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{{Short description|Astronomical observatories}}
{{Other uses|Jantar Mantar (disambiguation)}}
{{Other uses|Jantar Mantar (disambiguation)}}
{{Lead too long|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}


[[File:Jantar Mantar at Jaipur.jpg|thumb|[[Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)|Jantar Mantar]] in [[Jaipur]], India.]]
[[File:Jantar Mantar at Jaipur.jpg|thumb|[[Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)|Jantar Mantar]] in [[Jaipur]]]]
[[File:Jantar Mantar at Jaipur - 1928.JPG|thumb|[[Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)|Jantar Mantar]] in [[Jaipur]], India, 1928.]]
[[File:Prakash Yantra Jantar Mantar Jaipur.jpg|thumb|Jai Prakash Yantra Jantar Mantar Jaipur]]
[[File:Jantar Mantar Delhi 27-05-2005.jpg|thumb|[[Jantar Mantar (Delhi)|Jantar Mantar]] in [[New Delhi]], India.]]
[[File:Jantar Mantar at Jaipur - 1928.JPG|thumb|[[Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)|Jantar Mantar]] in [[Jaipur]]. 1928]]
[[File:Jantar Mantar Delhi 27-05-2005.jpg|thumb|[[Jantar Mantar (Delhi)|Jantar Mantar]] in [[New Delhi]]]]


A '''Jantar Mantar''' ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu|[d͡ʒən̪t̪ər mən̪t̪ər]]]) is an assembly of stone-built astronomical instruments, designed to be used with the naked eye. There were five Jantar Mantars in [[India]], all of them built at the command of the [[Rajah]] [[Jai Singh II]], who had a keen interest in mathematics, architecture and astronomy; four remain, as the Jantar Mantar at Mathura was torn down just before the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|revolt of 1857]]. [[Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)|The largest]] example is the [[equinox|equinoctial]] [[sundial]] belonging to [[Jaipur]]'s assembly of instruments, consisting of a gigantic triangular [[gnomon]] with the [[hypotenuse]] parallel to the [[Earth]]'s axis. On either side of the gnomon is a [[Quadrant (circle)|quadrant]] of a circle, parallel to the plane of the [[equator]]. The instrument can be used with an accuracy of about 2 seconds by a "skilled observer" to measure the time of day, and the [[declination]] of the [[Sun]] and the other [[Astronomical object|heavenly bodies]]. It is the world's largest stone sundial, known as the Vrihat Samrat Yantra.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smithsonian|title=Timelines of Science|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1465414342|page=136}}</ref><ref>Archaeological Survey of India, various authors, Nomination of The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur, for inclusion on World Heritage list, p.14 [https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1338.pdf]</ref>
A '''Jantar Mantar''' ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu|[d͡ʒən̪t̪ər mən̪t̪ər]]]) is an assembly of stone-built astronomical instruments, designed to be used with the naked eye. There were five Jantar Mantars in [[India]]. All were built at the command of the [[Rajah]] [[Jai Singh II]], who had a keen interest in mathematics, architecture and astronomy. [[Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)|The largest]] example is the [[equinox|equinoctial]] [[sundial]] belonging to [[Jaipur]]'s assembly of instruments, consisting of a gigantic triangular [[gnomon]] with the [[hypotenuse]] parallel to the [[Earth]]'s axis. On either side of the gnomon is a [[Quadrant (circle)|quadrant]] of a circle, parallel to the plane of the [[equator]]. The instrument can be used with an accuracy of about 20 seconds by a skilled observer to determine the time of day, and the [[declination]] of the [[Sun]] and the other [[Astronomical object|heavenly bodies]]. It is the world's largest stone sundial, and is known as the Samrat Yantra.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smithsonian|title=Timelines of Science|year=2013|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1465414342|page=136}}</ref><ref>Archaeological Survey of India, various authors, Nomination of The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur, for inclusion on World Heritage list, p.14 [https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1338.pdf]</ref>
The Jaipur Jantar Mantar is a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1338/ Unesco listing for Jantar Mantar] accessed July 30 2021</ref>
The Jaipur Jantar Mantar is a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1338/ Unesco listing for Jantar Mantar] accessed July 30 2021</ref>


==History==
==History==
In the early 18th century, [[Maharaja]] [[Jai Singh II]] of [[Jaipur]] constructed five Jantar Mantar in total, in [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|New Delhi]], [[Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)|Jaipur]], [[Ujjain]], [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] and [[Jantar Mantar, Varanasi|Varanasi]]; they were completed between 1724 and 1735.
In the early 18th century, [[Maharaja]] [[Jai Singh II]] of [[Jaipur]] constructed five Jantar Mantar in total, in [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|New Delhi]], [[Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)|Jaipur]], [[Jantar Mantar, Ujjain|Ujjain]], [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] and [[Jantar Mantar, Varanasi|Varanasi]]; they were completed between 1724 and 1735. Of these, the observatory at Mathura and the fort that protected it were destroyed before 1857.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jantarmantar.org/learn/observatories/sites/index.html|title=The Observatory Sites|access-date=2024-01-29|language=en}}</ref>


The Jantar have like Samrat Yantra, Jai Prakash, Ram Yantra and Niyati Chakra; each of which are used to for various astronomical calculations. The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables and to predict the times and movements of the [[sun]], [[moon]] and [[planets]].
As part of Jantar Mantar there were many instruments like Samrat Yantra, Jai Prakash Yantra, Disha Yantra, Rama Yantra, Chakra Yantra, Rashiwalya Yantra, Dingash Yantra and Utaansh Yantra. The primary purpose of the instruments was to compile astronomical tables and to predict the times and movements of the [[sun]], [[moon]] and [[planets]].


