Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Medieval Spanish astronomer}} |
{{Short description|Medieval Spanish astronomer}} |
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{{Use British English|date=February 2023}} |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox academic |
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| name = Muhyi l'din |
| name = Muhyi l'din |
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| native_name = محيي الدين المغربي |
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| native_name_lang = ar |
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| birth_date = {{circa|1220}} |
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| birth_place = [[al-Andalus]] |
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| death_date = June 1283 |
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| death_place = [[Maragheh]] |
| death_place = [[Maragheh]] |
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| era = [[Islamic Golden Age]] |
| era = [[Islamic Golden Age]] |
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| school_tradition = [[Maliki]] |
| school_tradition = [[Maliki]] |
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| main_interests = [[ |
| main_interests = [[Mathematics]], [[astronomy]], [[astrology]] |
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| notable_ideas = |
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'''Muḥyī al‐Milla wa al‐Dīn Yaḥyā Abū ʿAbdallāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Abī al‐Shukr al‐Maghribī al‐Andalusī''' ({{lang-ar|محيي الدين المغربي}}; |
'''Muḥyī al‐Milla wa al‐Dīn Yaḥyā Abū ʿAbdallāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Abī al‐Shukr al‐Maghribī al‐Andalusī''' ({{lang-ar|محيي الدين المغربي}}; {{circa|1220}}{{snd}}June 1283), referred to in sources as '''Muhyi l'din''', was an [[astronomer]], [[astrologer]] and [[mathematician]] of the [[Islamic Golden Age]]. He belonged to the group of astronomers associated with the [[Maragheh observatory]] in the [[Ilkhanate]], most notably [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]. In astronomy, [[Mohyeddin|Muhyi l'din]] carried out a large‐scale project of systematic planetary observations, which led to the development of several new astronomical parameters.{{sfn|Comes|2007}} |
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Muhyi l'din died in [[Maragheh]] in modern-day Iran in June 1283.{{sfn|Comes|2007}} |
Muhyi l'din died in [[Maragheh]] in modern-day Iran in June 1283.{{sfn|Comes|2007}} |
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==Early career== |
==Early career== |
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Muhyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī worked for the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] sultan [[An-Nasir Yusuf]] in [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Mozaffari|2014}}{{page needed|date=February 2023}} This relationship was ultimately cut short when the sultan was killed by the Mongols in the [[Siege of Aleppo (1260)|Siege of Aleppo]] in 1257. He was then sent to the [[observatory |
Muhyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī was born in {{circa|1220}} in [[al-Andalus]].{{sfn|O'Connor|Robertson|1999}} He worked for the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] sultan [[An-Nasir Yusuf]] in [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Mozaffari|2014}}{{page needed|date=February 2023}} This relationship was ultimately cut short when the sultan was killed by the Mongols in the [[Siege of Aleppo (1260)|Siege of Aleppo]] in 1257. He was then sent to the [[Maragheh observatory|observatory at Maragheh]].{{sfn|Mozaffari|2014}}{{page needed|date=February 2023}} |
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==Maragheh observatory== |
==Work at the Maragheh observatory== |
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[[File:Maragha Observatory panorama.jpg|thumb|The site of the [[Maragheh observatory]]; a dome now protects the most important remains]] |
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The Maragheh [[observatory]] was founded in the [[Ilkhanate]], a part of the [[Mongol Empire]],{{sfn|Roberts|1966}} [[Mohyeddin|Muhyi l'din]] went to Maragheh in 1258 as a guest of the [[Mongols|Mongol]] ruler [[Hulagu Khan]], where from 1259 he was involved, along with [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]], in its construction. The observatory was completed in 1262.{{sfn|O'Connor|Robertson|1999}} |
