Israel (November 18, 1977). "Treasures for Morgan Library". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ a b Schonberg, Harold C. (March 3, 1983). "Morgan Library Buys 19 Rare Music MSS". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ Russell, John (May 9, 1984). "Morgan Library Gets Rare Manuscript Collection". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ "Morgan Library Receives A $1 Million Astor Grant". The New York Times. April 9, 1981. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ "Conservation Grant To Morgan Library". The New York Times. May 3, 1981. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g Gibson, Eric (June 8, 2006). "...and Its Collections Are Showcased as Never Before". The Wall Street Journal. p. D08. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 398986911.
- ^ McGill, Douglas C. (May 27, 1987). "Morgan Library Names Scholar Its New Director". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 29, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Shepard, Joan (March 24, 1989). "Morgan Library Ready to Put Wings Together". New York Daily News. p. 50. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e Lipson, Karin (October 1, 1991). "Expanded Facility Debuts Today a Bigger and Better Morgan Library". Newsday. p. 55. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278425440.
- ^ a b c d Goldberger, Paul (March 1, 1989). "Bridging 2 Architectural Styles at the Morgan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Goldberger, Paul (November 3, 1991). "Architecture View; J. P. Morgan Jr.'s House Is Back". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ Blau, Eleanor (August 8, 1991). "As Reopening Nears, The Morgan Library Gets a Good Scrubbing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Pearson 1992, p. 104.
- ^ Kimmelman, Michael (September 29, 1991). "ART VIEW; The New Morgan Is More Museum, No Less Library". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 29, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
- ^ Fenster, Julie M. (March 8, 1992). "Morgan Library Spreads Its Wings: Recent Expansion Has Created New Interest in Banker's Impressive Collection of Rare Books". Los Angeles Times. pp. L6. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 1733966758.
- ^ "Fund Drive Successful, Morgan Library Says". The New York Times. November 17, 1992. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 29, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
- ^ Johnston, Colleen (December 16, 1995). "New York on the Cheap : No Need to Drop a Bundle on Visit to the Big Apple". The Record. p. C1. ProQuest 275375659.
- ^ Page, Tim (March 2, 1994). "Big Bequests to Morgan Library, NYU Tully's Will: An Intricate Work for the Arts". Newsday. p. 55. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278761739.
- ^ a b c d Samway, Patrick H. (January 23, 1999). "New Treasures at the Pierpont Morgan Library". America. Vol. 180, no. 2. pp. 22–23. ProQuest 209659266; Gussow, Mel (February 23, 1998). "$8 Million Literary Trove Given to Morgan Library". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 26, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
- ^ Vogel, Carol (July 8, 1998). "A Pack Rat's Art Treasures; For Morgan Library, Pierre Matisse's Archives Are a Bonanza". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ "Arts Notes". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. August 22, 1999. p. 80. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Rogers, Michael; Oder, Norman (August 1999). "Morgan Library Given $10 Million". Library Journal. Vol. 124, no. 13. p. 22. ProQuest 196792417; Vogel, Carol (June 29, 1999). "A $10 Million Gift for Conservation at the Morgan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 29, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ Kissel, Howard (October 27, 2002). "Art for Art's Sake". New York Daily News. p. 144. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e Swanson, Stevenson (May 14, 2006). "New Morgan Library and Museum Exudes 'Vitality'". Chicago Tribune. p. 7.7. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 2, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d Stephens, Suzanne (January 2003). "Identity with Integrity Museum Expansion Is Proceeding, In Spite of a Troubled Economy. Questions of Growth Linger About New Buildings and Additions. When Is Small Just Enough?" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. 191, no. 1. pp. 127–129. ProQuest 222156556. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g Pierce, Charles E. Jr (October 15, 2003). "'First, Pick an Architect'". The Wall Street Journal. p. D16. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 2436440232.
