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{{short description|Aiming of an antenna radiation pattern below the horizontal plane}} |
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{{More citations needed|date=August 2009}} |
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{{Antennas|techniques}} |
{{Antennas|techniques}} |
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[[Image:sector antenna radiation pattern.png|left|thumb|250px|Horizontal and vertical radiation patterns, the latter with a pronounced downward beam tilt]] |
[[Image:sector antenna radiation pattern.png|left|thumb|250px|Horizontal and vertical radiation patterns, the latter with a pronounced downward beam tilt]] |
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More common is electrical beam tilt, where the [[phase shifting|phasing]] between antenna elements is tweaked to make the signal go down (usually) in all directions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rwonline.com/article/4374|title=Overshoots and Close-In Coverage|last=Alexander|first=W.C.|date=6 November 2002|publisher=[[Radio World]]| |
More common is electrical beam tilt, where the [[phase shifting|phasing]] between antenna elements is tweaked to make the signal go down (usually) in all directions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rwonline.com/article/4374|title=Overshoots and Close-In Coverage|last=Alexander|first=W.C.|date=6 November 2002|publisher=[[Radio World]]|access-date=2009-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803151011/http://www.rwonline.com/article/4374|archive-date=3 August 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref> This is extremely useful when the [[Antenna (electronics)|antenna]] is at a very high point, and the edge of the signal is likely to miss the target (broadcast audience, cellphone users, etc.) entirely. |
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With electrical tilting, front and back lobes tilt in the same direction. For example, an electrical downtilt will make both the front lobe and the back lobe tilt down. This is the property used in the above example where the signal is pointed down in all directions. On the contrary, mechanical downtilting will make the front lobe tilt down and the back lobe tilt up. In almost all practical cases, antennas are only tilted down – though tilting up is technically possible. |
With electrical tilting, front and back lobes tilt in the same direction. For example, an electrical downtilt will make both the front lobe and the back lobe tilt down. This is the property used in the above example where the signal is pointed down in all directions. On the contrary, mechanical downtilting will make the front lobe tilt down and the back lobe tilt up. In almost all practical cases, antennas are only tilted down – though tilting up is technically possible. |
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The use of purely electrical tilt with no mechanical tilt is an attractive choice for aesthetic reasons which are very important for operators seeking acceptance of integrated antennas in visible locations. |
The use of purely electrical tilt with no mechanical tilt is an attractive choice for aesthetic reasons which are very important for operators seeking acceptance of integrated antennas in visible locations. |
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In GSM and UMTS cellular networks, mechanical tilt is almost always fixed whereas electrical tilt can be controlled using remote actuators and position sensors, thus reducing operating expenses. Remote electrical tilt is abbreviated as RET and it is part of the Antenna Interface Standards Group's open specification for the control interface of antenna devices.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110720194041/http://www.torni.fi/aisg/AISG%20v2.0%20.pdf</ref> |
In GSM and UMTS cellular networks, mechanical tilt is almost always fixed whereas electrical tilt can be controlled using remote actuators and position sensors, thus reducing operating expenses. Remote electrical tilt is abbreviated as RET and it is part of the Antenna Interface Standards Group's open specification for the control interface of antenna devices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.torni.fi/aisg/AISG%20v2.0%20.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=www.torni.fi |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720194041/http://www.torni.fi/aisg/AISG%20v2.0%20.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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Occasionally, mechanical and electrical tilt will be used together in order to create greater beam tilt in one direction than the other, mainly to accommodate unusual [[terrain]]. Along with [[null fill]], beam tilt is the essential parameter controlling the focus of [[radio]] [[communication]]s, and together they can create almost infinite combinations of 3-D [[radiation pattern]]s for any situation. |
Occasionally, mechanical and electrical tilt will be used together in order to create greater beam tilt in one direction than the other, mainly to accommodate unusual [[terrain]]. Along with [[null fill]], beam tilt is the essential parameter controlling the focus of [[radio]] [[communication]]s, and together they can create almost infinite combinations of 3-D [[radiation pattern]]s for any situation. |
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== Beam tilt optimization == |
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'''Beam tilt optimization''' is a network optimization technique used in mobile networks aiming at controlling the inclination of the vertical tilt angle of the antenna in order to optimize a set of network performance indicators. |
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Different studies in beam tilt optimization<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Dandanov|first1=Nikolay|last2=Al-Shatri|first2=Hussein|last3=Klein|first3=Anja|last4=Poulkov|first4=Vladimir|date=2016-10-27|title=Dynamic Self-Optimization of the Antenna Tilt for Best Trade-off Between Coverage and Capacity in Mobile Networks|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3849-9|journal=Wireless Personal Communications|volume=92|issue=1|pages=251–278|doi=10.1007/s11277-016-3849-9|s2cid=37595264 |issn=0929-6212}}</ref> focus on Coverage-Capacity Optimization (CCO), for which the goal is to control the beam tilt in order to jointly optimize the radio [[Coverage (telecommunication)|coverage]] and [[Channel capacity|capacity]] in the network cells and reduce interference from neighbouring cells. |
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There exists mainly two types of approaches to beam tilt optimization: |
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# '''Rule-based algorithms''': consist of optimization strategies based on domain knowledge and control theory, and mainly based on the optimization of utility metrics,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Eckhardt|first1=Harald|last2=Klein|first2=Siegfried|last3=Gruber|first3=Markus|title=2011 IEEE 73rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring) |chapter=Vertical Antenna Tilt Optimization for LTE Base Stations |date=May 2011|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vetecs.2011.5956370|pages=1–5 |publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/vetecs.2011.5956370|isbn=978-1-4244-8332-7|s2cid=9179981 }}</ref> or threshold-based policies employing [[Fuzzy logic|Fuzzy Logic]] (FL) to model representative network performance indicators.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Saeed|first1=Arsalan|last2=Aliu|first2=Osianoh Glenn|last3=Imran|first3=Muhammad Ali|title=2012 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC) |chapter=Controlling self healing cellular networks using fuzzy logic |date=April 2012|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2012.6214334|pages=3080–3084 |publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/wcnc.2012.6214334|isbn=978-1-4673-0437-5|s2cid=12043190 }}</ref> |
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# '''Data-driven algorithms''' : consist of optimization strategies based on the use learning techniques based on the availability of network data (e.g. [[Contextual bandit algorithm|Contextual Bandit]] (CB) techniques), or by directly interacting with the environment (e.g. [[Reinforcement learning|Reinforcement Learning]] (RL) techniques <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Balevi|first1=Eren|last2=Andrews|first2=Jeffrey G.|date=December 2019|title=Online Antenna Tuning in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks With Deep Reinforcement Learning|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2019.2933420|journal=IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking|volume=5|issue=4|pages=1113–1124|doi=10.1109/tccn.2019.2933420|issn=2332-7731|arxiv=1903.06787|s2cid=81979656 }}</ref>) |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Analogue TV transmitter topics}} |
{{Analogue TV transmitter topics}} |
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[[Category:Antennas]] |
[[Category:Antennas]] |
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[[Category:Broadcast engineering]] |
[[Category:Broadcast engineering]] |
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Latest revision as of 21:48, 21 July 2023
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2009) |
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Beam tilt is used in radio to aim the main lobe of the vertical plane radiation pattern of an antenna below (or above) the horizontal plane.
