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{{Short description|Character within Mandaeism}}
{{Infobox deity
{{Infobox deity
| type = Mandaean
| type = Mandaean
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| artifacts = <!-- or | artefacts = -->
| artifacts = <!-- or | artefacts = -->
| animals =
| animals =
| symbol =
| symbol = Serpent or snake (in the [[skandola]])
| parents = [[Ruha]] and [[Gaf (Mandaeism)|Gaf]]
| parents = [[Ruha]] and [[Gaf (Mandaeism)|Gaf]]
| siblings =
| siblings =
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}}
}}
{{Mandaeism}}
{{Mandaeism}}
In [[Mandaeism]], '''ʿUr''' ({{lang-myz|ࡏࡅࡓ}}) is the king ({{lang-myz|ࡌࡀࡋࡊࡀ|translit=malka}}) of the [[World of Darkness (Mandaeism)|World of Darkness]] (''alma ḏ-hšuka'') or [[underworld]]. He is the son of [[Ruha]], the queen of the underworld,<ref name="Buckley 2002">{{cite book|last=Buckley|first=Jorunn Jacobsen|title=The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-place=New York|year=2002|isbn=0-19-515385-5|oclc=65198443}}</ref> and her brother [[Gaf (Mandaeism)|Gaf]] (also spelled Gap), one of the giants in the World of Darkness described in book 5 of the ''[[Ginza Rabba]]''. Ur is typically portrayed as a large, ferocious dragon or snake.<ref name="Aldihisi 2008">{{cite thesis|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444088/|last=Aldihisi|first=Sabah|year=2008|title=The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba|type=PhD|publisher=University College London}}</ref> He is represented by the image of a serpent on the ''[[skandola]]'' talisman.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book|last=Drower|first=Ethel Stefana|title=The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran|publisher=Oxford At The Clarendon Press|year=1937}}</ref>{{rp|37}}
In [[Mandaeism]], '''ʿUr''' ({{lang-myz|ࡏࡅࡓ}}) is the king ({{lang-myz|ࡌࡀࡋࡊࡀ|translit=malka}}) of the [[World of Darkness (Mandaeism)|World of Darkness]] (''alma ḏ-hšuka'') or [[underworld]]. He is the son of [[Ruha]], the queen of the underworld,<ref name="Buckley 2002">{{cite book|last=Buckley|first=Jorunn Jacobsen|title=The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-place=New York|year=2002|isbn=0-19-515385-5|oclc=65198443}}</ref> and her brother [[Gaf (Mandaeism)|Gaf]] (also spelled Gap), one of the giants in the World of Darkness described in book 5 of the [[Ginza Rabba]]. Ur is typically portrayed as a large, ferocious dragon or snake.<ref name="Aldihisi 2008">{{cite thesis|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444088/|last=Aldihisi|first=Sabah|year=2008|title=The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba|type=PhD|publisher=University College London}}</ref> He is represented by the image of a serpent on the ''[[skandola]]'' talisman.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book|last=Drower|first=Ethel Stefana|title=The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran|publisher=Oxford At The Clarendon Press|year=1937}}</ref>{{rp|37}}


The [[Mandaean Book of John]] contrasts Ur, the King of Darkness, with the King of Light (''[[Hayyi Rabbi]]'').<ref name="Haberl2020">{{cite book|last=Häberl|first=Charles|title=The Mandaean Book of John: critical edition, translation, and commentary|publisher=De Gruyter|publication-place=Boston|year=2020|isbn=978-3-11-048651-3|oclc=1129155601}}</ref>
The [[Mandaean Book of John]] contrasts Ur, the King of Darkness, with the King of Light (''[[Hayyi Rabbi]]'').<ref name="Haberl2020">{{cite book|last=Häberl|first=Charles|title=The Mandaean Book of John: critical edition, translation, and commentary|publisher=De Gruyter|publication-place=Boston|year=2020|isbn=978-3-11-048651-3|oclc=1129155601}}</ref>


