Jump to content

Local anesthesia: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
GreenC bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
2,366,503 edits
Rescued 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
5,184,702 edits
Add: doi-access. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Headbomb | Linked from Wikipedia:WikiProject_Academic_Journals/Journals_cited_by_Wikipedia/Sandbox2 | #UCB_webform_linked 406/724
 
(5 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
Line 12: Line 12:
}}
}}


'''Local anesthesia''' is any technique to induce the absence of [[sense|sensation]] in a specific part of the body,<ref>[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/local+anesthesia thefreedictionary.com > local anesthesia] In turn citing: Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. Copyright 2009</ref> generally for the aim of inducing '''local analgesia''', that is, local insensitivity to [[pain]], although other local senses may be affected as well. It allows patients to undergo surgical and [[dentistry|dental]] procedures with reduced pain and distress. In many situations, such as [[caesarean section|cesarean section]], it is safer and therefore superior to [[general anesthesia]].<ref name=anest>{{cite journal |authors=Sukhminder Jit Singh Bajwa and Ashish Kulshrestha |title=Anaesthesia for laparoscopic surgery: General vs regional anaesthesia |date=2016 |journal=J Minim Access Surg |pmid=26917912}}</ref>
'''Local anesthesia''' is any technique to induce the absence of [[sense|sensation]] in a specific part of the body,<ref>[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/local+anesthesia thefreedictionary.com > local anesthesia] In turn citing: Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. Copyright 2009</ref> generally for the aim of inducing '''local analgesia''', i.e. local insensitivity to [[pain]], although other local senses may be affected as well. It allows patients to undergo surgical and [[dentistry|dental]] procedures with reduced pain and distress. In many situations, such as [[caesarean section|cesarean section]], it is safer and therefore superior to [[general anesthesia]].<ref name=anest>{{cite journal |author1=Sukhminder Jit Singh Bajwa |author2=Ashish Kulshrestha |title=Anaesthesia for laparoscopic surgery: General vs regional anaesthesia |date=2016 |journal=J Minim Access Surg |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.4103/0972-9941.169952 |pmid=26917912|pmc=4746973 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


The following terms are often used interchangeably:
The following terms are often used interchangeably:
Line 24: Line 24:


