γυμνός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *gʷomnós by Cowgill's Law (o → u between labial and resonant), from Proto-Indo-European *nogʷmós by metathesis (possible taboo deformation; if the metathesis didn't happen we would have *νυγμός (*nugmós)), from *nogʷós (“naked”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ɡym.nós/ → /ʝymˈnos/ → /ʝimˈnos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ɡym.nós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ɡymˈnos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ʝymˈnos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ʝymˈnos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ʝimˈnos/

Adjective

γυμνός • (gumnós) m (feminine γυμνή, neuter γυμνόν); first/second declension

1. naked, nude, unclad
2. unarmed, without armor, defenseless
3. bare, uncovered
4. stripped, destitute
5. lightly clad
6. mere

Inflection

First and second declension of γῠμνός; γῠμνή; γῠμνόν (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		γῠμνός gumnós	γῠμνή gumnḗ	γῠμνόν gumnón		γῠμνώ gumnṓ	γῠμνᾱ́ gumnā́	γῠμνώ gumnṓ		γῠμνοί gumnoí	γῠμναί gumnaí	γῠμνᾰ́ gumná
Genitive		γῠμνοῦ gumnoû	γῠμνῆς gumnês	γῠμνοῦ gumnoû		γῠμνοῖν gumnoîn	γῠμναῖν gumnaîn	γῠμνοῖν gumnoîn		γῠμνῶν gumnôn	γῠμνῶν gumnôn	γῠμνῶν gumnôn
Dative		γῠμνῷ gumnôi	γῠμνῇ gumnêi	γῠμνῷ gumnôi		γῠμνοῖν gumnoîn	γῠμναῖν gumnaîn	γῠμνοῖν gumnoîn		γῠμνοῖς gumnoîs	γῠμναῖς gumnaîs	γῠμνοῖς gumnoîs
Accusative		γῠμνόν gumnón	γῠμνήν gumnḗn	γῠμνόν gumnón		γῠμνώ gumnṓ	γῠμνᾱ́ gumnā́	γῠμνώ gumnṓ		γῠμνούς gumnoús	γῠμνᾱ́ς gumnā́s	γῠμνᾰ́ gumná
Vocative		γῠμνέ gumné	γῠμνή gumnḗ	γῠμνόν gumnón		γῠμνώ gumnṓ	γῠμνᾱ́ gumnā́	γῠμνώ gumnṓ		γῠμνοί gumnoí	γῠμναί gumnaí	γῠμνᾰ́ gumná
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		γῠμνῶς gumnôs				γῠμνότερος gumnóteros				γῠμνότᾰτος gumnótatos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and second declension of γῠμνός; γῠμνᾱ́; γῠμνόν (Doric)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		γῠμνός gumnós	γῠμνᾱ́ gumnā́	γῠμνόν gumnón		γῠμνώ gumnṓ	γῠμνᾱ́ gumnā́	γῠμνώ gumnṓ		γῠμνοί gumnoí	γῠμναί gumnaí	γῠμνᾰ́ gumná
Genitive		γῠμνοῖο gumnoîo	γῠμνᾶς gumnâs	γῠμνοῖο gumnoîo		γῠμνοῖν gumnoîn	γῠμναῖν gumnaîn	γῠμνοῖν gumnoîn		γῠμνῶν gumnôn	γῠμνᾶν gumnân	γῠμνῶν gumnôn
Dative		γῠμνῷ gumnôi	γῠμνᾷ gumnâi	γῠμνῷ gumnôi		γῠμνοῖν gumnoîn	γῠμναῖν gumnaîn	γῠμνοῖν gumnoîn		γῠμνοῖς gumnoîs	γῠμναῖς gumnaîs	γῠμνοῖς gumnoîs
Accusative		γῠμνόν gumnón	γῠμνᾱ́ν gumnā́n	γῠμνόν gumnón		γῠμνώ gumnṓ	γῠμνᾱ́ gumnā́	γῠμνώ gumnṓ		γῠμνούς gumnoús	γῠμνᾱ́ς gumnā́s	γῠμνᾰ́ gumná
Vocative		γῠμνέ gumné	γῠμνᾱ́ gumnā́	γῠμνόν gumnón		γῠμνώ gumnṓ	γῠμνᾱ́ gumnā́	γῠμνώ gumnṓ		γῠμνοί gumnoí	γῠμναί gumnaí	γῠμνᾰ́ gumná
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		γῠμνῶς gumnôs				γῠμνότερος gumnóteros				γῠμνότᾰτος gumnótatos
Notes:		Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

