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Welcome to the Poland Portal — Witaj w Portalu o Polsce

Cityscape of Kraków, Poland's former capital

Poland is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic to the southwest, Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, Lithuania to the northeast, and the Baltic Sea and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north. It is an ancient nation whose history as a state began near the middle of the 10th century. Its golden age occurred in the 16th century when it united with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to form the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. During the following century, the strengthening of the gentry and internal disorders weakened the nation. In a series of agreements in the late 18th century, Russia, Prussia and Austria partitioned Poland amongst themselves. It regained independence as the Second Polish Republic in the aftermath of World War I only to lose it again when it was occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II. The nation lost over six million citizens in the war, following which it emerged as the communist Polish People's Republic under strong Soviet influence within the Eastern Bloc. A westward border shift followed by forced population transfers after the war turned a once multiethnic country into a mostly homogeneous nation state. Labor turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union called Solidarity (Solidarność) that over time became a political force which by 1990 had swept parliamentary elections and the presidency. A shock therapy program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe. With its transformation to a democratic, market-oriented country completed, Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004, but has experienced a constitutional crisis and democratic backsliding since 2015.

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A statue at the Palace of Culture and Science (1955) in Warsaw, holding a book of works by Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Vladimir Lenin

The history of Poland from 1945 to 1989 was shaped by the influence of Soviet Communism and opposition to it from the Roman Catholic Church, trade unions and other groups. In the aftermath of World War II, forces of Nazi Germany were driven from Poland by the advancing Red Army of the Soviet Union. A liberalizing thaw in Eastern Europe followed the death of Stalin in early 1953, sparking the desire for further reform. De-Stalinization, however, left Poland's communist party in a difficult position. In the 1970s, Edward Gierek's economic program brought a rise in living standards and expectations, but it faltered unexpectedly because of worldwide recession and increased oil prices following the 1973 world oil crisis. The election of the Polish-born John Paul II to papacy in 1978 triggered radical changes in the political atmosphere of the country. In 1980, electrician Lech Wałęsa and his independent Solidarity trade union led a wave of strikes at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk. The 1989 Round Table talks resulted in a semi-free parliamentary election and a Solidarity-led coalition government, sparking off a succession of mostly peaceful transitions from Communist rule across Central and Eastern Europe. (Full article...)

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Gdańsk

Credit: Aleksandra Wolska

A nocturnal view of the Main Town of Gdańsk from across the Motława river. The most prominent feature is a medieval port crane; its wooden parts burnt down during World War II and were reconstructed afterwards.

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Did you know – show different entries

... that during the Battle of Yevenes, Polish lancers of the Legion of the Vistula (pictured) lost all their banners, which caused the dissolution of the regiment?
... that thanks to its well-preserved medieval fortifications, the town of Paczków is called the Polish Carcassonne?
... that light-cavalrymen of the Polish 1st Light Cavalry Regiment of the Imperial Guard saved Napoleon's life at least three times?
... that the Broadway play Irena's Vow tells the story of Irena Gut, a Polish nurse who during World War II saved twelve Jews from the Holocaust at the risk of her own life?
... that Independent Students Union was the student arm of Polish opposition movement Solidarity?

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Jan Zamoyski

Jan Zamoyski (1542–1605) was a Polish magnate who served as both grand chancellor and grand hetman of the Crown. As such, he commanded both civilian and military power in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and is considered one of the most prominent statesmen in Polish history. He was also one of the richest people in his country; lands either owned or leased by him covered more than 17,000 km² (6,600 sq mi) with 23 towns and 816 villages. In 1589 he established the Zamoyski Family Fee Tail, which existed until 1944. His principal seat and most prized creation was Zamość, a fortified town he founded. Designed as a Renaissance ideal city, it was home to Zamojski Academy, Poland's third oldest university. Despite his wealth and power, in politics Zamoyski led the faction of lesser and middle nobility in support of the "enforcement of laws" movement, which earned him the moniker "Polish Gracchus". He also supported the idea of royal elections open to all Polish nobles and advised the first elective kings, Henry and Stephen, but fell out with Sigismund III. In war – against Muscovy, the Ottomans and Sweden – he employed tactics based on sieges, flanking maneuvers, fortification, artillery, and the principle of conserving his forces. (Full article...)

