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{{Short description|Security program}}
[[Image:Container Security Initiative Emblem.jpg|right|framed]]
{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}
The '''Container Security Initiative''' ('''CSI''') was launched in 2002 by the U.S. [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection|Bureau of Customs and Border Protection]] (CBP), an agency of the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]]. Its purpose was to increase security for container [[cargo]] shipped to the [[United States]]. As the CBP puts it, the intent is to "extend [the] zone of security outward so that American borders are the last line of defense, not the first."
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
[[File:Container Security Initiative Emblem.jpg|right|framed]]
The '''Container Security Initiative''' ('''CSI''') a.k.a. the '''24-Hour Rule'''{{Not verified in body|date=August 2022}} was launched in 2002 by the U.S. [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection|Bureau of Customs and Border Protection]] (CBP), an agency of the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CONTAINER SECURITY: MAJOR INITIATIVES AND RELATED INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS|url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/sdtetlb20041_en.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423144506/https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/sdtetlb20041_en.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2021 }}</ref> Its purpose was to increase security for container [[cargo]] shipped to the United States. As the CBP puts it, the intent is to "extend [the] zone of security outward so that American borders are the last line of defense, not the first."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Office|first=U. S. Government Accountability|title=Container Security: Expansion of Key Customs Programs Will Require Greater Attention to Critical Success Factors|url=https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-03-770|access-date=2021-04-23|website=gao.gov|language=en}}</ref>


==Rationale==
==Rationale==
Line 6: Line 9:


* About 90% of the world's trade is transported in cargo [[containerization|container]]s.
* About 90% of the world's trade is transported in cargo [[containerization|container]]s.
* Almost half of incoming U.S. trade (by value) arrives by containers onboard [[Container ship|ships]].
* Almost half of incoming U.S. trade (by value) arrives by containers on board [[Container ship|ships]].
* Nearly seven million cargo containers arrive on ships and are offloaded at U.S. [[seaport]]s each year.
* Nearly seven million cargo containers arrive on ships and are offloaded at U.S. [[seaport]]s each year.


As [[terrorism|terrorist]] organizations have increasingly turned to destroying economic infrastructure to make an impact on nations, the vulnerability of international shipping has come under scrutiny. Under the CSI program, the screening of containers that pose a risk for terrorism is accomplished by teams of CBP officials deployed to work in concert with their host [[nation]] counterparts.
As [[terrorism|terrorist]] organizations have increasingly turned to destroying economic infrastructure to make an impact on nations, the vulnerability of international shipping has come under scrutiny. Under the CSI program, the screening of containers that pose a risk for terrorism is accomplished by teams of CBP officials deployed to work in concert with their host [[nation]] counterparts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=- THE CONTAINER SECURITY INITIATIVE AND THE CUSTOMS-TRADE PARTNERSHIP AGAINST TERRORISM: SECURING THE GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN OR TROJAN HORSE?|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-109shrg21825/html/CHRG-109shrg21825.htm|access-date=2021-04-23|website=govinfo.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Container Security Guide {{!}} What is Container Security {{!}} Snyk|url=https://snyk.io/learn/container-security/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=snyk.io|language=en-US}}</ref>


==CSI core elements==
==CSI core elements==
[[Image:Mobile VACIS Gamma-ray Image.jpeg|right|thumb|300px|Gamma-ray Image of a truck with cargo container]]
[[File:Mobile VACIS Gamma-ray Image.jpeg|right|thumb|300px|Gamma-ray image of a truck with cargo container]]
CSI consists of four core elements:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Container Security Initiative|url=https://www.oocl.com/eng/resourcecenter/customeradvisories/usacanada/Pages/containersecurityinitiative.aspx|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-23|website=oocl.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911170311/http://www.oocl.com:80/eng/resourcecenter/customeradvisories/usacanada/Pages/containersecurityinitiative.aspx |archive-date=11 September 2012 }}</ref>
CSI consists of four core elements:


* Using intelligence and automated information to identify and target containers that pose a risk for terrorism.
* Using intelligence and automated information to identify and target containers that pose a risk for terrorism.
* Pre-screening those containers that pose a risk at the port of departure before they arrive at U.S. ports.
* Pre-screening those containers that pose a risk at the port of departure before they arrive at U.S. ports.
* Using [[cargo scanning|detection technology]] to quickly pre-screen containers that pose a risk. See [[Gamma ray]] detector
* Using [[cargo scanning|detection technology]] to quickly pre-screen containers that pose a risk.
* Using smarter, tamper-evident containers.
* Using smarter, tamper-evident containers.


