State of Damascus: Difference between revisions

State of Damascus
*État de Damas* (French)
دولة دمشق (Arabic)
State of Damascus État de Damas (French); دولة دمشق (Arabic)
1920–1925
	Flag
	Location of the State of Damascus (yellow); within the Mandate for Syria
Status	1920–1922; State administered according to the French Mandate of Syria; 1922–1925; State of the Syrian Federation (administered according to the French Mandate of Syria)
Capital	Damascus
Common languages	French; Arabic
Historical era	Interwar period
• French Mandate	25 July 1920
• Jabal Druze State separated	1 May 1921
• Federation	28 June 1922
• Unification with; State of Aleppo	1 January 1925
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Arab Kingdom of Syria
1921:; Jabal Druze State
1922:; Syrian Federation

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The State of Damascus (French: État de Damas; Arabic: دولة دمشق Dawlat Dimashq) was one of the six states established by the French General Henri Gouraud in the French Mandate of Syria which followed the San Remo conference of 1920 and the defeat of King Faisal's short-lived monarchy in Syria.

The other states were the State of Aleppo (1920), the State of Alawites (1920), the State of Jabal Druze (1921), the Sanjak of Alexandretta (1921), and the State of Greater Lebanon (1920), which later became the modern country of Lebanon.

Establishment

The State of Damascus was declared by the French General Henri Gouraud on 3 September 1920,^[1] with Damascus as its capital. The first president of the new state was Haqqi Al-Azm. The state of Damascus included Damascus and its surrounding region, in addition to the cities of Homs, Hama and the Orontes river valley.

The new Damascus state lost four Qada's (sub-districts) that had been part of the Vilayet (district) of Damascus during Ottoman times to the mainly Christian Mount Lebanon to create the new State of Greater Lebanon. The territory separated from Damascus corresponds today to the Biqa' valley plus south Lebanon. Damascus, and later Syria, continuously protested the separation of these lands and kept demanding them back throughout the mandate period. The population of these regions, which was mainly Muslim, also protested the separation from Damascus.

Syrian Federation and the State of Syria

On 28 June 1922, general Gouraud announced the Syrian Federation which included the states of Damascus, Aleppo, and the Alawite state. In 1924, the Alawite State was separated again. The Syrian Federation became the State of Syria on 1 January 1925.

Population

Religion	Inhabitants	Percentage
General Distribution of Population in the State of Damascus according to the French census in 1921-22^[2]
Sunni	447,000	75.1%
Christians	67,000	11.3%
Foreigners	49,000	8.2%
Twelvers	9,000	1.5%
Ismailis	8,000	1.3%
Jews	6,000	1.1%
Alawis	5,000	0.8%
Druzes	4,000	0.7%
Total	595,000	100%

References

^ Syrian History: Timeline
^ E. J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 2, page 301

