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{{short description|Now abandoned biological grouping}}
{{for|the general insect-eating behavior|Insectivore}}
{{for|the general insect-eating behavior|Insectivore}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
[[File: Hedgehog-en.jpg|thumb|[[European hedgehog]] (''Erinaceus europaeus'')]]
[[File: Hedgehog-en.jpg|thumb|[[European hedgehog]] (''Erinaceus europaeus'')]]

The [[Order (biology)|order]] '''Insectivora''' (from [[Latin]] ''insectum'' "insect" and ''vorare'' "to eat") is a now-abandoned biological grouping within the class of [[mammal]]s. Some species have now been moved out, leaving the remaining ones in the order [[Eulipotyphla]], within the larger clade [[Laurasiatheria]], which makes up one of the most basic [[clades]] of [[placental]] [[mammal]]s.
The [[Order (biology)|order]] '''Insectivora''' (from [[Latin]] ''insectum'' "insect" and ''vorare'' "to eat") is a now-abandoned biological grouping within the class of [[mammal]]s. Some species have now been moved out, leaving the remaining ones in the order [[Eulipotyphla]] within the larger clade [[Laurasiatheria]], which makes up one of the [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[clades]] of [[placental]] [[mammal]]s.


==History==
==History==
[[File:Centetodon marginalis, cropped.JPG|thumb|The extinct ''[[Centetodon marginalis]]'']]
[[File:Centetodon marginalis, cropped.JPG|thumb|The extinct ''[[Centetodon marginalis]]'']]
In the past,{{When|date=September 2018}} the grouping was used as a [[wastebasket taxon]] for a variety of small to very small, relatively unspecialised mammals that feed upon insects. Since any primitive-looking fossil group of [[placental]] mammals was commonly assigned to this order for convenience, it was held to constitute the basal stock out of which other placental orders had evolved. Therefore, at its widest extent, the order Insectivora represented an [[evolutionary grade]] rather than a [[clade]].
Before the era of widespread [[DNA sequencing]], the grouping was used as a [[Polyphyly|polyphyletic]] taxon for a variety of small to very small, relatively unspecialised mammals that feed upon insects. Since any primitive-looking fossil group of [[placental]] mammals was commonly assigned to this order for convenience, it was held to constitute the basal stock out of which other placental orders had evolved. Therefore, at its widest extent, the order Insectivora represented an [[evolutionary grade]] rather than a [[clade]].


Taxonomy has been refined in recent years, and [[treeshrew]]s, [[elephant shrew]]s, and [[colugo]]s have now been placed in separate orders, as have many fossil groups that were formerly included here. For some time it was held that the remaining insectivoran families constituted a [[monophyletic]] grouping, or clade, to which the name '''Lipotyphla''' had long been applied. However, molecular evidence indicated that Chrysochloridae ([[golden mole]]s), Tenrecidae ([[tenrec]]s), and Potamogalidae ([[Potamogalidae|otter shrews]]) should also be separated as a new order [[Afrosoricida]].
Taxonomy has been refined in recent years, and [[treeshrew]]s, [[elephant shrew]]s, and [[colugo]]s have now been placed in separate orders, as have many fossil groups that were formerly included here. For some time it was held that the remaining insectivoran families constituted a [[monophyletic]] grouping, or clade, to which the name '''[[Lipotyphla]]''' had long been applied. However, molecular evidence indicated that Chrysochloridae ([[golden mole]]s), Tenrecidae ([[tenrec]]s), and Potamogalidae ([[Potamogalidae|otter shrews]]) should also be separated as a new order [[Afrosoricida]].


Erinaceidae ([[hedgehog]]s) was then also split off into a separate order ([[Erinaceomorpha]]) from the remainder (termed [[Soricomorpha]]), comprising the families Soricidae ([[Shrew (animal)|shrew]]s), Talpidae ([[mole (animal)|moles]]), Solenodontidae, and Nesophontidae.<ref>{{MSW3 Hutterer | pages = 212–311}}</ref> These two orders then replaced Insectivora. This scheme was undermined when molecular studies indicated that Soricomorpha is [[paraphyletic]], because Soricidae shared a more recent common ancestor with Erinaceidae than with other soricomorphs.<ref name=Rocaetal04>{{cite journal | author = Roca, A.L., G.K. Bar-Gal, E. Eizirik, K.M. Helgen, R. Maria, M.S. Springer, S.J. O'Brien, and W.J. Murphy | year = 2004 | title = Mesozoic origin for West Indian insectivores | journal = Nature | volume = 429 | issue = 6992| pages = 649–651 | doi = 10.1038/nature02597 | pmid = 15190349}}</ref>
Erinaceidae ([[hedgehog]]s) was then also split off into a separate order ([[Erinaceomorpha]]) from the remainder (termed [[Soricomorpha]]), comprising the families Soricidae ([[Shrew (animal)|shrew]]s), Talpidae ([[mole (animal)|moles]]), Solenodontidae, and Nesophontidae.<ref>{{MSW3 Hutterer | pages = 212–311}}</ref> These two orders then replaced Insectivora. This scheme was undermined when molecular studies indicated that Soricomorpha is [[paraphyletic]], because Soricidae shared a more recent common ancestor with Erinaceidae than with other soricomorphs.<ref name=Rocaetal04>{{cite journal | author = Roca, A.L., G.K. Bar-Gal, E. Eizirik, K.M. Helgen, R. Maria, M.S. Springer, S.J. O'Brien, and W.J. Murphy | year = 2004 | title = Mesozoic origin for West Indian insectivores | journal = Nature | volume = 429 | issue = 6992| pages = 649–651 | doi = 10.1038/nature02597 | pmid = 15190349| bibcode = 2004Natur.429..649R | s2cid = 915633 }}</ref>