- ^ Dunlap, David W. (May 5, 2002). "When Expansion Leads to Inner Space". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ a b Horowitz, Jason (July 25, 2005). "Architects Live In Class Houses: Piano Vs. Gehry". Observer. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ Post, Nadine M. (May 5, 2003). "Global 'Starchitects' Sow Passion into Land of Pragmatism U.S. Teammates 'Wowed' by Foreign Cultures of Charisma, Clout, Collaboration and Design Above Dollar Sign". Engineering News-Record. Vol. 250, no. 17. pp. 24–27. ProQuest 235700449.
- ^ Kenney, Brian (March 1, 2002). "Morgan Plans $75m Expansion". Library Journal. Vol. 127, no. 4. pp. 20–21. ProQuest 196774805.
- ^ a b c Vogel, Carol (April 26, 2005). "Morgan Library Plans a Makeover and an Image Upgrade". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ Bernstein, Fred A. (April 23, 2003). "Nuts and Bolts; Renovation Question: Stay Open or Shut?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ a b Dunlap, David W. (January 30, 2002). "A Plan Unfolds for a $75 Million Morgan Makeover". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ Sokol, David (April 2002). "Piano's Morgan Addition Approved" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. 190, no. 4. p. 26. ProQuest 222099855. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 4, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024; Dunlap, David W. (March 1, 2002). "Metro Briefing | New York: Manhattan: City Clears Morgan Library Plan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ "Manhattan Community Boards". Observer. March 4, 2002. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ Kramer, Hilton (May 5, 2003). "The Museum Follies: Giant Expansions Of Vast Pretension". Observer. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024; Kissel, Howard (February 14, 2003). "A mirror up to nature". New York Daily News. p. 61. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Vogel, Carol (April 25, 2003). "Inside Art: The Morgan Goes on Hiatus". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ a b c Matthews, Karen (April 29, 2006). "J.P. Morgan's Manhattan Jewel Reopens to Public". The Globe and Mail. p. R17. ProQuest 1412698702.
- ^ a b c d e Vogel, Carol (April 20, 2006). "Morgan Library to Reopen With an Expanded Look, Name and Mission". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Newhouse 2006, p. 97.
- ^ Vogel, Carol (March 30, 2005). "Rebuilding? It's Time for Rebranding". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ Vogel, Carol (July 22, 2005). "At Morgan Library, Many New Treats". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ a b Newhouse 2006, p. 93.
- ^ a b c d Johnson, Caitlin (March 4, 2007). "Mr. Morgan's Library Opens Its Doors". CBS News. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ a b c Rochon, Lisa (May 11, 2006). "Cityspace Morgan Library & Museum: Modern Shine on an Old Gem". The Globe and Mail. p. R3. ProQuest 1411689839.
- ^ a b c d e Akers, W.M. (September 8, 2010). "Extreme Makeover: Morgan Library Edition". Observer. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Vogel, Carol (May 12, 2010). "At the Morgan, Gently Restoring a Treasure-Filled Building". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Kissel, Howard (May 28, 2006). "A Rich History; The Morgan Library Adds to J. Pierpont's Treasures". New York Daily News. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on May 3, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ Cunningham, Bill (April 30, 2006). "Books, Boogie And Buffets: A Show House Opens, And the Morgan Library Reopens". The New York Times. p. H14. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 93268137.
- ^ a b Schweitzer, Vivien (September 19, 2006). "George London Foundation Announces First Season at Morgan Library's New Concert Hall". Playbill. Archived from the original on September 26, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2024; Wakin, Daniel J. (June 23, 2006). "More Room for Music". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ Elan, Elissa (June 26, 2006). "Morgan Library Books RA for Renewed Dining Room". Nation's Restaurant News. Vol. 40, no. 26. p. 60. ProQuest 229364074.
- ^ a b Vogel, Carol (May 24, 2007). "Morgan Library Chooses Familiar Face for Its Next Chief". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ "Griswold Leaving MIA to Head NY'S Morgan Library & Museum". Twin Cities. May 23, 2007. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ a b Miller, M.H. (May 20, 2014). "Morgan Library's William Griswold Named Director of Cleveland Museum of Art". Observer. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024; Vogel, Carol (May 20, 2014). "Cleveland Hires Leader of Morgan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ a b Hart, Sara (December 2010). "Morgan Library & Museum McKim Building". Architect. Vol. 99, no. 12. p. 72. ProQuest 880105615.