• γυμνάς (gumnás)
  • γυμνάζω (gumnázō)
    • γύμνασμα (gúmnasma)
    • γυμναστέος (gumnastéos)
    • γυμναστής (gumnastḗs)
    • γυμναστήριον (gumnastḗrion)
    • γυμναστικός (gumnastikós)
• γύμνασις (gúmnasis)
  • γυμνασία (gumnasía)
  • γυμνάσιον (gumnásion)
• γυμνής (gumnḗs)
  • γυμνητεύω (gumnēteúō)
• γυμνηλός (gumnēlós)
• γυμνικός (gumnikós)
• γυμνότης (gumnótēs)
• γυμνόω (gumnóō)
  • γύμνωσις (gúmnōsis)
  • γυμνωτέος (gumnōtéos)

Descendants

• Greek: γυμνός (gymnós)

Further reading

• “γυμνός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “γυμνός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “γυμνός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• γυμνός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• γυμνός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• γυμνός in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2024)
• “γυμνός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G1131 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • bare idem, page 62.
  • blank idem, page 81.
  • defenceless idem, page 204.
  • denude idem, page 211.
  • exposed idem, page 295.
  • naked idem, page 550.
  • nude idem, page 562.
  • open idem, page 574.
  • unarmed idem, page 907.
  • unclothed idem, page 909.
  • uncovered idem, page 911.
  • undressed idem, page 915.
  • unguarded idem, page 920.
  • unprotected idem, page 928.
  • unrobed idem, page 930.
  • vulnerable idem, page 958.
• American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Ed. Calvert Watkins. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985.
• Huld, Martin E. “Magic, Metathesis and Nudity in Indo-European Thought.” Ancient Languages and Philology. Vol 1 of Studies in Honor of Jaan Puhvel. Eds. Dorothy Disterheft et al. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph 20. Gen. eds. A. Richard Diebold and Edgar C. Polomé. Washington: Institute for the Study of Man, 1997. 75-92.

Greek

Etymology

From Ancient Greek γυμνός (gumnós), from Proto-Hellenic *gʷomnós, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nogʷós.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ʝimˈnɔs]

Adjective

γυμνός • (gymnós) m (feminine γυμνή, neuter γυμνό)

1. naked, unsheathed, bare.

Declension

Declension of γυμνός

number  case \ gender	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	γυμνός •	γυμνή •	γυμνό •	γυμνοί •	γυμνές •	γυμνά •
genitive	γυμνού •	γυμνής •	γυμνού •	γυμνών •	γυμνών •	γυμνών •
accusative	γυμνό •	γυμνή •	γυμνό •	γυμνούς •	γυμνές •	γυμνά •
vocative	γυμνέ •	γυμνή •	γυμνό •	γυμνοί •	γυμνές •	γυμνά •
derivations	Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο γυμνός, etc.) Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο γυμνός, etc.)

Degrees of comparison by suffixation

comparative	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	γυμνότερος •	γυμνότερη •	γυμνότερο •	γυμνότεροι •	γυμνότερες •	γυμνότερα •
genitive	γυμνότερου •	γυμνότερης •	γυμνότερου •	γυμνότερων •	γυμνότερων •	γυμνότερων •
accusative	γυμνότερο •	γυμνότερη •	γυμνότερο •	γυμνότερους •	γυμνότερες •	γυμνότερα •
vocative	γυμνότερε •	γυμνότερη •	γυμνότερο •	γυμνότεροι •	γυμνότερες •	γυμνότερα •
derivations	relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο γυμνότερος", etc)
Absolute superlative	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	γυμνότατος •	γυμνότατη •	γυμνότατο •	γυμνότατοι •	γυμνότατες •	γυμνότατα •
genitive	γυμνότατου •	γυμνότατης •	γυμνότατου •	γυμνότατων •	γυμνότατων •	γυμνότατων •
accusative	γυμνότατο •	γυμνότατη •	γυμνότατο •	γυμνότατους •	γυμνότατες •	γυμνότατα •
vocative	γυμνότατε •	γυμνότατη •	γυμνότατο •	γυμνότατοι •	γυμνότατες •	γυμνότατα •

Derived terms

• γυμνότητα (gymnótita, “nakedness”)
• γυμνισμός (gymnismós, “naturism”)

Related terms

see: γυμνάζω (gymnázo, “to train, to exercise”)