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Zielona Góra town hall

Zielona Góra is a city in western Poland. Prior to World War II it was part of the German province of Brandenburg and known as Grünberg; both Polish and German names mean "Green Mountain". Grünberg grew during the 19th century thanks to booming textile industry. Today it is the seat of the legislature (sejmik) of the Lubusz Voivodeship. The surrounding area is one few places in Poland that are suitable for growing grapes. Wine has been produced locally since the 13th century and a wine festival has taken place annually since 1852. The best known modern local wine is called Monte Verde, which is the city's name in Latin. (Full article...)

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Poland now

Recent events

Poland won 23 medals, including eight gold, at the 2024 Summer Paralympics, ranking 16th in the medal table.
- On 7 September, Karolina Pęk won a gold medal in table tennis, while Renata Śliwińska won a silver medal in shot put.
- On 6 September, Barbara Bieganowska-Zając (pictured) and Karolina Kucharczyk won gold medals in 1500-metre run and long jump, respectively, while Maciej Lepiato and Michał Dąbrowski won bronze medals in high jump and wheelchair fencing.
- On 5 September, Rafał Czuper and Dorota Bucław won gold and bronze medals, respectively, in table tennis, while Rafał Wilk won a bronze medal in cycling.
On 18 August, Polish cyclist Katarzyna Niewiadoma won the 2024 Tour de France Femmes.
Poland won 10 medals, including one gold, at the 2024 Summer Olympics, ranking 42nd in the medal table.

Ongoing
Constitutional crisis • Belarus–EU border crisis • Ukrainian refugee crisis

Holidays and observances in September 2024
(statutory public holidays in bold)

Harvest festivals (wreath pictured)
Polish Underground State Day, 27 September

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Subcategories

Category puzzle

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Topics

Geography

North European Plain • Carpathian Mountains • Sudete Mountains • Baltic Sea • Vistula • Oder • Warta River • Bug River • National parks
Administrative divisions: Greater Poland • Holy Cross Voivodeship • Kuyavia-Pomerania • Lesser Poland • Łódź Voivodeship • Lower Silesia • Lublin Voivodeship • Lubusz Voivodeship • Masovia • Opole Voivodeship • Podlachia • Pomerania • Silesia • Subcarpathia • Warmia-Masuria • West Pomerania
Cities: Warsaw • Białystok • Bydgoszcz • Częstochowa • Gdańsk • Gdynia • Gorzów Wielkopolski • Katowice • Kielce • Kraków • Łódź • Lublin • Olsztyn • Opole • Poznań • Radom • Rzeszów • Sosnowiec • Szczecin • Toruń • Wrocław • Zielona Góra

People

Demographics of Poland • Poles • Ethnic minorities • Notable Poles

Government and politics

Constitution • Rzeczpospolita • Sejm • Senat • Political parties • Elections in Poland
President • Prime Minister
Constitutional Tribunal • Supreme Court • Supreme Chamber of Control
Armed Forces • Law enforcement

Economy

Agriculture • Tourism • Transport • Telecommunications
National Bank of Poland • Złoty
Warsaw Stock Exchange • Companies

Culture

Polish language • Literature • Music • Theater • Cinema • Cuisine
Religions • Roman Catholicism • Pope John Paul II
Education • Science and technology
Sports • Football • Poland at the Olympics
Coat of arms • Flag • National anthem

History

Prehistory • 966–1385 • 1385–1569 • 1569–1795 • 1795–1918 • 1918–1939 • 1939–1945 • 1945–1989 • 1989–present
Duchy of Poland • Kingdom of Poland • Crown of the Kingdom of Poland • Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth • Partitions of Poland • Polish People's Republic • Polish wars • Territorial evolution of Poland • Kings and dukes • Presidents and dictators • History of the Jews in Poland

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Related portals


Belarus	Czech Republic	Germany	Lithuania	Russia	Slovakia	Ukraine


Europe	Catholicism	Communism	European Union

Associated Wikimedia

The following Wikimedia Foundation sister projects provide more on this subject:

Commons
Free media repository
Wikibooks
Free textbooks and manuals
Wikidata
Free knowledge base
Wikinews
Free-content news
Wikiquote
Collection of quotations
Wikisource
Free-content library
Wikiversity
Free learning tools
Wikivoyage
Free travel guide
Wiktionary
Dictionary and thesaurus

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Wikipedias in the languages of Poland

Kaszëbskô Wikipedijô
Kashubian Wikipedia

Polska Wikipedia
Polish Wikipedia

Ślůnsko Wikipedyjo
Silesian Wikipedia

Wymysiöeryś Wikipedyj
Vilamovian Wikipedia Incubator

Беларуская • Česky • Deutsch • Հայերեն • Lietuvių • Romani • Русский • Slovenčina • Українська • ייִדיש

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