- ^ a b Sheets, Hilarie M. (October 1, 2010). "The Morgan Behind the Morgan". ARTnews.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2024. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Murdock, James (February 15, 2011). "The Morgan Library & Museum". Architectural Record. Archived from the original on May 1, 2024. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
- ^ a b c Rosenbaum, Lee (November 23, 2010). "The Morgan Library & Museum in a New Light". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on September 24, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2024; Simon, Walker (October 25, 2010). "Morgan Library facelift brings treasures to light". Reuters. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ a b Cotter, Holland (October 31, 2010). "J.P. Morgan's Domain, Dusted and Illuminated". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Archived from the original on May 1, 2024. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
- ^ a b Catton, Pia (October 17, 2010). "A Library to Shout About". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ a b Johnson, Ken (February 27, 2014). "A Certain Something, Repeated". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 29, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
- ^ a b c Tremayne-Pengelly, Alexandra (November 15, 2023). "The Morgan Library & Museum Celebrates 100 Years of History, Literature and Art". Observer. Archived from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
- ^ a b Pobric, Pac (April 16, 2015). "Colin Bailey Named Head of the Morgan Library and Museum". The Art Newspaper – International art news and events. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024; Kennedy, Randy (April 16, 2015). "Colin Bailey Is Named the New Director of Morgan Library". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ Plitt, Amy (February 14, 2019). "The Morgan Library's Charles McKim-Designed Landmark Building to Get a Facelift". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024; Messman, Lauren (February 14, 2019). "Morgan Library & Museum Announces $12.5 Million Exterior Renovation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2021; Fazzare, Elizabeth (February 15, 2019). "Morgan Library to Undergo First Exterior Renovation in 112 Years". Architectural Digest. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ a b Holmes, Helen (October 2, 2019). "The Morgan Library and Museum Announces Plans for a New Public Garden". Observer. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Levere, Jane L. (June 10, 2022). "Manhattan's New Green Space Was J. P. Morgan's Side Yard". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Morgan Library Facade and Garden Restored for the First Time in 115 Years". The Architect's Newspaper. June 10, 2022. Archived from the original on June 10, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
- ^ a b c Davidson, Justin (June 9, 2022). "The Morgan Library's Gilded Age Garden Gets a Glow-Up". Curbed. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
- ^ Libbey, Peter; Herrington, Nicole (September 10, 2020). "New York's Reopened Museums: Where to Go and What to See". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
- ^ a b Heathcote, Edwin. "A New Chapter for New York's Morgan Library". Financial Times. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ Vadukul, Alex; Faibyshev, Dolly (March 5, 2024). "Patti Smith Sings for the Morgan Library & Museum's 100th Anniversary". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
- ^ a b c Cassady, Daniel (March 6, 2024). "Morgan Library Rings in Its Centennial with Black-Tie Gala and $15 M. In Birthday Gifts". ARTnews.com. Archived from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
- ^ a b Culgan, Rossilynne Skena (November 10, 2023). "The Morgan Is Celebrating 100 Years with a Free Party and a Beatrix Potter Exhibit". Time Out New York. Archived from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
- ^ a b Goukassian, Elena (March 4, 2024). "Happy 100th! The Morgan Library and Museum Gets Birthday Gifts Totalling $15m". The Art Newspaper. Archived from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
- ^ a b "$10 Million Gift to Library from Katharine J. Rayner – Lifestyles Magazine". Lifestyles Magazine. March 13, 2024. Archived from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
- ^ "Morgan Library Receives $15 Million for Centennial Campaign". Philanthropy News Digest. January 16, 2024. Archived from the original on March 14, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
- ^ Izbicki, T M (February 2013). "Corsair, The Online Collection Catalog of the Pierpont Morgan Library". Choice. Vol. 50, no. 6. p. 1016. ProQuest 1315525450.
- ^ a b Pastore, Arthur Jr. (September 22, 1961). "Art Splendors Tucked Away in N.Y.". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 7. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510206109.