==Names==
⚫
Ur has also been referred in Mandaean texts as [[Leviathan]]. Aldihisi (2008) compares him to [[Tiamat]] in Babylonian mythology and [[Yaldabaoth]] in Gnostic literature.<ref name="Aldihisi 2008"/> Ur's [[epithet]]s include Bar-Spag ({{lang-myz|ࡁࡓ ࡎࡐࡀࡂ|lit=Son of Spag}}) and other names.<ref name="GR Gelbert">{{cite book |url=https://livingwaterbooks.com.au/product/ginza-rba/ |last1=Gelbert |first1=Carlos |title=Ginza Rba |year=2011 |publisher=Living Water Books |location=Sydney |isbn=9780958034630}}</ref>
Ur has also been referred in Mandaean texts as [[Leviathan]] ({{lang-myz|ࡋࡉࡅࡉࡀࡕࡀࡍ|translit=liuiatan}}; from ''[[Right Ginza]]'' 15.1). According to the ''Right Ginza'' 5.1, his mother Ruha called him "the Great Giant, the Power of Darkness" (''gabara rba, haila ḏ-hšuka'').<ref name="GR Gelbert"/>

⚫
Ur's [[epithet]]s include Bar-Spag ({{lang-myz|ࡁࡓ ࡎࡐࡀࡂ|lit=Son of Spag}}) and other names.<ref name="GR Gelbert">{{cite book |url=https://livingwaterbooks.com.au/product/ginza-rba/ |last1=Gelbert |first1=Carlos |title=Ginza Rba |year=2011 |publisher=Living Water Books |location=Sydney |isbn=9780958034630}}</ref>

==Parallels==
Aldihisi (2008) compares Ur to [[Tiamat]] in Babylonian mythology and [[Samael]] in Gnostic literature.<ref name="Aldihisi 2008"/>


==See also==
==See also==
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[[Category:Demons in Mandaeism]]
[[Category:Demons in Mandaeism]]
[[Category:Legendary serpents]]
[[Category:Legendary serpents]]
[[Category:Leviathan]]
[[Category:Ginza Rabba]]

Latest revision as of 01:09, 6 January 2024

Ur
Other namesLeviathan, Bar-Spag
AbodeWorld of Darkness
SymbolSerpent or snake (in the skandola)
ParentsRuha and Gaf
Equivalents
Judaism equivalentLeviathan
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In Mandaeism, ʿUr (Classical Mandaic: ࡏࡅࡓ) is the king (Classical Mandaic: ࡌࡀࡋࡊࡀ, romanized: malka) of the World of Darkness (alma ḏ-hšuka) or underworld. He is the son of Ruha, the queen of the underworld,[1] and her brother Gaf (also spelled Gap), one of the giants in the World of Darkness described in book 5 of the Ginza Rabba. Ur is typically portrayed as a large, ferocious dragon or snake.[2] He is represented by the image of a serpent on the skandola talisman.[3]: 37 

The Mandaean Book of John contrasts Ur, the King of Darkness, with the King of Light (Hayyi Rabbi).[4]

Names

[edit]

Ur has also been referred in Mandaean texts as Leviathan (Classical Mandaic: ࡋࡉࡅࡉࡀࡕࡀࡍ, romanized: liuiatan; from Right Ginza 15.1). According to the Right Ginza 5.1, his mother Ruha called him "the Great Giant, the Power of Darkness" (gabara rba, haila ḏ-hšuka).[5]

Ur's epithets include Bar-Spag (Classical Mandaic: ࡁࡓ ࡎࡐࡀࡂ, lit. 'Son of Spag') and other names.[5]

Parallels

[edit]

Aldihisi (2008) compares Ur to Tiamat in Babylonian mythology and Samael in Gnostic literature.[2]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515385-5. OCLC 65198443.
  2. ^ a b Aldihisi, Sabah (2008). The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba (PhD). University College London.
  3. ^ Drower, Ethel Stefana (1937). The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Oxford At The Clarendon Press.
  4. ^ Häberl, Charles (2020). The Mandaean Book of John: critical edition, translation, and commentary. Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-048651-3. OCLC 1129155601.
  5. ^ a b Gelbert, Carlos (2011). Ginza Rba. Sydney: Living Water Books. ISBN 9780958034630.
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