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⚫ | At Maragheh, [[Mohyeddin|Muhyi l'din]] observed up to a total of eight of the brightest stars,{{dubious|date=February 2023}} of which he used the latitudes collected to compare with the values within ancient computations.{{sfn|Mozaffari|2016}}{{page needed|date=February 2023}} He concluded that the difference between his latitudes and ancients were not substantial, and any inconsistences were in fact due to the observations and not the subject itself. In his ''Talkhīṣ al‐Majisṭī'', he commentated on Ptolemy's Almagest, presenting his own observations and hypothesizes in addition with it. For instance, Muhyi l'din supposed that the [[precession]] would only occur in a motion that was uniform and continuous at a rate that was 1° for ever 66 years from his systematic stellar observations.{{sfn|Mozaffari|2016}}{{page needed|date=February 2023}} |
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==Works== |
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An extant [[manuscript]] by Muhyi l'din details of observations made from 1262 to 1274.{{sfn|O'Connor|Robertson|1999}} He continued to work on his observations at Maragheh until his death in 1283.{{sfn|Mozaffari|2014}}{{page needed|date=February 2023}} |
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==Other work== |
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[[Mohyeddin|Muhyi l'din]] considered the problem of [[doubling the cube]], which he approached means of a method devised by the Greek mathematician [[Hippocrates of Chios]].{{sfn|O'Connor|Robertson|1999}} |
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==Commentaries and treatises== |
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===Astronomy=== |
===Astronomy=== |
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[[File:Maragheh observatory.JPG|thumb|Marāgha observatory where Ibn Abi al-Shukr carried out his planetary observations]] |
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Muhyi l'din's known works on astronomy include:{{sfn|Comes|2007}} |
Muhyi l'din's known works on astronomy include:{{sfn|Comes|2007}} |
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* |
* {{transliteration|ar|Tasṭīḥ al‐asṭurlāb}}, a description of the construction and use of the [[astrolabe]]; |
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* |
* {{transliteration|ar|Maqāla fī istikhrāj taʿdīl al‐nahār wa saʿat al‐mashriq wa‐ʾl‐dāʾir min al‐falak bi‐ṭarīq al‐handasa}}, a description of the [[geometrical]] methods used to determine the [[Meridian (astronomy)|meridian line]], the rising amplitude, and the revolution of the sphere; |
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* |
* {{transliteration|ar|Risālat al‐Khaṭā wa‐ʾl‐īghūr}}, a chronological work on the [[Chinese calendar]], which was later translated from [[Arabic]] and [[Persian (language)|Persian]] into [[Chinese (language)|Chinese]]. |
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* Three |
* Three {{transliteration|ar|zījes}}: |
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** |
** {{transliteration|ar|Tāj al‐azyāj wa‐ghunyat al‐muḥtāj}} (''The Crown of Astronomical Handbooks''), also known as {{transliteration|ar|al‐muṣaḥḥaḥ bi‐adwār al‐anwār maʿa al‐raṣad wa‐ʾl‐iʿtibār}}; |
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** |
** {{transliteration|ar|Adwār al‐anwār madā al‐duhūr wa‐ʾl‐akwār}}, which contains astronomical observations carried out by Muhyi l'dinin Marāgha; |
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** |
** {{transliteration|ar|ʿUmdat al‐ḥāsib wa‐ghunyat al‐ṭālib}}; |
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* Three commentaries on [[Ptolemy]]'s [[Almagest]]: |
* Three commentaries on [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Almagest]]'': |
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** |
** {{transliteration|ar|Talkhīṣ al‐Majisṭī}} (''Compendium of the Almagest''), based on his observations carried out between 1264 and 1275; |
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** |
** {{transliteration|ar|Khulāṣat al‐Majisṭī}} (''Summary of the Almagest''); |
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** |
** {{transliteration|ar|Muqaddimāt tataʿallaq bi‐ḥarakāt al‐kawākib}} (''Prolegomena on the Motion of the Stars''), which contains five geometric premises on the planetary motions in the ''Almagest''. |
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===Astrology=== |
===Astrology=== |
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Muhyi l'din's astrological works were mainly devoted to |
[[Mohyeddin|Muhyi l'din]]'s astrological works were mainly devoted to [[horoscope]]s and planetary [[Conjunction (astronomy)|conjunctions]], used to tell the future.{{sfn|Comes|2007}} |