- ^ a b "Medieval & Renaissance Manuscripts". The Morgan Library & Museum. May 29, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ a b Honsford, Conkling (1923). "Banker Morgan's $8,500,000 Gift". Journal of the American Bankers Association. No. v. 16. The Association. p. 566. Archived from the original on August 3, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ "Medieval & Renaissance Manuscripts". The Morgan Library & Museum. May 29, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ "11th-Century Gospel MS. Bought by Morgan Library". New York Herald Tribune. May 11, 1955. p. 21. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327242295; "1000 A. D. Gospels in Morgan Show; Anglo-Saxon Manuscript Is Focal Point in Library's Display of Acquisitions". The New York Times. May 11, 1955. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ "Mr. Morgan Owns Manuscript of "A Christmas Carol"; Original in Dickens's Handwriting of the Most Famous Yuletide Story Ever Written Is in the Private Library of the Financier and Collector". The New York Times. December 8, 1912. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ Knox, Sanka (September 4, 1967). "Pierpont Morgan Library Show Will Display Son's Collections". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ a b c d "Obituary Notes". The Publishers Weekly. Vol. 83, no. 2. F. Leypoldt. April 5, 1913. p. 1229. Archived from the original on August 3, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ a b Strickland, Carol (December 13, 1993). "Pierpont Morgan's Palace of Culture In Mid-Manhattan: Rare Books, Relics, Letters, And Illuminated Manuscripts Share Space in the Lavishly Appointed Morgan Library". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 16. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 513201211.
- ^ "The Morgan Library & Museum Debuts "Ernest Hemingway: Between Two Wars"". Architectural Digest. October 7, 2015. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ Burd, Van Akin (Winter 1995). "Frederick James Sharp: 1880-1957". The Book Collector. Vol. 44, no. 4. Collector Limited. pp. 543–573. ISSN 0006-7237; "A Victorian's Victorian Morgan Library Examines Art Critic John Ruskin". New York Daily News. September 30, 2000. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ "Historic European Manuscripts to Go On Display at Morgan Library Tuesday". The New York Times. December 15, 1957. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ "Declaration on Display". The New York Times. December 23, 1983. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ "Notable Letters on Display Today; 150 on Clay, Papyrus and Paper Begin 10-Weak Exhibition in Morgan Library". The New York Times. February 6, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
- ^ a b c "About Art and Artists; Exhibition of the Morgan Library's New Acquisitions Offers Interesting Variety". The New York Times. May 15, 1956. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ Rogers, Michael (May 15, 1998). "What's Happening in...Special Libraries". Library Journal. Vol. 123, no. 9. p. 22. ProQuest 196771945.
- ^ "Van Gogh's Art, In His Own Words". The New York Times. September 30, 2007. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ a b c Preston, Stuart (May 17, 1959). "From Past to Present; New Morgan Library Acquisitions – Contemporary Art in Galleries". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ "Contemporary Manuscript Copy of His Letter : Cochin, To Giuliano de'Medici, 1515 Jan. 6". July 25, 2017. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
- ^ Gorman, Herbert (December 25, 1932). "Hawthorne's Notebooks Are Rescued From Distortion; The Manuscript as It Was Before Mrs. Hawthorne Edited It to Conform to "Genteel Standards"". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 12, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
- ^ "This Ever New Self: Thoreau and His Journal". The Morgan Library & Museum. February 15, 2017. Archived from the original on March 10, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2021; "'Missing' Thoreau Journal Shown At Exhibition in Morgan Library; Journals of Henry David Thoreau Are Reunited at the Pierpont Morgan Library Here". The New York Times. October 3, 1956. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ Rothstein, Edward (January 21, 2011). "Tales of Lives Richly Lived, But True?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ a b Turner 1998, p. 291.
- ^ Turner 1998, pp. 291–292.
- ^ "Holograph of Mozart's 'Haffner' Acquired by Morgan Library". Los Angeles Times. August 27, 1979. pp. E11. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 158976721.
