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[[Image:Poverty in Colombia by Luis Perez.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Informal brick housing.]]

'''[[Poverty]] in [[Colombia]]''' refers to the serious problem of misdistribution of income, characterized by some of the worst poverty statistics in [[Latin America]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}

⚫
==Social strata in Colombia==
Colombia has one of the strictest [[Social strata|stratified social systems]] in the [[List of countries by income equality|world]].
⚫
Colombia's social strata has been divided as follows and has been extensively used by the government as a reference to develop social welfare programs, statistical information and to some degree for the assignment of lands.
*Stratum 1 : ''Lowest income.''
*Stratum 2 : ''Low-Middle class.''
*Stratum 3 : ''Middle class.''
*Stratum 4 : ''Upper middle class.''
*Stratum 5 : ''Upper class.''
*Stratum 6 : ''Wealthy. Only the 5% of Colombians fit this category.
''
The system classifies areas on a scale from 1 to 6 with 1 as the lowest income area and 6 as the highest. In 1994, this stratification policy was made into law in order to grant subsidies to the poorest residents. The system is organized so that the people living in upper layers (strata 5 and 6) pay more for services like electricity, water and sewage than the groups in the lower strata.<ref name="International Federation for Housing and Planning">http://www.ifhp.org/ifhp-blog/colombia-social-stratification-law</ref> Critics of the system say that impedes social mobility through stigmatization, while its proponents argue that it allows the poor to locate to areas where they will be able to access subsidized services.<ref name="International Federation for Housing and Planning"/>


==Poverty statistics==
==Poverty statistics==
[[File:Colombia Poverty 2016.png|thumb|Colombian poverty rates, 2002–2016.Income-Based Poverty, Extreme Income-Based Poverty, and Multidimensional Poverty<ref name="goo.gl/Vs8gki">goo.gl/Vs8gki</ref>]]
The World Bank estimates that in 2011 34% of the Colombian population was living below the [[poverty line]], down from 45% in 2005.<ref name="World Bank">World Bank Country Data, Colombia</ref>
In 2017, the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) reported that 26.9% of the population were living below the poverty line, of which 7.4% in "extreme poverty". The multidimensional poverty rate stands at 17.0% of the population.<ref name="socio-economic policies">{{cite web|url= https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/condiciones_vida/pobreza/bol_pobreza_17.pdf|title= socio-economic policies|publisher= dane.gov.co|access-date= 4 April 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181115142022/http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/condiciones_vida/pobreza/bol_pobreza_17.pdf|archive-date= 15 November 2018|url-status= dead}}</ref>


===Unemployment===
===Unemployment===
The average national [[unemployment rate]] in 2017 was 9.4%,<ref name="Unemployment Rate">{{cite web|url= http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/ech/ech/bol_empleo_dic_17.pdf|title= Colombia Unemployment Rate|publisher= dane.gov.co|access-date = 31 January 2018}}</ref> although the informality is the biggest problem facing the [[labour market]] (the income of formal workers climbed 24.8% in 5 years while labor incomes of informal workers rose only 9%).<ref name="informal workers">{{cite web|url= http://www.portafolio.co/economia/ingresos-trabajadores-informales-colombia|title= Incomes of informal workers grow less|publisher= portafolio.co|language= es|access-date= 19 December 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131221054526/http://www.portafolio.co/economia/ingresos-trabajadores-informales-colombia|archive-date= 21 December 2013|url-status= dead}}</ref>
The unemployment in Colombia in the summer of 2013 was estimated at 9.2%, the lowest in over a decade.<ref name="Colombia Reports">Colombia Reports|http://colombiareports.com/unemployment-in-colombia-falls-to-lowest-ever-rate</ref>


===Inequality===
===Inequality===
According to the [[World Bank]], Colombia's [[Gini coefficient]] (a measurement of [[Economic inequality|inequality]] in [[wealth distribution]]) was 0.587 in 2000 and 0.559 in 2010, ranking alongside Brazil and Bolivia as the most unequal Latin American countries in terms of wealth distribution.<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=12 May 2012}}</ref>
According to the [[World Bank]], Colombia's [[Gini coefficient]] (a measurement of [[Economic inequality|inequality]] in [[wealth distribution]]) was 0.587 in 2000 and 0.535 in 2013, ranking alongside [[Chile]], [[Panama]], [[Brazil]] and [[Honduras]] as the most unequal Latin American countries in terms of wealth distribution.<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=12 May 2012}}</ref>