Local anesthetics vary in their [[pharmacology|pharmacological]] properties and they are used in various techniques of local anesthesia such as:
Local anesthetics vary in their [[pharmacology|pharmacological]] properties and they are used in various techniques of local anesthesia such as:
* [[Topical anesthetic|Topical anesthesia]] (surface) - Similar to topical gel numbing before getting injected with Lidocaine.
* [[Topical anesthetic|Topical anesthesia]] (surface) - Similar to [[Topical gels|topical gel]] numbing before getting injected with Lidocaine.
* [[Infiltration (medical)|Infiltration]]
* [[Infiltration (medical)|Infiltration]]
* Plexus block
* Plexus block
Line 36: Line 36:
Local [[pain management]] that uses other techniques than [[analgesic]] medication include:
Local [[pain management]] that uses other techniques than [[analgesic]] medication include:
* [[Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation]], which has been found to be ineffective for [[lower back pain]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}, however, it might help with [[diabetic neuropathy]].<ref name=pmid20042705>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dubinsky RM, Miyasaki J |title=Assessment: efficacy of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology |journal=Neurology |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=173–6 |date=January 2010|pmid=20042705 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c918fc |url=http://www.neurology.org/content/74/2/173.full.pdf|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation]], which has been found to be ineffective for [[lower back pain]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}, however, it might help with [[diabetic neuropathy]].<ref name=pmid20042705>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dubinsky RM, Miyasaki J |title=Assessment: efficacy of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology |journal=Neurology |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=173–6 |date=January 2010|pmid=20042705 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c918fc |url=http://www.neurology.org/content/74/2/173.full.pdf|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Pulsed radiofrequency]], [[Neuromodulation (medicine)|neuromodulation]], direct introduction of medication and nerve [[ablation]] may be used to target either the tissue structures and organ/systems responsible for persistent [[nociception]] or the [[nociceptors]] from the structures implicated as the source of chronic pain.<ref name="Varrassi G, Paladini A">{{cite journal |vauthors=Varrassi G, Paladini A, Marinangeli F, Racz G |title=Neural modulation by blocks and infusions |journal=Pain Practice |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=34–8 |year=2006 |pmid=17309707 |doi=10.1111/j.1533-2500.2006.00056.x}}</ref><ref name="Meglio M.">{{cite journal |author=Meglio M |title=Spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain management |journal=Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=297–306 |year=2004 |pmid=15246338 |doi=10.1016/j.nec.2004.02.012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rasche D, Ruppolt M, Stippich C, Unterberg A, Tronnier VM |title=Motor cortex stimulation for long-term relief of chronic neuropathic pain: a 10 year experience |journal=Pain |volume=121 |issue=1–2 |pages=43–52 |year=2006 |pmid=16480828 |doi=10.1016/j.pain.2005.12.006}}</ref><ref name="Boswell MV, Trescott AM">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boswell MV, Trescot AM, Datta S, Schultz DM, Hansen HC, Abdi S, Sehgal N, Shah RV, Singh V, Benyamin RM, Patel VB, Buenaventura RM, Colson JD, Cordner HJ, Epter RS, Jasper JF, Dunbar EE, Atluri SL, Bowman RC, Deer TR, Swicegood JR, Staats PS, Smith HS, Burton AW, Kloth DS, Giordano J, Manchikanti L |title=Interventional techniques: evidence-based practice guidelines in the management of chronic spinal pain |journal=Pain Physician |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=7–111 |year=2007 |pmid=17256025 |url=http://www.painphysicianjournal.com/2007/january/2007;10;7-111.pdf?PHPSESSID=ea188711febadee5420f1c9061ebd249 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828141204/http://www.painphysicianjournal.com/2007/january/2007;10;7-111.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 28, 2008 |format=PDF }}</ref><ref name="Romanelli P, Esposito V">{{cite journal |vauthors=Romanelli P, Esposito V, Adler J |title=Ablative procedures for chronic pain |journal=Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=335–42 |year=2004 |pmid=15246341 |doi=10.1016/j.nec.2004.02.009}}</ref>
* [[Pulsed radiofrequency]], [[Neuromodulation (medicine)|neuromodulation]], direct introduction of medication and nerve [[ablation]] may be used to target either the tissue structures and organ/systems responsible for persistent [[nociception]] or the [[nociceptors]] from the structures implicated as the source of chronic pain.<ref name="Varrassi G, Paladini A">{{cite journal |vauthors=Varrassi G, Paladini A, Marinangeli F, Racz G |title=Neural modulation by blocks and infusions |journal=Pain Practice |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=34–8 |year=2006 |pmid=17309707 |doi=10.1111/j.1533-2500.2006.00056.x|s2cid=22767485 }}</ref><ref name="Meglio M.">{{cite journal |author=Meglio M |title=Spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain management |journal=Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=297–306 |year=2004 |pmid=15246338 |doi=10.1016/j.nec.2004.02.012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rasche D, Ruppolt M, Stippich C, Unterberg A, Tronnier VM |title=Motor cortex stimulation for long-term relief of chronic neuropathic pain: a 10 year experience |journal=Pain |volume=121 |issue=1–2 |pages=43–52 |year=2006 |pmid=16480828 |doi=10.1016/j.pain.2005.12.006|s2cid=24552444 }}</ref><ref name="Boswell MV, Trescott AM">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boswell MV, Trescot AM, Datta S, Schultz DM, Hansen HC, Abdi S, Sehgal N, Shah RV, Singh V, Benyamin RM, Patel VB, Buenaventura RM, Colson JD, Cordner HJ, Epter RS, Jasper JF, Dunbar EE, Atluri SL, Bowman RC, Deer TR, Swicegood JR, Staats PS, Smith HS, Burton AW, Kloth DS, Giordano J, Manchikanti L |title=Interventional techniques: evidence-based practice guidelines in the management of chronic spinal pain |journal=Pain Physician |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=7–111 |year=2007 |pmid=17256025 |url=http://www.painphysicianjournal.com/2007/january/2007;10;7-111.pdf?PHPSESSID=ea188711febadee5420f1c9061ebd249 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828141204/http://www.painphysicianjournal.com/2007/january/2007;10;7-111.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 28, 2008 |format=PDF }}</ref><ref name="Romanelli P, Esposito V">{{cite journal |vauthors=Romanelli P, Esposito V, Adler J |title=Ablative procedures for chronic pain |journal=Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=335–42 |year=2004 |pmid=15246341 |doi=10.1016/j.nec.2004.02.009}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 46: Line 46:


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.nysora.com New York School of Regional Anesthesia]
* [https://www.nysora.com/ New York School of Regional Anesthesia]
* [http://medical.freeonlinebookstore.org/ShowBook.php?subcategoryid=48 Anesthesia Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230204621/http://medical.freeonlinebookstore.org/ShowBook.php?subcategoryid=48 |date=2019-12-30 }}
* [http://medical.freeonlinebookstore.org/ShowBook.php?subcategoryid=48 Anesthesia Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230204621/http://medical.freeonlinebookstore.org/ShowBook.php?subcategoryid=48 |date=2019-12-30 }}
* [http://www.nerveblocks.net General information and tutorials in peripheral regional anesthesia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080701094503/http://www.nerveblocks.net/ General information and tutorials in peripheral regional anesthesia]
* [http://www.worldanaesthesia.org worldanaesthesia.org] Free online manual of regional anaesthesia- John Hyndman
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080610062910/http://www.worldanaesthesia.org/ worldanaesthesia.org] Free online manual of regional anaesthesia - John Hyndman
* [http://www.life-tech.com/anesthesia/educ/neuro.shtml Clinical Use of Peripheral Nerve Stimulators and The Neuromuscular Junction]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713204255/http://www.life-tech.com/anesthesia/educ/neuro.shtml Clinical Use of Peripheral Nerve Stimulators and The Neuromuscular Junction]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181201073906/https://esra.kenes.com/ ESRA - The European Society for Regional Anaesthesia Congress]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181201073906/https://esra.kenes.com/ ESRA - The European Society for Regional Anaesthesia Congress]