- ^ Sisario, Ben (March 2, 2016). "Bob Dylan's Secret Archive". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2021; "Bob Dylan's American Journey, 1956–1966". The Morgan Library & Museum. August 19, 2013. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ Wilson, Frederic Woodbridge. The Gilbert and Sullivan Collection Archived January 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine at The Morgan Library website, accessed May 5, 2010
- ^ Schuessler, Jennifer (January 17, 2024). "'Gutenberg!': A Guide to the Inventor Behind the Broadway Musical". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ "Italian Bible, Rarer Than the Gutenberg, Acquired by Morgan for His Library Here". The New York Times. April 26, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
- ^ Knox, Sanka (February 26, 1954). "Morgan Library Gets 'Oldest Book'; Missal, Placed Prior to Gutenberg Bible, Is Exhibited Here". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024; "Morgan Library Acquires Missal". Daily Boston Globe. February 26, 1954. p. 7. ProQuest 840087324; "A predecessor to the Gutenberg Bible". Life Magazine. Vol. 36, no. 9. March 1, 1954. Archived from the original on May 4, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ Mackall, Leonard L. (November 2, 1930). "Notes for Bibliophiles: The Morgan Library". New York Herald Tribune. p. J27. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113755897.
- ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Coptic Literature". Newadvent.org. March 1, 1914. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
- ^ "Ancient Western Asian Seals & Tablets". The Morgan Library & Museum. May 30, 2013. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
- ^ "Printed Books & Bindings". The Morgan Library & Museum. May 29, 2013. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ Petersen, T.C.; Trujillo, F. (2021). Coptic Bookbindings in the Pierpont Morgan Library. Legacy Press. ISBN 978-1-953421-04-3. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ "Lindau Gospels". The Morgan Library & Museum. January 27, 2016. Archived from the original on February 10, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2021; "Cover of the Lindau Gospels Crucificion and Mourning Figures · Medieval East Crucifixion Depictions · Medieval Art". PROJECTS. September 19, 2017. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ Jacobson, Aileen (November 22, 1977). "Library's Tiny Book a Rare Treasure". Newsday. p. 9. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d Russell, John (November 30, 1986). "Art View; Morgan Library Shows Off Its New Treasures". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ "Paintings & Art Objects". The Morgan Library & Museum. May 30, 2013. Archived from the original on May 9, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ Cotter, Holland (September 1, 2016). "A Hans Memling Show Is More Than the Sum of Its Divine Parts". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ a b Pergam, Elizabeth A. (2017). The Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition of 1857: "Entrepreneurs, Connoisseurs and the Public ". Taylor & Francis. p. 517. ISBN 978-1-351-54279-1. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ "Museums". New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. September 23, 1991. p. 58. ISSN 0028-7369. Archived from the original on August 3, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ Kandell, Jonathan (April 28, 2002). "Baron Thyssen-Bornemisza, Industrialist Who Built Fabled Art Collection, Dies at 81". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023; ARTnews. Vol. 47. ARTnews Associates. 1949. p. 34. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ Revzin, Philip (June 18, 1993). "Morgan's French Masters Visit the Louvre". The Wall Street Journal. p. 11. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 308138894.
- ^ "Babar, From Concept to Creation". The Wall Street Journal. October 10, 2008. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ "Paul Cézanne Sketchbook". The Morgan Library & Museum. October 3, 2017. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ Rosenberg, Karen (April 18, 2008). "The Art of the Hunt, As Practiced Way Back When". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ "The Morgan Library & Museum Has Digitized Its Entire Collection of Rembrandt Etchings". AFAnews. May 22, 2014. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ "Drawings & Prints". The Morgan Library & Museum. May 29, 2013. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ "Morgan Library Gets Blake Water-Colors". The New York Times. March 7, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ "Acquisitions of the Month: November 2018". Apollo Magazine. December 7, 2018. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
- ^ "Seen Together: Acquisitions in Photography at the Morgan Library & Museum". Musée Magazine. March 7, 2024. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ "Million Taxable in Morgan Home; State Appraisal of Furnishings of Dead Financier's City Residence Filed". The New York Times. December 29, 1914. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ "Was Greatest Art Collector: Morgan's Gems Would Bring $125,000,000". Boston Daily Globe. April 2, 1913. p. 4. ProQuest 502220081.