⚫
[[Image:Vedh Shala, Ujjain 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Sundial|Sun Dial]] at the [[Vedh Shala]] in [[Ujjain]]]]
List of instruments:

* Samrat Yantra
* Jai Prakash Yantra
* Disha Yantra
* Rama Yantra
* Chakra Yantra
* Rashiwalya Yantra
* Dingash Yantra
* Utaansh Yantra

⚫
[[Image:Vedh Shala, Ujjain 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Sundial|Sun Dial]] at the [[Vedh Shala]] in [[Ujjain]], [[India]].]]


==Name==
==Name==
The name "Jantar Mantar" is at least 200 years old, finding a mention in an account from 1803.<ref name=sjsa/> However, the archives of Jaipur State, such as accounts from 1735 and 1737–1738, do not use this as ''Jantra'', which in the spoken language is corrupted to ''Jantar''.<ref name=sjsa/> The word ''Jantra'' is derived from ''[[yantra]]'', instrument, while the suffix ''Mantar'' is derived from mantrana meaning consult or calculate.<ref name=sjsa/> The words ''jantar'' and ''mantar'' (or ''yantra'' and ''mantra'') mean calculation instrument.
The name "Jantar Mantar" is at least 200 years old, being mentioned in an account from 1803.<ref name=sjsa/> However, the archives of Jaipur State, such as accounts from 1735 and 1737–1738, do not use this as ''Jantra'', which in the spoken language is corrupted to ''Jantar''.<ref name=sjsa/> The word ''Jantra'' is derived from ''[[yantra]]'', instrument, while the suffix ''Mantar'' is derived from mantrana meaning consult or calculate.<ref name=sjsa/>


==See also==
==See also==
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* [http://perso.orange.fr/cadrans.solaires/cadrans/cadrans-jaipur.html Pictures with French text]
* [http://perso.orange.fr/cadrans.solaires/cadrans/cadrans-jaipur.html Pictures with French text]
* [http://7thtraveler.com/jantar-mantar-jaipur-history-timings-entry-fee-images-information/ Jantar Mantar Jaipur Timings, Entry Fee]
* [http://7thtraveler.com/jantar-mantar-jaipur-history-timings-entry-fee-images-information/ Jantar Mantar Jaipur Timings, Entry Fee]
* [https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220530-jantar-mantar-indias-mysterious-gateway-to-the-stars India's mysterious gateway to the stars] [[BBC_Online#International-only_site|BBC Travel]] (2022-05-31)


{{Indian astronomy}}
{{Indian astronomy}}

Latest revision as of 18:43, 2 March 2024

For other uses, see Jantar Mantar (disambiguation).

Jantar Mantar in Jaipur
Jai Prakash Yantra Jantar Mantar Jaipur
Jantar Mantar in Jaipur. 1928
Jantar Mantar in New Delhi

A Jantar Mantar (Hindustani pronunciation: [d͡ʒən̪t̪ər mən̪t̪ər]) is an assembly of stone-built astronomical instruments, designed to be used with the naked eye. There were five Jantar Mantars in India. All were built at the command of the Rajah Jai Singh II, who had a keen interest in mathematics, architecture and astronomy. The largest example is the equinoctial sundial belonging to Jaipur's assembly of instruments, consisting of a gigantic triangular gnomon with the hypotenuse parallel to the Earth's axis. On either side of the gnomon is a quadrant of a circle, parallel to the plane of the equator. The instrument can be used with an accuracy of about 20 seconds by a skilled observer to determine the time of day, and the declination of the Sun and the other heavenly bodies. It is the world's largest stone sundial, and is known as the Samrat Yantra.[1][2] The Jaipur Jantar Mantar is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[3]

History

[edit]

In the early 18th century, Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur constructed five Jantar Mantar in total, in New Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Mathura and Varanasi; they were completed between 1724 and 1735. Of these, the observatory at Mathura and the fort that protected it were destroyed before 1857.[4]

As part of Jantar Mantar there were many instruments like Samrat Yantra, Jai Prakash Yantra, Disha Yantra, Rama Yantra, Chakra Yantra, Rashiwalya Yantra, Dingash Yantra and Utaansh Yantra. The primary purpose of the instruments was to compile astronomical tables and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets.

The Sun Dial at the Vedh Shala in Ujjain

Name

[edit]

The name "Jantar Mantar" is at least 200 years old, being mentioned in an account from 1803.[5] However, the archives of Jaipur State, such as accounts from 1735 and 1737–1738, do not use this as Jantra, which in the spoken language is corrupted to Jantar.[5] The word Jantra is derived from yantra, instrument, while the suffix Mantar is derived from mantrana meaning consult or calculate.[5]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Smithsonian (2013). Timelines of Science. Penguin. p. 136. ISBN 978-1465414342.
  2. ^ Archaeological Survey of India, various authors, Nomination of The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur, for inclusion on World Heritage list, p.14 [1]
  3. ^ Unesco listing for Jantar Mantar accessed July 30 2021
  4. ^ "The Observatory Sites". Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  5. ^ a b c Sharma, V‌irendra Nath (1995), Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd., pp. 98–99, ISBN 81-208-1256-5
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jantar Mantar.

26°55′28″N 75°49′29.5″E / 26.92444°N 75.824861°E / 26.92444; 75.824861

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