Latest revision as of 15:32, 14 August 2023

Local anesthesia
MeSHD000772

Local anesthesia is any technique to induce the absence of sensation in a specific part of the body,[1] generally for the aim of inducing local analgesia, i.e. local insensitivity to pain, although other local senses may be affected as well. It allows patients to undergo surgical and dental procedures with reduced pain and distress. In many situations, such as cesarean section, it is safer and therefore superior to general anesthesia.[2]

The following terms are often used interchangeably:

  • Local anesthesia, in a strict sense, is anesthesia of a small part of the body such as a tooth or an area of skin.
  • Regional anesthesia is aimed at anesthetizing a larger part of the body such as a leg or arm.
  • Conduction anesthesia encompasses a great variety of local and regional anesthetic techniques.

Medical

[edit]
Main article: Local anesthetic

A local anesthetic is a drug that causes reversible local anesthesia and a loss of nociception. When it is used on specific nerve pathways (nerve block), effects such as analgesia (loss of pain sensation) and paralysis (loss of muscle power) can be achieved. Clinical local anesthetics belong to one of two classes: aminoamide and aminoester local anesthetics. Synthetic local anesthetics are structurally related to cocaine. They differ from cocaine mainly in that they have no abuse potential and do not act on the sympathoadrenergic system, i.e. they do not produce hypertension or local vasoconstriction, with the exception of Ropivacaine and Mepivacaine that do produce weak vasoconstriction. Unlike other forms of anesthesia, a local can be used for a minor procedure in a surgeon's office as it does not put you into a state of unconsciousness. However, the physician should have a sterile environment available before doing a procedure in their office.

Local anesthetics vary in their pharmacological properties and they are used in various techniques of local anesthesia such as:

Adverse effects depend on the local anesthetic method and site of administration discussed in depth in the local anesthetic sub-article, but overall, adverse effects can be:

  1. localized prolonged anesthesia or paresthesia due to infection, hematoma, excessive fluid pressure in a confined cavity, and severing of nerves & support tissue during injection.[3]
  2. systemic reactions such as depressed CNS syndrome, allergic reaction, vasovagal episode, and cyanosis due to local anesthetic toxicity.
  3. lack of anesthetic effect due to infectious pus such as an abscess.

Non-medical local anesthetic techniques

[edit]

Local pain management that uses other techniques than analgesic medication include:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ thefreedictionary.com > local anesthesia In turn citing: Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. Copyright 2009
  2. ^ Sukhminder Jit Singh Bajwa; Ashish Kulshrestha (2016). "Anaesthesia for laparoscopic surgery: General vs regional anaesthesia". J Minim Access Surg. 12 (1): 4–9. doi:10.4103/0972-9941.169952. PMC 4746973. PMID 26917912.
  3. ^ "Nerve damage associated with peripheral nerve block" (PDF). Risks Associated with Your Anaesthetic. Section 12. The Royal College of Anaesthetists. January 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
  4. ^ Dubinsky RM, Miyasaki J (January 2010). "Assessment: efficacy of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology" (PDF). Neurology. 74 (2): 173–6. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c918fc. PMID 20042705.
  5. ^ Varrassi G, Paladini A, Marinangeli F, Racz G (2006). "Neural modulation by blocks and infusions". Pain Practice. 6 (1): 34–8. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2006.00056.x. PMID 17309707. S2CID 22767485.
  6. ^ Meglio M (2004). "Spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain management". Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 15 (3): 297–306. doi:10.1016/j.nec.2004.02.012. PMID 15246338.
  7. ^ Rasche D, Ruppolt M, Stippich C, Unterberg A, Tronnier VM (2006). "Motor cortex stimulation for long-term relief of chronic neuropathic pain: a 10 year experience". Pain. 121 (1–2): 43–52. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.12.006. PMID 16480828. S2CID 24552444.
  8. ^ Boswell MV, Trescot AM, Datta S, Schultz DM, Hansen HC, Abdi S, Sehgal N, Shah RV, Singh V, Benyamin RM, Patel VB, Buenaventura RM, Colson JD, Cordner HJ, Epter RS, Jasper JF, Dunbar EE, Atluri SL, Bowman RC, Deer TR, Swicegood JR, Staats PS, Smith HS, Burton AW, Kloth DS, Giordano J, Manchikanti L (2007). "Interventional techniques: evidence-based practice guidelines in the management of chronic spinal pain" (PDF). Pain Physician. 10 (1): 7–111. PMID 17256025. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 28, 2008.
  9. ^ Romanelli P, Esposito V, Adler J (2004). "Ablative procedures for chronic pain". Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 15 (3): 335–42. doi:10.1016/j.nec.2004.02.009. PMID 15246341.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_anesthesia&oldid=1170354161"