The initial CSI program has focused on implementation at the top 20 ports shipping approximately two-thirds of the container volume to the United States. Smaller ports, however, have been added to the program at their instigation, and participation is open to any port meeting certain volume, equipment, procedural, and information-sharing requirements. Future plans include expansion to additional ports based on volume, location, and strategic concerns.
The initial CSI program has focused on implementation at the top 20 ports shipping approximately two-thirds of the container volume to the United States. Smaller ports, however, have been added to the program at their instigation, and participation is open to any port meeting certain volume, equipment, procedural, and information-sharing requirements. Future plans include expansion to additional ports based on volume, location, and strategic concerns.

Much of the original idea behind the CSI program stemmed from the work of [[James Giermanski]], who was an early proponent of Supply Chain Security.<ref>{{Cite web|title=James Giermanski Says Bungled Container Security Initiatives Call the S&T Directorate into Question|url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/james-giermanski-says-bungled-container-security-initiatives-call-st-directorate-question|access-date=2021-04-23|website=The Maritime Executive|language=en}}</ref>


==Global impact==
==Global impact==
The CSI program offers its participant countries the [[Reciprocity (international relations)|reciprocal]] opportunity to enhance their own incoming shipment security. CSI partners can send their [[customs]] officers to major U.S. ports to target ocean-going, containerized cargo to be [[export]]ed from the U.S. to their countries. Likewise, CBP shares information on a [[Bilateralism|bilateral]] basis with its CSI partners. [[Japan]] and [[Canada]] are currently taking advantage of this reciprocity.
The CSI program offers its participant countries the [[Reciprocity (international relations)|reciprocal]] opportunity to enhance their own incoming shipment security. CSI partners can send their [[customs]] officers to major U.S. ports to target ocean-going, containerized cargo to be [[export]]ed from the U.S. to their countries. Likewise, CBP shares information on a [[Bilateralism|bilateral]] basis with its CSI partners. Japan and [[Canada]] are currently taking advantage of this reciprocity.


CSI has also inspired and informed global measures to improve shipping security. In June 2002, the [[World Customs Organization]] unanimously passed a resolution that will enable ports in all 161 of the member nations to begin to develop programs along the CSI model. On 22 April 2004, the [[European Union]] and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security signed an agreement that calls for the prompt expansion of CSI throughout the [[European Community]].
CSI has also inspired and informed global measures to improve shipping security. In June 2002, the [[World Customs Organization]] unanimously passed a resolution that will enable ports in all 161 of the member nations to begin to develop programs along the CSI model. On 22 April 2004, the [[European Union]] and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security signed an agreement that calls for the prompt expansion of CSI throughout the [[European Community]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anonymous|date=2016-09-13|title=United States of America|url=https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/business/international-affairs/international-customs-cooperation-mutual-administrative-assistance-agreements/united-states-america_en|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Taxation and Customs Union – European Commission|language=en}}</ref>


== Participating ports ==
== Participating ports ==

=== U.S. ports ===
=== U.S. ports ===


Line 34: Line 40:
=== Foreign ports ===
=== Foreign ports ===


47 foreign CSI ports are operational as of 2006-09-29. They include:
47 foreign CSI ports are operational as of 2006-09-29. They include:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

* Halifax, Montreal, and Vancouver, Canada (March 2002)
* Halifax, Montreal, and Vancouver, Canada (March 2002)
* Rotterdam, The Netherlands (2002-09-02)
* Rotterdam, The Netherlands (2002-09-02)
* Le Havre, France (2002-12-02)
* Le Havre, France (2002-12-02)
* Marseille, France (2005-01-07)
* Marseille, France (2005-01-07)
* Bremerhaven, Germany (2003-02-02)
* [[Bremerhaven]], Germany (2003-02-02)
* Hamburg, Germany (2003-02-09)
* Hamburg, Germany (2003-02-09)
* Antwerp, Belgium (2003-02-23)
* Antwerp, Belgium (2003-02-23)
Line 77: Line 83:
* Kingston, Jamaica (2006)
* Kingston, Jamaica (2006)
* Freeport, Bahamas (2006)
* Freeport, Bahamas (2006)
{{div col end}}


There are currently{{when|date=October 2022}} 58 foreign ports participating in the Container Security Initiative, accounting for 85 percent of container traffic bound for the United States, according to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.