- ^ "Many Art Items to Be Auctioned; Renaissance Bronze Medals From Morgan Library to Be Sold This Week Moonlight Cruise June 13". The New York Times. May 7, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
- ^ a b Callahan, Rosellen (May 24, 1980). "Secondary Museums Shine Too Among New York Superstars". The Globe and Mail. p. T.7. ProQuest 386916561.
- ^ "Stavelot Triptych". The Morgan Library & Museum. July 27, 2018. Archived from the original on April 11, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2021; Stracke, Dick (October 6, 2008). "The Stavelot Reliquary". aug.edu. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved January 3, 2021; Baert, Barbara (2004). A heritage of holy wood : the legend of the true Cross in text and image. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 94. ISBN 978-90-04-13944-2. OCLC 191935466. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ Barron, James (September 20, 2003). "Looking Forward to Reading, Not Minding, Books". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
- ^ "Morgan Library Returns Rare Items". American Libraries. Vol. 32, no. 6. June–July 2001. p. 38. ProQuest 197143869.
- ^ Kenney, Nancy; Miliani, Stefano (April 26, 2019). "Italian Prosecutor Claims Medieval Missal in Morgan Library Was Stolen from Parish Church". The Art Newspaper – International art news and events. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ Mashberg, Tom; Bowley, Graham (September 20, 2023). "Schiele Artworks Returned to Heirs of Owner Killed by Nazis". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 25, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024; Tremayne-Pengelly, Alexandra (September 22, 2023). "The Return of Seven Schiele Works Marks a Turning Point in Nazi-Looted Art Claims". Observer. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ "Public Programs". The Morgan Library & Museum. April 23, 2013. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024; "Museums in Murray Hill, New York". Time Out New York. October 21, 2021. Archived from the original on January 20, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ a b c "The Morgan Library & Museum – Museum Review". Condé Nast Traveler. August 7, 2013. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ "Exploring with the Morgan". The Morgan Library & Museum. May 8, 2013. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
- ^ Taylor, Mike (July 24, 2013). "Bibles, Lies and Innuendo at the Morgan Library Young Fellows Party". Observer. Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
- ^ "Mr. Morgan's Winter Gala". The Morgan Library & Museum. September 1, 2019. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
- ^ "Morgan Library & Museum". NYC-ARTS. September 30, 2014. Archived from the original on May 4, 2024. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
- ^ Bromley, Dorothy Dunbar (March 5, 1951). "New Morgan Library Treasures Will Be Opened to Public Today: 15th-Century Book of Hours on View at Morgan Library". New York Herald Tribune. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1323089100.
- ^ "Rare Book Show Set for Morgan Library". The New York Times. November 14, 1954. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Forgey, Benjamin (October 13, 1991). "At Home With J.P. Morgan; Expansion Allows More Art to Go on Public View". The Washington Post. p. G01. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 307446533.
- ^ a b Barker, Olivia (July 18, 1998). "Cooling Off in the Shade of J.P. Morgan's Library". The Journal News. p. 23. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 1, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.
- ^ Fischer, Heinz D. (2017). American History Awards 1917–1991: From Colonial Settlements to the Civil Rights Movements. De Gruyter. p. 157. ISBN 978-3-11-097214-6. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- ^ Pencil Points. Reinhold. 1922. p. 33. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- ^ "The Building". The Morgan Library & Museum. March 13, 2014. Archived from the original on May 21, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1982, pp. 3–4.
- ^ a b c d Roth 1983, p. 292.
- ^ a b c d Wilson 1983, p. 221.
- ^ a b c d e f g "The Library of J. Pierpont Morgan, Esq". The American Architect. Vol. 95, no. 1724. January 6, 1909. pp. 1–2. ProQuest 124667092.
- ^ a b Catterson, Lynn (October 15, 2017). "From Florence, To London, To New York: Mr. Morgan's Bronze Doors". Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide. Vol. 16, no. 2. doi:10.29411/ncaw.2017.16.2.4. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- ^ a b c Walton 1910, p. 732.
- ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 1982, p. 5.