The simplest way is mechanical beam tilt, where the antenna is physically mounted in such a manner as to lower the angle of the signal on one side. However, this also raises it on the other side, making it useful in only very limited situations.
More common is electrical beam tilt, where the phasing between antenna elements is tweaked to make the signal go down (usually) in all directions.[1] This is extremely useful when the antenna is at a very high point, and the edge of the signal is likely to miss the target (broadcast audience, cellphone users, etc.) entirely.
With electrical tilting, front and back lobes tilt in the same direction. For example, an electrical downtilt will make both the front lobe and the back lobe tilt down. This is the property used in the above example where the signal is pointed down in all directions. On the contrary, mechanical downtilting will make the front lobe tilt down and the back lobe tilt up. In almost all practical cases, antennas are only tilted down – though tilting up is technically possible.
The use of purely electrical tilt with no mechanical tilt is an attractive choice for aesthetic reasons which are very important for operators seeking acceptance of integrated antennas in visible locations.
In GSM and UMTS cellular networks, mechanical tilt is almost always fixed whereas electrical tilt can be controlled using remote actuators and position sensors, thus reducing operating expenses. Remote electrical tilt is abbreviated as RET and it is part of the Antenna Interface Standards Group's open specification for the control interface of antenna devices.[2]
Occasionally, mechanical and electrical tilt will be used together in order to create greater beam tilt in one direction than the other, mainly to accommodate unusual terrain. Along with null fill, beam tilt is the essential parameter controlling the focus of radio communications, and together they can create almost infinite combinations of 3-D radiation patterns for any situation.
Beam tilt optimization
[edit]Beam tilt optimization is a network optimization technique used in mobile networks aiming at controlling the inclination of the vertical tilt angle of the antenna in order to optimize a set of network performance indicators.
Different studies in beam tilt optimization[3] focus on Coverage-Capacity Optimization (CCO), for which the goal is to control the beam tilt in order to jointly optimize the radio coverage and capacity in the network cells and reduce interference from neighbouring cells.
There exists mainly two types of approaches to beam tilt optimization:
- Rule-based algorithms: consist of optimization strategies based on domain knowledge and control theory, and mainly based on the optimization of utility metrics,[4] or threshold-based policies employing Fuzzy Logic (FL) to model representative network performance indicators.[5]
- Data-driven algorithms : consist of optimization strategies based on the use learning techniques based on the availability of network data (e.g. Contextual Bandit (CB) techniques), or by directly interacting with the environment (e.g. Reinforcement Learning (RL) techniques [3][6])
References
[edit]- ^ Alexander, W.C. (6 November 2002). "Overshoots and Close-In Coverage". Radio World. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.torni.fi. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b Dandanov, Nikolay; Al-Shatri, Hussein; Klein, Anja; Poulkov, Vladimir (2016-10-27). "Dynamic Self-Optimization of the Antenna Tilt for Best Trade-off Between Coverage and Capacity in Mobile Networks". Wireless Personal Communications. 92 (1): 251–278. doi:10.1007/s11277-016-3849-9. ISSN 0929-6212. S2CID 37595264.
- ^ Eckhardt, Harald; Klein, Siegfried; Gruber, Markus (May 2011). "Vertical Antenna Tilt Optimization for LTE Base Stations". 2011 IEEE 73rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring). IEEE. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1109/vetecs.2011.5956370. ISBN 978-1-4244-8332-7. S2CID 9179981.
- ^ Saeed, Arsalan; Aliu, Osianoh Glenn; Imran, Muhammad Ali (April 2012). "Controlling self healing cellular networks using fuzzy logic". 2012 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC). IEEE. pp. 3080–3084. doi:10.1109/wcnc.2012.6214334. ISBN 978-1-4673-0437-5. S2CID 12043190.
- ^ Balevi, Eren; Andrews, Jeffrey G. (December 2019). "Online Antenna Tuning in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks With Deep Reinforcement Learning". IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking. 5 (4): 1113–1124. arXiv:1903.06787. doi:10.1109/tccn.2019.2933420. ISSN 2332-7731. S2CID 81979656.