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===Mathematics=== |
===Mathematics=== |
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Muhyi l'din |
[[Mohyeddin|Muhyi l'din]]'s notable works in [[trigonometry]] were ''The Book on the Theorem of Menelaus'' and ''Treatise on the Calculation of Sines''.{{sfn|O'Connor|Robertson|1999}} He is known for his commentaries on [[ancient Greek]] mathematical works, in particular, his commentary on Book XV of ''[[Euclid's Elements]]'', which discussed measurements of the [[regular polyhedra]].{{sfn|O'Connor|Robertson|1999}}{{sfn|Tekeli|1981|pp=555{{ndash}}557}} Muhyi l'din's writings on trigonometry contain some elements that are original.{{sfn|Comes|2007}} |
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In his treatise on the calculation of [[sine]]s, Muhyi l'din [[interpolation|interpolated]] a value for the sine of one degree; a more accurate value was not obtained until the 15th century, when the mathematicians [[Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī]] and [[Jamshid al-Kashi]] tackled the problem. Whilst working on the sines, Muhyi l'din used the methods devised by [[Archimedes]] to find an approximate value for [[pi]].{{sfn|O'Connor|Robertson|1999}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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* {{cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J.J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E.F. |title=Muhyi l'din al-Maghribi |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Maghribi/ |website=[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive|MacTutor]] |publisher=[[University of St Andrews]] |access-date=28 February 2023 |date=1999}} |
* {{cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J.J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E.F. |title=Muhyi l'din al-Maghribi |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Maghribi/ |website=[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive|MacTutor]] |publisher=[[University of St Andrews]] |access-date=28 February 2023 |date=1999}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Tekeli|first=Sevim |author-link=Sevim Tekeli |editor1-last=Gillispie |editor1-first=Charles Coulston |editor2-last=Holmes |editor2-first=Frederic Lawrence |title=Dictionary of Scientific Biography |date=1981 |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |isbn=|oclc=755137603 |page=|url-access=registration |edition=|volume=9 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofscie910gill/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater |chapter=Muḥyi ’L-Dīn Al-Maghribī (Muḥyi ’I-Milla Wa ’L-Dīn Yaḥyā Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Abi ’I-Shukr Al-Maghribī’ Al-Andalusī) |ref=}} |
* {{cite book |last=Tekeli|first=Sevim |author-link=Sevim Tekeli |editor1-last=Gillispie |editor1-first=Charles Coulston |editor2-last=Holmes |editor2-first=Frederic Lawrence |title=Dictionary of Scientific Biography |date=1981 |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |isbn=|oclc=755137603 |page=|url-access=registration |edition=|volume=9 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofscie910gill/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater |chapter=Muḥyi ’L-Dīn Al-Maghribī (Muḥyi ’I-Milla Wa ’L-Dīn Yaḥyā Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Abi ’I-Shukr Al-Maghribī’ Al-Andalusī) |ref=}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Dorce |first1=Carlos |title=The Taj al-azyāj of Muḥyī al-Din al-Maghribī (d. 1283): methods of computation |journal=Suhayl. International Journal for the History of the Exact and Natural Sciences in Islamic Civilisation |date=2003 |volume=3 |pages=193{{ndash}}212 |url=https://raco.cat/index.php/Suhayl/issue/view/14984 |series=|via=RACO (Catalan Journals with Open Access) |publisher=[[University of Barcelona]] |issn=1576-9372 |ref=none}} |
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==External links== |
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* [https://ismi.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/digitalization/284999 Digitized manuscript] ({{transliteration|ar|Tasṭīḥ al-asṭurlāb}}) - Folios 1A-7B, Sprenger 1876 ([[Berlin State Library]]) |
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{{Islamic astronomy}} |
{{Islamic astronomy}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Muḥyī}} |
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[[Category:1283 deaths]] |
[[Category:1283 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Astronomers from al-Andalus]] |