- ^ Walton 1910, pp. 732–733; "The Rotunda". The Morgan Library & Museum. March 13, 2014. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ Andrews 1957, p. 7.
- ^ a b c Walton 1910, p. 733.
- ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1982, p. 4.
- ^ a b "The Study". The Morgan Library & Museum. March 14, 2014. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ Adams 1974, p. 19
- ^ Wilson 1983, pp. 222–223.
- ^ "Building Work Concludes, Reinstallation of Library Begins". The Morgan Library & Museum (Press release). March 21, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
- ^ Margolies, Jane (March 7, 2024). "Not Just for Scooby-Doo Anymore — the Secret Door Is Having a Moment". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
- ^ a b Andrews 1957, p. 8.
- ^ a b Wilson 1983, p. 222.
- ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1982, pp. 5–6.
- ^ "Library Ceiling". The Morgan Library & Museum. March 14, 2014. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Floor Plan" (PDF). The Morgan Library & Museum. May 6, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
- ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, p. 6.
- ^ "The Morgan House". The Morgan Library & Museum. March 14, 2014. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Byard 2008, pp. 65–66.
- ^ "Thaw Conservation Center". The Morgan Library & Museum. July 30, 2013. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ a b c "Renovation and Expansion of the Morgan Library". 20th Century Architecture. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Bendov, Pavel (2017). New Architecture New York. New York, NY: Prestel Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 978-3-7913-8368-2. OCLC 976405424.
- ^ a b c "Expansion Design". The Morgan Library & Museum. March 14, 2014. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ a b c Newhouse 2006, p. 99.
- ^ "Sherman Fairchild Reading Room". The Morgan Library & Museum. May 1, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
- ^ a b Byard 2008, p. 64.
- ^ a b Vogel, Carol (April 28, 2005). "A Better Look at the Morgan Library". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- ^ "Gilder Lehrman Hall (At the Morgan Library & Museum)". Time Out New York. May 12, 2010. Archived from the original on January 28, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ "Gilbert Court". The Morgan Library & Museum. March 18, 2014. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021; Dewey, M.; Bowker, R.R.; Pylodet, L.; Cutter, C.A.; Weston, B.E.; Brown, K.; Wessells, H.E.; American Library Association (2006). Library Journal. Vol. 131. R.R. Bowker Company. p. 17. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- ^ a b c Pearson 1992, p. 99.
- ^ "Pierpont Morgan Library". GuideStar Profile. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
- ^ "Board of Trustees and Administration". The Morgan Library & Museum. February 1, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ "The Morgan Library & Museum Announces New Co-Presidents Of the Board of Trustees, G. Scott Clemons and Robert K. Steel". Artdaily. April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ a b "Head of Morgan Library". The New York Times. March 21, 1981. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ "Morgan Library Elects New Head". The New York Times. November 21, 1960. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ Smith, Roberta (January 6, 2001). "Felice Stampfle, 88, Curator Of Prints at the Morgan Library". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021; "The Indomitable Felice Stampfle, the Morgan's First Curator of Drawings and Prints". The Morgan Library & Museum. June 29, 2020. Archived from the original on March 29, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
- ^ Culgan, Rossilynne Skena; Halle, Howard; Weaver, Shaye (January 3, 2024). "Best Free Museum Days and Discount Hours in NYC". Time Out New York. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
- ^ "Pierpont Morgan Library". ProPublica. May 9, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ "Mr. Morgan's Great Library; First Authorized Description of One of the Chief Treasure Houses of the World" (PDF). The New York Times. December 4, 1908. pp. 1, 2. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ a b c Pahlmann, William (May 20, 1969). "Splendors Are Many at Morgan Library". The Standard-Star. p. 32. Retrieved April 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Humphreys, Josephine (September 18, 1994). "New York: Two Temples to Glorious Books". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
- ^ "The Morgan Library & Museum Review". Fodor's Travel. April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
- ^ "Mr. Stanford White". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 77, no. 1998. June 30, 1906. p. 1234. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021 – via columbia.edu.