Currently Operational Ports<ref>[https://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/gc_1165872287564.shtm Container Security Initiative Ports, U.S. Department of Homeland Security website | reviewed on Sept 25, 2011 ]</ref>

-----

There are currently 58 foreign ports participating in the Container Security Initiative, accounting for 85 percent of container traffic bound for the United States, according to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.

Currently Operational Ports<ref>[http://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/gc_1165872287564.shtm Container Security Initiative Ports, U.S. Department of Homeland Security website | reviewed on Sept 25, 2011 ]</ref>


'''In the Americas'''
'''In the Americas'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
Montreal, Vancouver, and Halifax, Canada (March 2002)
*Montreal, Vancouver, and Halifax, Canada (March 2002)
Santos, Brazil
*Santos, Brazil
Buenos Aires, Argentina
*Buenos Aires, Argentina
Puerto Cortes*, Honduras
*Puerto Cortes*, Honduras
Caucedo, Dominican Republic
*Caucedo, Dominican Republic
Kingston, Jamaica
*Kingston, Jamaica
Freeport, The Bahamas
*Freeport, The Bahamas
Balboa, Colon, and Manzanillo, Panama
*Balboa, Colon, and Manzanillo, Panama
Cartagena, Colombia
*Cartagena, Colombia
{{div col end}}

'''In Europe:'''
'''In Europe:'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
Rotterdam, The Netherlands (2002-09-02)
*Rotterdam, The Netherlands (2002-09-02)
Bremerhaven and Hamburg, Germany
*Bremerhaven and Hamburg, Germany
Antwerp and Zeebrugge, Belgium
Le Havre and Marseille, France
*Antwerp and Zeebrugge, Belgium
*Le Havre and Marseille, France
Gothenburg, Sweden
*Gothenburg, Sweden
La Spezia, Genoa, Naples, Gioia Tauro, and Livorno, Italy
*La Spezia, Genoa, Naples, Gioia Tauro, and Livorno, Italy
Felixstowe, Liverpool, Thamesport, Tilbury, and Southampton, United Kingdom (U.K.)
*Felixstowe, Liverpool, Thamesport, Tilbury, and Southampton, United Kingdom (U.K.)
Piraeus, Greece
*Piraeus, Greece
Algeciras, Barcelona, and Valencia, Spain
*Algeciras, Barcelona, and Valencia, Spain
Lisbon, Portugal
*Lisbon, Portugal
{{div col end}}

'''In Asia and the Middle East'''
'''In Asia and the Middle East'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
Singapore*
*Singapore*
Yokohama, Tokyo, Nagoya, and Kobe, Japan
*Yokohama, Tokyo, Nagoya, and Kōbe, Japan
Hong Kong
*Hong Kong
Busan* (Pusan), South Korea
*Busan* (Pusan), South Korea
Port Klang and Tanjung Pelepas, Malaysia
*Port Klang and Tanjung Pelepas, Malaysia
Laem Chabang, Thailand
*Laem Chabang, Thailand
Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE)
*Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE)
Shenzhen and Shanghai
Kaohsiung and Chi-Lung
*Shenzhen and Shanghai
*Kaohsiung and Chi-Lung
Colombo, Sri Lanka
*Colombo, Sri Lanka
Port Salalah*, Oman
Port Qasim, Pakistan
*Port Salalah*, Oman
*Port Qasim, Pakistan
Ashdod, Israel
Haifa, Israel
*Ashdod, Israel
*Haifa, Israel
{{div col end}}

'''In Africa:'''
'''In Africa:'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
Alexandria, Egypt
*Alexandria, Egypt
Durban, South Africa
*Durban, South Africa
{{div col end}}


==See also==
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Supply Chain Security]]
* [[Supply Chain Security]]
* [[List of seaports]]
* [[List of seaports]]
* [[Port security]]
* [[Port security]]
* [[SAFE Port Act]]
* [[SAFE Port Act]] 2006 (H.R. 4954)
* [[Ship transport]]
* [[Ship transport]]
* [[Global Trade Exchange]]
* [[Denise Krepp]]
* [[James Giermanski]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes ==
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/policy_issues/customs_security/cooperation_3thcountries/index_en.htm European Commission: Taxation and Customs Union - Security cooperation with third countries]
* [http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/policy_issues/customs_security/cooperation_3thcountries/index_en.htm European Commission: Taxation and Customs Union – Security cooperation with third countries]
* [http://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/gc_1165872287564.shtm U.S. D.H.S. : Container Security Initiative]
* [https://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/gc_1165872287564.shtm U.S. D.H.S.: Container Security Initiative]
* [http://www.wcoomd.org/ie/index.html World Customs Organization]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040624065756/http://www.wcoomd.org/ie/index.html World Customs Organization]
* [http://www.aapa-ports.org/ American Association of Port Authorities]
* [http://www.aapa-ports.org/ American Association of Port Authorities]