[[Category:Astronomers from al-Andalus]] |
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[[Category:13th-century people from al-Andalus]] |
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[[Category:People from Córdoba, Spain]] |
[[Category:People from Córdoba, Spain]] |
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[[Category:13th-century Iranian astronomers]] |
[[Category:13th-century Iranian astronomers]] |
Latest revision as of 16:45, 21 January 2024
Muhyi l'din | |
---|---|
محيي الدين المغربي | |
Born | c. 1220 |
Died | June 1283 |
Academic work | |
Era | Islamic Golden Age |
School or tradition | Maliki |
Main interests | Mathematics, astronomy, astrology |
Muḥyī al‐Milla wa al‐Dīn Yaḥyā Abū ʿAbdallāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Abī al‐Shukr al‐Maghribī al‐Andalusī (Arabic: محيي الدين المغربي; c. 1220 – June 1283), referred to in sources as Muhyi l'din, was an astronomer, astrologer and mathematician of the Islamic Golden Age. He belonged to the group of astronomers associated with the Maragheh observatory in the Ilkhanate, most notably Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. In astronomy, Muhyi l'din carried out a large‐scale project of systematic planetary observations, which led to the development of several new astronomical parameters.[1]
Muhyi l'din died in Maragheh in modern-day Iran in June 1283.[1]
Early career
[edit]Muhyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī was born in c. 1220 in al-Andalus.[2] He worked for the Ayyubid sultan An-Nasir Yusuf in Damascus.[3][page needed] This relationship was ultimately cut short when the sultan was killed by the Mongols in the Siege of Aleppo in 1257. He was then sent to the observatory at Maragheh.[3][page needed]
Work at the Maragheh observatory
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Maragha_Observatory_panorama.jpg/220px-Maragha_Observatory_panorama.jpg)
The Maragheh observatory was founded in the Ilkhanate, a part of the Mongol Empire,[4] Muhyi l'din went to Maragheh in 1258 as a guest of the Mongol ruler Hulagu Khan, where from 1259 he was involved, along with Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, in its construction. The observatory was completed in 1262.[2]
At Maragheh, Muhyi l'din observed up to a total of eight of the brightest stars,[dubious – discuss] of which he used the latitudes collected to compare with the values within ancient computations.[5][page needed] He concluded that the difference between his latitudes and ancients were not substantial, and any inconsistences were in fact due to the observations and not the subject itself. In his Talkhīṣ al‐Majisṭī, he commentated on Ptolemy's Almagest, presenting his own observations and hypothesizes in addition with it. For instance, Muhyi l'din supposed that the precession would only occur in a motion that was uniform and continuous at a rate that was 1° for ever 66 years from his systematic stellar observations.[5][page needed]
An extant manuscript by Muhyi l'din details of observations made from 1262 to 1274.[2] He continued to work on his observations at Maragheh until his death in 1283.[3][page needed]
Other work
[edit]Muhyi l'din considered the problem of doubling the cube, which he approached means of a method devised by the Greek mathematician Hippocrates of Chios.[2]
Commentaries and treatises
[edit]Astronomy
[edit]Muhyi l'din's known works on astronomy include:[1]
- Tasṭīḥ al‐asṭurlāb, a description of the construction and use of the astrolabe;
- Maqāla fī istikhrāj taʿdīl al‐nahār wa saʿat al‐mashriq wa‐ʾl‐dāʾir min al‐falak bi‐ṭarīq al‐handasa, a description of the geometrical methods used to determine the meridian line, the rising amplitude, and the revolution of the sphere;
- Risālat al‐Khaṭā wa‐ʾl‐īghūr, a chronological work on the Chinese calendar, which was later translated from Arabic and Persian into Chinese.
- Three zījes:
- Tāj al‐azyāj wa‐ghunyat al‐muḥtāj (The Crown of Astronomical Handbooks), also known as al‐muṣaḥḥaḥ bi‐adwār al‐anwār maʿa al‐raṣad wa‐ʾl‐iʿtibār;
- Adwār al‐anwār madā al‐duhūr wa‐ʾl‐akwār, which contains astronomical observations carried out by Muhyi l'dinin Marāgha;
- ʿUmdat al‐ḥāsib wa‐ghunyat al‐ṭālib;
- Three commentaries on Ptolemy's Almagest:
- Talkhīṣ al‐Majisṭī (Compendium of the Almagest), based on his observations carried out between 1264 and 1275;
- Khulāṣat al‐Majisṭī (Summary of the Almagest);
- Muqaddimāt tataʿallaq bi‐ḥarakāt al‐kawākib (Prolegomena on the Motion of the Stars), which contains five geometric premises on the planetary motions in the Almagest.