==Related issues==
==Related issues==


===Literacy===
===Literacy===
In 2015, a total of 94.58% of the population aged 15 and older were recorded as literate, including 98.53% of those aged 15–24.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|url= https://uis.unesco.org/en/country/co|title=UNESCO Institute for Statistics Colombia Profile |date=27 November 2016 |access-date= 5 May 2017}}</ref>
The current index of [[illiteracy]] in the country is 7.6%, with areas such as [[Chocó Department]] and [[Sucre Department]] having a 16% level.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} .{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} Probable causes are the [[Colombian armed conflict]] and the insufficiency of funds destined for [[education in Colombia]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} The current literacy rate for the nation stands at 92%.


===Malnutrition===
===Malnutrition===
{{See also|Aguapanela#socioeconomic issues}}
{{See also|Aguapanela#socioeconomic issues}}
Over 500 000 children under 6 years old (about 13%) in Colombia suffer from [[acute malnutrition]] and up to 15% suffer from chronic malnutrition, the most affected areas being [[Boyacá Department|Boyacá]] and [[Nariño Department]].<ref>[http://www.lukor.com/not-por/0604/29150620.htm Desnutrición en Colombia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
In 2010, 3.4% of the children under 5 years old in Colombia suffer from global [[malnutrition]] (deficiency of weight for age) and up to 13% suffer from chronic malnutrition (deficiency of height for age). The situation is worse for the indigenous peoples of Colombia, who in the same indicators recorded rates of 7.5% and 29.5% respectively.<ref name="ENSIN">{{cite web|url= http://www.icbf.gov.co/portal/page/portal/PortalICBF/Bienestar/ENSIN1/ENSIN2010/Resumenfi.pdf|title= ENSIN – Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional en Colombia|access-date= 29 December 2015|url-status= bot: unknown|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160327184108/http://www.icbf.gov.co/portal/page/portal/PortalICBF/Bienestar/ENSIN1/ENSIN2010/Resumenfi.pdf|archive-date= 27 March 2016}}</ref>

⚫
==Social strata in Colombia==
⚫
Colombia's social strata have been divided as follows and have been extensively used by the government as a reference to develop social welfare programs, statistical information and to some degree for the assignment of lands.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Stratum 1
| rowspan="6" colspan="6" style="text-align: center;" |The system is the classification of the residential properties that should receive public services.<ref name="estrato"/>
The system does not consider the income per person.<ref name = "Preguntas frecuentes estratificación"/>
|-
| Stratum 2
|-
| Stratum 3
|-
|-
| Stratum 4
|-
|-
| Stratum 5
|-
| Stratum 6
|}

The system is the '''classification of the residential properties''' that should receive public services.<ref name="estrato">CONGRESO DE COLOMBIA. Ley 142 de 1994 (julio 11), artículo 102.</ref> Although '''the system does not consider the income per person''' and the rules say that the residential real estate should stratify and not households.<ref name = "Preguntas frecuentes estratificación">{{cite web|title= Preguntas_frecuentes_estratificación|url= https://www.dane.gov.co/files/geoestadistica/Preguntas_frecuentes_estratificacion.pdf|publisher = dane.gov.co}}</ref> All mayors should do the stratification of residential properties of their municipality or district.<ref name="estrato"/>