- ^ Taylor, Francis Henry (1957). Pierpont Morgan as Collector and Patron, 1837–1913. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library. p. 37. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ "Empire State Building Ranked Second in U. S.: Fifty Architects Put Lincoln Memorial First in Vote". New York Herald Tribune. April 29, 1932. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1125430573; "Architects Pick 'Finest' Buildings; Lincoln Memorial Placed First, Empire State Building Second, Nebraska Capitol Third". The New York Times. April 29, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 26, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
- ^ Farrell, William E. (June 3, 1965). "Morgan Mansion Reported in Peril; Rezoning Plan for Madison Avenue Termed a Step Toward Demolition". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 29, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ Goldberger, Paul (July 16, 1974). "Morgan Mansion Loses Status as City Landmark". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 29, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ "20 Buildings in City on Preservation List". The New York Times. April 17, 1952. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
- ^ "7 Buildings in Manhattan Are Picked as Landmarks". The New York Times. June 10, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ Greenwood, Richard (July 18, 1975). ""The Pierpont Morgan Library", National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination". National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2023.
- ^ "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination". National Park Service. July 18, 1975. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2023.
- ^ "City Landmarks Panel Adds 6 Sites to Its Roll". The New York Times. March 24, 1982. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ "The Landmarks Agency Honors Places and People". The New York Times. June 7, 1992. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
- ^ a b O'Keefe, Meghan (November 11, 2020). "How 'Dash & Lily' Snagged the Morgan Library, NYC's Spectacular, Little-Filmed Museum". Decider. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
Sources
edit- Adams, Frederick B. Jr. (1974). An introduction to the Pierpont Morgan Library. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library.
- Andrews, Wayne (1957). Mr. Morgan and His Architect. Pierpont Morgan Library.
- Ardizzone, Heidi (2007). An Illuminated Life: Belle Da Costa Greene's Journey from Prejudice to Privilege. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-05104-9.
- Boyce, George K. (January 1, 1952). "The Pierpont Morgan Library". The Library Quarterly. Vol. 22, no. 1. ProQuest 1290797719.
- Byard, Paul Spencer (2008). The Making of the Morgan: From Charles McKim to Renzo Piano. Morgan Library & Museum. ISBN 978-0-87598-149-9.
- J. Pierpont Morgan Library (Report). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. November 13, 1966.
- Newhouse, Victoria (October 2006). "Renzo Piano alters the character of New York's Morgan Library and Museum with a new entrance and a skylit court" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. 194, no. 10. pp. 93–99. ProQuest 222173784.
- Pearson, Clifford A. (January 1992). "Bound Volumes" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. 180, no. 1. ProQuest 222098805.
- Pearson, Marjorie (February 26, 2002). Phelps Stokes–J. P. Morgan Jr. House (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.
- Pearson, Marjorie (March 23, 1982). Pierpont Morgan Library, First Floor (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.
- Roth, Leland (1983). McKim, Mead & White, Architects. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-430136-7. OCLC 9325269.
- Strouse, Jean (1999). Morgan: American Financier. New York: Perennial. ISBN 0-06-095589-9. OCLC 43050112.
- Tauranac, John (1985). Elegant New York. Photographs by Christopher Little. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-0-89659-458-6. OCLC 12314472.
- Turner, J. Rigbie (December 1, 1998). "Infinite Riches in a Little Room: The Music Collections in the Pierpont Morgan Library (Part 1)". Notes. Vol. 55, no. 2. ProQuest 1296708413.
- Walton, William (1910). "The Recent Mural Decorations of H. Siddons Mowbray". Harper's Monthly Magazine. Vol. 122, no. 731.
- Wilson, Richard Guy (1983). McKim, Mead & White, Architects. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-0491-7. OCLC 9413129.
Further reading
edit- The Morgan Library. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library. 2000. ISBN 978-0-87598-129-1.
- Tonkovich, Jennifer (2016). Inside the Morgan. Morgan Library & Museum. ISBN 978-0-87598-196-3.
External links
edit- Official website
- Virtual tour of the Morgan Library & Museum provided by Google Arts & Culture
- Media related to Morgan Library & Museum at Wikimedia Commons