{{Reflist}}
----
''This article incorporates text from the U.S. Bureau of Customs and Border Protection's pages and documents on the Container Security Initiative, modified for a more global perspective.''
''This article incorporates text from the U.S. Bureau of Customs and Border Protection's pages and documents on the Container Security Initiative, modified for a more global perspective.''
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2010}}


{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Security]]

[[Category:Weapons of mass destruction]]
[[Category:International security]]
[[Category:United States and weapons of mass destruction]]
[[Category:United States Department of Homeland Security]]
[[Category:United States Department of Homeland Security]]
[[Category:Intermodal containers]]
[[Category:Intermodal containers]]

[[de:Container Security Initiative]]
[[fr:Container Security Initiative]]
[[ko:컨테이너 안전 협정]]

Latest revision as of 01:22, 17 October 2023

The Container Security Initiative (CSI) a.k.a. the 24-Hour Rule[not verified in body] was launched in 2002 by the U.S. Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (CBP), an agency of the Department of Homeland Security.[1] Its purpose was to increase security for container cargo shipped to the United States. As the CBP puts it, the intent is to "extend [the] zone of security outward so that American borders are the last line of defense, not the first."[2]

Rationale

[edit]

Containerized shipping is a critical component of international trade. According to the CBP:

  • About 90% of the world's trade is transported in cargo containers.
  • Almost half of incoming U.S. trade (by value) arrives by containers on board ships.
  • Nearly seven million cargo containers arrive on ships and are offloaded at U.S. seaports each year.

As terrorist organizations have increasingly turned to destroying economic infrastructure to make an impact on nations, the vulnerability of international shipping has come under scrutiny. Under the CSI program, the screening of containers that pose a risk for terrorism is accomplished by teams of CBP officials deployed to work in concert with their host nation counterparts.[3][4]

CSI core elements

[edit]
Gamma-ray image of a truck with cargo container

CSI consists of four core elements:[5]

  • Using intelligence and automated information to identify and target containers that pose a risk for terrorism.
  • Pre-screening those containers that pose a risk at the port of departure before they arrive at U.S. ports.
  • Using detection technology to quickly pre-screen containers that pose a risk.
  • Using smarter, tamper-evident containers.

The initial CSI program has focused on implementation at the top 20 ports shipping approximately two-thirds of the container volume to the United States. Smaller ports, however, have been added to the program at their instigation, and participation is open to any port meeting certain volume, equipment, procedural, and information-sharing requirements. Future plans include expansion to additional ports based on volume, location, and strategic concerns.

Much of the original idea behind the CSI program stemmed from the work of James Giermanski, who was an early proponent of Supply Chain Security.[6]

Global impact

[edit]

The CSI program offers its participant countries the reciprocal opportunity to enhance their own incoming shipment security. CSI partners can send their customs officers to major U.S. ports to target ocean-going, containerized cargo to be exported from the U.S. to their countries. Likewise, CBP shares information on a bilateral basis with its CSI partners. Japan and Canada are currently taking advantage of this reciprocity.

CSI has also inspired and informed global measures to improve shipping security. In June 2002, the World Customs Organization unanimously passed a resolution that will enable ports in all 161 of the member nations to begin to develop programs along the CSI model. On 22 April 2004, the European Union and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security signed an agreement that calls for the prompt expansion of CSI throughout the European Community.[7]

Participating ports

[edit]

U.S. ports

[edit]
  • NOTE: Information is needed here on ports participating in reciprocal agreements.

Foreign ports

[edit]

47 foreign CSI ports are operational as of 2006-09-29. They include:

  • Halifax, Montreal, and Vancouver, Canada (March 2002)
  • Rotterdam, The Netherlands (2002-09-02)
  • Le Havre, France (2002-12-02)
  • Marseille, France (2005-01-07)
  • Bremerhaven, Germany (2003-02-02)
  • Hamburg, Germany (2003-02-09)
  • Antwerp, Belgium (2003-02-23)
  • Zeebrugge, Belgium (2004-10-29)
  • Singapore (2003-03-10)
  • Yokohama, Japan (2003-03-24)
  • Tokyo, Japan (2004-05-21)
  • Hong Kong, China (2003-05-05)
  • Gothenburg, Sweden (2003-05-23)
  • Felixstowe, United Kingdom (UK) (2003-05-24)
  • Liverpool, Thamesport, Tilbury, and Southampton, UK. (2004-11-01)
  • Genoa, Italy (2003-06-16)
  • La Spezia, Italy (2003-06-23)
  • Livorno, Italy (2004-12-30)
  • Naples, Italy (2004-09-30)
  • Gioia Tauro, Italy (2004-10-31)
  • Pusan, Korea (2003-08-04)
  • Durban, South Africa (2003-12-01)
  • Port Klang, Malaysia (2004-03-08)
  • Tanjung Pelepas, Malaysia (2004-08-16)
  • Piraeus, Greece (2004-07-27)
  • Algeciras, Spain (2004-07-30)
  • Nagoya and Kobe, Japan (2004-08-06)
  • Laem Chabang, Thailand (2004-08-13)
  • Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE) (2005-03-26)
  • Shanghai, China (2005-04-28)
  • Shenzhen, China (2005-06-24)
  • Kaohsiung, Republic of China (Taiwan) (2005-07-25)
  • Santos, Brazil (2005-09-22)
  • Colombo, Sri Lanka (2005-09-29)
  • Buenos Aires, Argentina (2005-11-17)
  • Lisbon, Portugal (2005-12-14)
  • Port Salalah, Oman (2006-03-08)
  • Puerto Cortes, Honduras (2006-03-25)
  • Caucedo, Dominican Republic (2006)
  • Kingston, Jamaica (2006)
  • Freeport, Bahamas (2006)

There are currently[when?] 58 foreign ports participating in the Container Security Initiative, accounting for 85 percent of container traffic bound for the United States, according to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.

Currently Operational Ports[8]

In the Americas

  • Montreal, Vancouver, and Halifax, Canada (March 2002)
  • Santos, Brazil
  • Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Puerto Cortes*, Honduras
  • Caucedo, Dominican Republic
  • Kingston, Jamaica
  • Freeport, The Bahamas
  • Balboa, Colon, and Manzanillo, Panama
  • Cartagena, Colombia

In Europe:

  • Rotterdam, The Netherlands (2002-09-02)
  • Bremerhaven and Hamburg, Germany
  • Antwerp and Zeebrugge, Belgium
  • Le Havre and Marseille, France
  • Gothenburg, Sweden
  • La Spezia, Genoa, Naples, Gioia Tauro, and Livorno, Italy
  • Felixstowe, Liverpool, Thamesport, Tilbury, and Southampton, United Kingdom (U.K.)
  • Piraeus, Greece
  • Algeciras, Barcelona, and Valencia, Spain
  • Lisbon, Portugal

In Asia and the Middle East

  • Singapore*
  • Yokohama, Tokyo, Nagoya, and Kōbe, Japan
  • Hong Kong
  • Busan* (Pusan), South Korea
  • Port Klang and Tanjung Pelepas, Malaysia
  • Laem Chabang, Thailand
  • Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE)
  • Shenzhen and Shanghai
  • Kaohsiung and Chi-Lung
  • Colombo, Sri Lanka
  • Port Salalah*, Oman
  • Port Qasim, Pakistan
  • Ashdod, Israel
  • Haifa, Israel

In Africa:

  • Alexandria, Egypt
  • Durban, South Africa

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "CONTAINER SECURITY: MAJOR INITIATIVES AND RELATED INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2021.
  2. ^ Office, U. S. Government Accountability. "Container Security: Expansion of Key Customs Programs Will Require Greater Attention to Critical Success Factors". gao.gov. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  3. ^ "- THE CONTAINER SECURITY INITIATIVE AND THE CUSTOMS-TRADE PARTNERSHIP AGAINST TERRORISM: SECURING THE GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN OR TROJAN HORSE?". govinfo.gov. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  4. ^ "Container Security Guide | What is Container Security | Snyk". snyk.io. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  5. ^ "Container Security Initiative". oocl.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  6. ^ "James Giermanski Says Bungled Container Security Initiatives Call the S&T Directorate into Question". The Maritime Executive. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  7. ^ Anonymous (13 September 2016). "United States of America". Taxation and Customs Union – European Commission. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  8. ^ Container Security Initiative Ports, U.S. Department of Homeland Security website | reviewed on Sept 25, 2011
[edit]

This article incorporates text from the U.S. Bureau of Customs and Border Protection's pages and documents on the Container Security Initiative, modified for a more global perspective.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Container_Security_Initiative&oldid=1180503465"