In 1994, this stratification policy was made into law in order to grant subsidies to the poorest residents. The system is organized so that the people living in upper layers (strata 5 and 6) pay more for services like electricity, water and sewage than the groups in the lower strata.<ref name="International Federation for Housing and Planning">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifhp.org/ifhp-blog/colombia-social-stratification-law |title=Colombia - social stratification by law &#124; ifhp.org |access-date=2013-08-20 |archive-date=2013-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917023914/http://www.ifhp.org/ifhp-blog/colombia-social-stratification-law |url-status=dead }}</ref> Critics of the system say that it impedes social mobility through stigmatization, while its proponents argue that it allows the poor to locate to areas where they will be able to access subsidized services.<ref name="International Federation for Housing and Planning"/> There are many studies that have shown that the socio-economic stratum is a bad instrument to allocate subsidies.<ref>{{cite web|title= Estratificación socioeconómica como instrumento de focalización|url= http://190.242.127.162/revista/III/III/tres.pdf|author= LUCÍA MINA ROSER}}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Demanda por Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios en Colombia y Subsidios: Implicaciones sobre el Bienestar|url= http://quimbaya.banrep.gov.co/docum/ftp/borra467.pdf|author= Carlos Medina, Leonardo Fabio Morales}}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= La Estratificación Socioeconómica para el Cobro de los Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios en Colombia: ¿Solidaridad o Focalización?|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=c8q6jf0DSUYC&q=subsidios+estrato+socioecon%C3%B3mico+colombia&pg=PA5|author = UN. ECLAC. Office in Bogotá|date = 15 December 2006|isbn = 9789213229682}}</ref> In particular, these studies show that there is a high percentage of households of strata 1 and 2 which have a level of consumption similar to the households of strata 5 and 6 (18% of households in stratum 1, 36% of households in 2 and 66% of households in stratum 3 are located in quintiles 4 and 5 of the distribution of consumption. 98% of households in stratum 6 is in these quintiles).<ref name = "Estratos socioeconómicos">{{cite web|title= Estratos socioeconómicos: Sobre sus usos, abusos y eliminación. |url= http://lasillavacia.com/elblogueo/blog/estratos-socioeconomicos-sobre-sus-usos-abusos-y-eliminacion-45037|publisher = lasillavacia.com|date = 18 December 2013}}</ref>

Although nowadays '''there are more reliable sources to determine capacity to pay.'''

*The first is the '''tax information''', where each inhabitant income are reported. In the current model, there are people who live in areas with low strata but who receive high income.<ref name = "Estratos socioeconómicosUNAL">{{cite web|title= Identificar la incidencia de la estratificación socioeconómica urbana sobre la segregación de los hogares bogotanos.|url= http://www.fcenew.unal.edu.co/publicaciones/images/doc/inv-productos-cid-24.pdf|publisher = Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Sede Bogotá – Facultad de Ciencias Económicas}}</ref><ref name = "civico">{{cite web|title= Estratos están mandados a recoger, dice estudio de esta universidad|url= http://www.civico.com/bogota/noticias/las-dos-propuestas-de-la-nacho-para-eliminar-los-estratos-en-bogota|publisher = civico.com}}</ref>
*The second proposal are the '''surveys related to the policy of subsidies''', such as the '''SISBEN'''; a strategy that works through home visits, who value the ability to pay of the inhabitants.<ref name = "Estratos socioeconómicosUNAL"/><ref name = "civico"/>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 45: Line 66:
==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

⚫
==External links==
* [http://www.dane.gov.co/ National Administrative Department of Statistics] {{in lang|es}}

{{Colombia topics}}
{{Colombia topics}}
{{Poverty}}
{{South America topic|Poverty in}}
{{South America topic|Poverty in}}


⚫
==External links==
* http://www.dane.gov.co


[[Category:Economy of Colombia]]
[[Category:Poverty by country| ]]
[[Category:Poverty by country|Colombia]]
[[Category:Wealth in Colombia| ]]
[[Category:Wealth in Colombia]]
[[Category:Poverty in South America| ]]

Latest revision as of 21:56, 12 January 2024

Informal brick housing.
District with excellent public services

Poverty statistics

[edit]
Colombian poverty rates, 2002–2016.Income-Based Poverty, Extreme Income-Based Poverty, and Multidimensional Poverty[1]

In 2017, the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) reported that 26.9% of the population were living below the poverty line, of which 7.4% in "extreme poverty". The multidimensional poverty rate stands at 17.0% of the population.[2]

Unemployment

[edit]

The average national unemployment rate in 2017 was 9.4%,[3] although the informality is the biggest problem facing the labour market (the income of formal workers climbed 24.8% in 5 years while labor incomes of informal workers rose only 9%).[4]

Inequality

[edit]

According to the World Bank, Colombia's Gini coefficient (a measurement of inequality in wealth distribution) was 0.587 in 2000 and 0.535 in 2013, ranking alongside Chile, Panama, Brazil and Honduras as the most unequal Latin American countries in terms of wealth distribution.[5]