33°30′47″N 36°17′31″E / 33.513°N 36.292°E / 33.513; 36.292

[1] Syrian History: Timeline

[2] E. J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 2, page 301

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Former state in the French Mandate of Syria}}
 {{Infobox Former Country
-|conventional_long_name = State of Damascus
+| conventional_long_name = State of Damascus
-|native_name = ''{{lang|fr|État de Damas}}'' ([[French language|French]])<br />{{lang|ar|دولة دمشق}} ([[Arabic]])
+| native_name            = ''{{lang|fr|État de Damas}}'' ([[French language|French]])<br />{{lang|ar|دولة دمشق}} ([[Arabic]])
-|common_name = Damascus
+| common_name            = Damascus
-|status = '''1920-1922'''<br>State administered according to the [[French Mandate of Syria]]<br>'''1922-1924'''<br>State of the [[Syrian Federation]] (administered according to the [[French Mandate of Syria]])
+| status                 = '''1920–1922'''<br>State administered according to the [[French Mandate of Syria]]<br>'''1922–1925'''<br>State of the [[Syrian Federation]] (administered according to the [[French Mandate of Syria]])
-|empire = France
+| empire                 = France
-|p1 = Kingdom of Syria
+| p1                     = Arab Kingdom of Syria
-|flag_p1 = Flag of Kingdom of Syria (1920-03-08 to 1920-07-24).svg
+| flag_p1                = Flag of Kingdom of Syria (1920-03-08 to 1920-07-24).svg
+| s1                     = Jabal Druze State{{!}}<small>'''1921:'''</small><br>{{nowrap|Jabal Druze State}}
-|s1 = State of Syria (1925–1930)
-|flag_s1 = Flag of Syria French mandate.svg
+| flag_s1                = Flag of the State of Souaida (state).svg
+| s2                     = Syrian Federation{{!}}<small>'''1922:'''</small><br>{{nowrap|Syrian Federation}}
-|image_flag = Flag of the State of Damascus.svg
+| flag_s2                = Flag of Syria French mandate.svg
-|image_map = French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon map en.svg
+| image_flag             = Flag of the State of Damascus.svg
-|image_map_caption = Location of the State of Damascus (yellow)<br />within the [[French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|Mandate for Syria]]
+| image_map              = French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon map en.svg
-|capital = Damascus
+| image_map_caption      = Location of the State of Damascus (yellow)<br />within the [[French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|Mandate for Syria]]
-|common_languages = [[French language|French]]<br />[[Arabic]]
+| capital                = [[Damascus]]
-|era = Interwar period
+| common_languages       = [[French language|French]]<br />[[Arabic]]
-|event_start = Mandate granted
+| era                    = Interwar period
-|date_start = 3 September
+| event_start            = [[Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|French Mandate]]
-|year_start = 1920
+| date_start             = 25 July
-|event1 = Federation established
+| year_start             = 1920
-|date_event1 = 22 June 1922
+| event1                 = [[Jabal Druze State]] separated
-|event_end = Unification of [[Aleppo]] and [[Damascus]]
+| date_event1            = 1 May 1921
-|date_end = 1 December
+| event2                 = [[Syrian Federation|Federation]]
-|year_end = 1924
+| date_event2            = 28 June 1922
-|currency =
+| event_end              = [[State of Syria (1925–1930)|Unification]] with<br>{{nowrap|[[State of Aleppo]]}}
+| date_end               = 1 January
+| year_end               = 1925
+| currency               =
 }}
-The '''State of Damascus''' (1920&ndash;1924; {{lang-fr|État de Damas}}; {{lang-ar|دولة دمشق}} ''{{transl|ar|Dawlat Dimashq}}''&nbsp;) was one of the six states established by the [[France|French]] General [[Henri Gouraud (French Army officer)|Henri Gouraud]] in the [[French Mandate of Syria]] which followed the [[San Remo conference]] and the defeat of [[Faisal I of Iraq|King Faisal]]'s short-lived monarchy in Syria.
+The '''State of Damascus''' ({{lang-fr|État de Damas}}; {{lang-ar|دولة دمشق}} ''{{transl|ar|Dawlat Dimashq}}'') was one of the six states established by the [[France|French]] General [[Henri Gouraud (French Army officer)|Henri Gouraud]] in the [[French Mandate of Syria]] which followed the [[San Remo conference]] of 1920 and the defeat of [[Faisal I of Iraq|King Faisal]]'s short-lived monarchy in Syria.
-The other states were the [[State of Aleppo]] (1920), the [[State of Alawites]] (1920), the [[State of Jabal Druze]] (1921), and [[The Sanjak of Alexandretta]] (1921). The [[Greater Lebanon|State of Greater Lebanon]] (1920) became later the modern country of [[Lebanon]].
+The other states were the [[State of Aleppo]] (1920), the [[State of Alawites]] (1920), the [[State of Jabal Druze]] (1921), the [[Sanjak of Alexandretta]] (1921), and the [[Greater Lebanon|State of Greater Lebanon]] (1920), which later became the modern country of [[Lebanon]].
-== Establishment ==
+==Establishment==
 The State of Damascus was declared by the French General [[Henri Gouraud (French Army officer)|Henri Gouraud]] on 3 September 1920,<ref>[http://www.syrianhistory.com/node/3379 Syrian History: Timeline]</ref> with [[Damascus]] as its capital. The first president of the new state was [[Haqqi Al-Azm]]. The state of Damascus included Damascus and its surrounding region, in addition to the cities of [[Homs]], [[Hama]] and the [[Orontes river|Orontes]] river valley.
 The new Damascus state lost four Qada's (sub-districts) that had been part of the Vilayet (district) of Damascus during Ottoman times to the mainly [[Christians|Christian]] [[Mount Lebanon]] to create the new [[State of Greater Lebanon]]. The territory separated from Damascus corresponds today to the [[Biqa' valley]] plus [[south Lebanon]]. Damascus, and later Syria, continuously protested the separation of these lands and kept demanding them back throughout the mandate period. The population of these regions, which was mainly [[Muslim]], also protested the separation from Damascus.
-== Syrian Federation and the State of Syria ==
+==Syrian Federation and the State of Syria==
+On 28 June 1922, general Gouraud announced the [[Syrian Federation]] which included the states of Damascus, Aleppo, and the Alawite state. In 1924, the Alawite State was separated again. The Syrian Federation became the [[State of Syria (1925–1930)|State of Syria]] on 1 January 1925.
-On 22 June 1922, general Gouraud announced the Syrian Federation (la Fédération Syrienne) which included the states of Damascus, Aleppo, and the Alawite state. In 1925, the Alawite State was separated again. The Syrian Federation became the State of [[Syria]] on 1 January 1925.
 ==Population==
 {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width=250 align="center" rules="all" style="margin: 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 2px solid #aaa; font-size: 100%;"
 |- bgcolor=#DDDDDD
-| colspan=8 align="center" | General Distribution of Population in the State of Damascus according to the French census in 1921-22<ref>E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 2, page 301</ref>
+| colspan=8 align="center" | General Distribution of Population in the State of Damascus according to the French census in 1921-22<ref>E. J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 2, page 301</ref>
 |- bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align="center"
 ! Religion
@@ Line 55: / Line 58: @@
 | Foreigners || 49,000 || 8.2%
 |-
-| [[Mutawali]] || 9,000 || 1.5%
+| [[Twelvers]] || 9,000 || 1.5%
 |-
 | [[Ismailis]] || 8,000 || 1.3%
@@ Line 68: / Line 71: @@
 |}
-== See also ==
+==See also==
 *[[French Mandate of Syria]]
 *[[State of Alawites]]
@@ Line 78: / Line 81: @@
 *[[French colonial flags]]
-== References ==
+==References==
 {{reflist}}
@@ Line 96: / Line 99: @@
 [[Category:Former French colonies]]
 [[Category:French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon]]
-[[Category:Former polities of the interwar period]]
+[[Category:Former countries of the interwar period]]