However, the combination of Soricidae and Erinaceidae, referred to as order '''Eulipotyphla''', has been shown to be monophyletic.<ref name=Beck>{{cite journal |author1=Robin MD Beck |author2=Olaf RP Bininda-Emonds |author3=Marcel Cardillo |author4=Fu-Guo Robert Liu |author5=Andy Purvis | year = 2006 | title = A higher level MRP supertree of placental mammals | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 6 | url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/6/93 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-6-93 | pmid = 17101039 | pages = 93 | pmc = 1654192}}</ref>
However, the combination of Soricidae and Erinaceidae, referred to as order '''[[Eulipotyphla]]''', has been shown to be monophyletic.<ref name=Beck>{{cite journal |author1=Robin MD Beck |author2=Olaf RP Bininda-Emonds |author3=Marcel Cardillo |author4=Fu-Guo Robert Liu |author5=Andy Purvis | year = 2006 | title = A higher level MRP supertree of placental mammals | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 6 | url= | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-6-93 | pmid = 17101039 | pages = 93 | pmc = 1654192 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


== Classification ==
== Classification ==


* '''ORDER EULIPOTYPHLA (remnant of 'Insectivora')'''
* '''Order [[Eulipotyphla]] (remnant of 'Insectivora')'''
** '''Family [[Erinaceidae]]'''
** '''Family [[Erinaceidae]]'''
*** Subfamily Erinaceinae: [[hedgehog]]s
*** Subfamily Erinaceinae: [[hedgehog]]s
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{{clade
{{clade
|label1=&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Eulipotyphla'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|label1=&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''[[Eulipotyphla]]'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1 = [[Solenodontidae]]
|1 = [[Solenodontidae]]
Line 49: Line 53:
:* Family [[Chrysochloridae]] ([[golden mole]]s)
:* Family [[Chrysochloridae]] ([[golden mole]]s)
:* Family [[Tenrecidae]] ([[tenrec]]s)
:* Family [[Tenrecidae]] ([[tenrec]]s)
:* Family [[Potamogalidae]] ([[Otter Shrews]]s)
:*Family [[Potamogalidae]] ([[Potamogalidae|otter shrews]])
:* Family [[Tupaiidae]] ([[treeshrew]]s)
:* Family [[Macroscelididae]] ([[elephant shrew]]s)
:* Family [[Tupaiidae]] ([[Tupaiidae|true treeshrews]])
:*Family [[Pen-tailed treeshrew|Ptilocercidae]] ([[pen-tailed treeshrew]])
:* Family [[Cynocephalidae]] ([[colugo]]s)
:* Family [[Cynocephalidae]] ([[colugo]]s)


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[[Category:Obsolete mammal taxa]]
[[Category:Obsolete mammal taxa]]
[[Category:Polyphyletic groups]]

Latest revision as of 23:53, 1 March 2024

For the general insect-eating behavior, see Insectivore.

European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)

The order Insectivora (from Latin insectum "insect" and vorare "to eat") is a now-abandoned biological grouping within the class of mammals. Some species have now been moved out, leaving the remaining ones in the order Eulipotyphla within the larger clade Laurasiatheria, which makes up one of the basal clades of placental mammals.

History

[edit]
The extinct Centetodon marginalis

Before the era of widespread DNA sequencing, the grouping was used as a polyphyletic taxon for a variety of small to very small, relatively unspecialised mammals that feed upon insects. Since any primitive-looking fossil group of placental mammals was commonly assigned to this order for convenience, it was held to constitute the basal stock out of which other placental orders had evolved. Therefore, at its widest extent, the order Insectivora represented an evolutionary grade rather than a clade.

Taxonomy has been refined in recent years, and treeshrews, elephant shrews, and colugos have now been placed in separate orders, as have many fossil groups that were formerly included here. For some time it was held that the remaining insectivoran families constituted a monophyletic grouping, or clade, to which the name Lipotyphla had long been applied. However, molecular evidence indicated that Chrysochloridae (golden moles), Tenrecidae (tenrecs), and Potamogalidae (otter shrews) should also be separated as a new order Afrosoricida.

Erinaceidae (hedgehogs) was then also split off into a separate order (Erinaceomorpha) from the remainder (termed Soricomorpha), comprising the families Soricidae (shrews), Talpidae (moles), Solenodontidae, and Nesophontidae.[1] These two orders then replaced Insectivora. This scheme was undermined when molecular studies indicated that Soricomorpha is paraphyletic, because Soricidae shared a more recent common ancestor with Erinaceidae than with other soricomorphs.[2]

However, the combination of Soricidae and Erinaceidae, referred to as order Eulipotyphla, has been shown to be monophyletic.[3]

Classification

[edit]

Family-level cladogram of extant insectivoran relationships, following Roca et al.:[2]

   Eulipotyphla   

These families have been placed within Insectivora in the past:

Not to be confused with insectivores (the eaters of insects considered as a feeding behavior), many of which do not belong to Eulipotyphla or the other taxa formerly included within Insectivora.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Insectivora.
Wikispecies has information related to Insectivora.
  1. ^ Hutterer, R. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 212–311. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Roca, A.L., G.K. Bar-Gal, E. Eizirik, K.M. Helgen, R. Maria, M.S. Springer, S.J. O'Brien, and W.J. Murphy (2004). "Mesozoic origin for West Indian insectivores". Nature. 429 (6992): 649–651. Bibcode:2004Natur.429..649R. doi:10.1038/nature02597. PMID 15190349. S2CID 915633.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Robin MD Beck; Olaf RP Bininda-Emonds; Marcel Cardillo; Fu-Guo Robert Liu; Andy Purvis (2006). "A higher level MRP supertree of placental mammals". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 6: 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-93. PMC 1654192. PMID 17101039.
[edit]
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