[edit]

Literacy

[edit]

In 2015, a total of 94.58% of the population aged 15 and older were recorded as literate, including 98.53% of those aged 15–24.[6]

Malnutrition

[edit]
See also: Aguapanela § socioeconomic issues

In 2010, 3.4% of the children under 5 years old in Colombia suffer from global malnutrition (deficiency of weight for age) and up to 13% suffer from chronic malnutrition (deficiency of height for age). The situation is worse for the indigenous peoples of Colombia, who in the same indicators recorded rates of 7.5% and 29.5% respectively.[7]

Social strata in Colombia

[edit]

Colombia's social strata have been divided as follows and have been extensively used by the government as a reference to develop social welfare programs, statistical information and to some degree for the assignment of lands.

Stratum 1 The system is the classification of the residential properties that should receive public services.[8]

The system does not consider the income per person.[9]

Stratum 2
Stratum 3
Stratum 4
Stratum 5
Stratum 6

The system is the classification of the residential properties that should receive public services.[8] Although the system does not consider the income per person and the rules say that the residential real estate should stratify and not households.[9] All mayors should do the stratification of residential properties of their municipality or district.[8]

In 1994, this stratification policy was made into law in order to grant subsidies to the poorest residents. The system is organized so that the people living in upper layers (strata 5 and 6) pay more for services like electricity, water and sewage than the groups in the lower strata.[10] Critics of the system say that it impedes social mobility through stigmatization, while its proponents argue that it allows the poor to locate to areas where they will be able to access subsidized services.[10] There are many studies that have shown that the socio-economic stratum is a bad instrument to allocate subsidies.[11][12][13] In particular, these studies show that there is a high percentage of households of strata 1 and 2 which have a level of consumption similar to the households of strata 5 and 6 (18% of households in stratum 1, 36% of households in 2 and 66% of households in stratum 3 are located in quintiles 4 and 5 of the distribution of consumption. 98% of households in stratum 6 is in these quintiles).[14]

Although nowadays there are more reliable sources to determine capacity to pay.

  • The first is the tax information, where each inhabitant income are reported. In the current model, there are people who live in areas with low strata but who receive high income.[15][16]
  • The second proposal are the surveys related to the policy of subsidies, such as the SISBEN; a strategy that works through home visits, who value the ability to pay of the inhabitants.[15][16]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ goo.gl/Vs8gki
  2. ^ "socio-economic policies" (PDF). dane.gov.co. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  3. ^ "Colombia Unemployment Rate" (PDF). dane.gov.co. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  4. ^ "Incomes of informal workers grow less" (in Spanish). portafolio.co. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  5. ^ "Gini Index". World Bank. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  6. ^ "UNESCO Institute for Statistics Colombia Profile". 27 November 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  7. ^ "ENSIN – Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional en Colombia" (PDF). Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  8. ^ a b c CONGRESO DE COLOMBIA. Ley 142 de 1994 (julio 11), artículo 102.
  9. ^ a b "Preguntas_frecuentes_estratificación" (PDF). dane.gov.co.
  10. ^ a b "Colombia - social stratification by law | ifhp.org". Archived from the original on 2013-09-17. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
  11. ^ LUCÍA MINA ROSER. "Estratificación socioeconómica como instrumento de focalización" (PDF).[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ Carlos Medina, Leonardo Fabio Morales. "Demanda por Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios en Colombia y Subsidios: Implicaciones sobre el Bienestar" (PDF).[permanent dead link]
  13. ^ UN. ECLAC. Office in Bogotá (15 December 2006). La Estratificación Socioeconómica para el Cobro de los Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios en Colombia: ¿Solidaridad o Focalización?. ISBN 9789213229682.
  14. ^ "Estratos socioeconómicos: Sobre sus usos, abusos y eliminación". lasillavacia.com. 18 December 2013.
  15. ^ a b "Identificar la incidencia de la estratificación socioeconómica urbana sobre la segregación de los hogares bogotanos" (PDF). Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Sede Bogotá – Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
  16. ^ a b "Estratos están mandados a recoger, dice estudio de esta universidad". civico.com.
[edit]
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