Astrology
[edit]Muhyi l'din's astrological works were mainly devoted to horoscopes and planetary conjunctions, used to tell the future.[1]
Mathematics
[edit]Muhyi l'din's notable works in trigonometry were The Book on the Theorem of Menelaus and Treatise on the Calculation of Sines.[2] He is known for his commentaries on ancient Greek mathematical works, in particular, his commentary on Book XV of Euclid's Elements, which discussed measurements of the regular polyhedra.[2][6] Muhyi l'din's writings on trigonometry contain some elements that are original.[1]
In his treatise on the calculation of sines, Muhyi l'din interpolated a value for the sine of one degree; a more accurate value was not obtained until the 15th century, when the mathematicians Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī and Jamshid al-Kashi tackled the problem. Whilst working on the sines, Muhyi l'din used the methods devised by Archimedes to find an approximate value for pi.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Comes 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g O'Connor & Robertson 1999.
- ^ a b c Mozaffari 2014.
- ^ Roberts 1966.
- ^ a b Mozaffari 2016.
- ^ Tekeli 1981, pp. 555–557.
Sources
[edit]- Comes, Mercè (2007). "Ibn Abī al‐Shukr: Muḥyī al‐Milla wa‐ʾl‐Dīn Yaḥyā Abū ʿAbdallāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Abī al‐Shukr al‐Maghribī al‐Andalusī [al‐Qurṭubī]". In Hockey, Thomas; et al. (eds.). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Publishers. pp. 548–549. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1433. ISBN 978-1-4419-9918-4. (PDF version)
- Mozaffari, S. Mohammad (2014). "Muḥyī al-Dīn al-Maghribī's lunar measurements at the Maragha observatory". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 68 (1): 67–120. doi:10.1007/s00407-013-0130-4. ISSN 0003-9519 – via JSTOR.
- Roberts, Victor (1966). "The Planetary Theory of Ibn al-Shatir: Latitudes of the Planets". Isis. 50 (3). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press: 208–219 – via JSTOR.
- Mozaffari, S. Mohammad (2016). "A forgotten solar model". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 70 (3). Springer Nature: 267–291. doi:10.1007/s00407-015-0167-7. ISSN 0003-9519.
- O'Connor, J.J.; Robertson, E.F. (1999). "Muhyi l'din al-Maghribi". MacTutor. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- Tekeli, Sevim (1981). "Muḥyi 'L-Dīn Al-Maghribī (Muḥyi 'I-Milla Wa 'L-Dīn Yaḥyā Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Abi 'I-Shukr Al-Maghribī' Al-Andalusī)". In Gillispie, Charles Coulston; Holmes, Frederic Lawrence (eds.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. New York: Scribner. OCLC 755137603.
Further reading
[edit]- Dorce, Carlos (2003). "The Taj al-azyāj of Muḥyī al-Din al-Maghribī (d. 1283): methods of computation". Suhayl. International Journal for the History of the Exact and Natural Sciences in Islamic Civilisation. 3. University of Barcelona: 193–212. ISSN 1576-9372 – via RACO (Catalan Journals with Open Access).
External links
[edit]- Digitized manuscript (Tasṭīḥ al-asṭurlāb) - Folios 1A-7B, Sprenger 1876 (Berlin State Library)
- 1283 deaths
- Astronomers from al-Andalus
- Astrologers of the medieval Islamic world
- Mathematicians from al-Andalus
- 13th-century astronomers
- Astronomers of the medieval Islamic world
- 13th-century astrologers
- 13th-century mathematicians
- 13th-century people from al-Andalus
- People from Córdoba, Spain
- 13th-century Iranian astronomers