Mariel, Cuba: Difference between revisions
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{{About|the Cuban town|other uses|Mariel (disambiguation){{!}}Mariel}} |
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{{refimprove|date=October 2013}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> |
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> |
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<!-- Basic info ----------------> |
<!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name = Mariel |
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| other_name = |
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| native_name = |
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| nickname = |
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| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Cuba|Municipality]] |
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|nickname = |
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| motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |
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|settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Cuba|Municipality]] |
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| image_skyline = Mariel 1.jpg |
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| imagesize = |
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<!-- images and maps -----------> |
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| image_caption = View of Mariel and Mariel Bay |
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| image_flag = |
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| image_seal = |
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| image_shield = Shield of Mariel.jpg |
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| shield_size = 120x90px |
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| image_map = Mariel (Cuban municipal map).png |
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| map_caption = Mariel municipality (red) within <br /> Artemisa Province (yellow) and Cuba |
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|shield_size = |
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<!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type = Country |
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|city_logo = |
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| subdivision_name = [[Cuba]] |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Cuba|Province]] |
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|image_map = Mariel (Cuban municipal map).png |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Artemisa Province|Artemisa]] |
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|mapsize = 275px |
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| subdivision_type2 = |
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|map_caption = Mariel municipality (red) within <br> Artemisa Province (yellow) and Cuba |
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| subdivision_name2 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |
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|map_caption1 = |
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| government_footnotes = |
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|image_dot_map = |
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|dot_x = |dot_y = |
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| leader_title1 = |
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| leader_name1 = |
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|pushpin_label_position = none |
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| established_title = |
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|pushpin_map_caption = Location of Mariel in [[Cuba]] |
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| established_date = |
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| established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |
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<!-- Location ------------------> |
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| established_date2 = |
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|coordinates_display = inline,title |
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| established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |
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|coordinates_region = CU |
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| established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |
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|subdivision_type = Country |
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| area_magnitude = |
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| unit_pref = |
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|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Cuba|Province]] |
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| area_footnotes = <ref name=statoids/> |
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|subdivision_name1 = [[Artemisa Province|Artemisa]] |
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| area_total_km2 = 269 |
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| area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |
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|subdivision_name2 = |
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| area_water_km2 = <!-- Population -----------------------> |
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|subdivision_type3 = |
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| population_as_of = 2022 |
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| population_footnotes = <ref name=citypopulation/> |
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|subdivision_type4 = |
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| population_note = |
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| population_total = 44,461 |
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<!-- Politics -----------------> |
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| population_density_km2 = auto |
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|government_footnotes = |
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<!-- General information --------------->| timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] |
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|government_type = |
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| utc_offset = -5 |
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| timezone_DST = |
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| utc_offset_DST = |
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| coordinates = {{coord|22|59|37|N|82|45|14|W|region:CU|display=inline,title}} |
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|leader_name1 = |
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| elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |
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|leader_title2 = |
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| elevation_m = 5 |
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<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->| postal_code_type = |
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|leader_title3 = |
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| postal_code = |
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| area_code = +53-7 |
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| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] |
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|leader_name4 = |
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| blank_info = [[Tropical monsoon climate|Am]] |
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|established_title = |
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| website = |
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| footnotes = |
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|established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |
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|established_date2 = |
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|established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |
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|established_date3 = |
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<!-- Area ---------------------> |
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|area_magnitude = |
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|unit_pref = |
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|area_footnotes =<ref name=statoids/> |
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|area_total_km2 = 269 |
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|area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |
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|area_water_km2 = |
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|area_land_sq_mi = |
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|area_blank1_title = |
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|area_blank1_km2 = |
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<!-- Population -----------------------> |
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|population_as_of = 2004 |
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|population_footnotes = <ref name=atenas/> |
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|population_note = |
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|population_total = 42504 |
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|population_density_km2 = 158.0 |
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|population_urban = |
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|population_density_urban_km2 = |
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|population_blank1_title = |
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|population_blank1 = |
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<!-- General information ---------------> |
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|timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] |
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|utc_offset = -5 |
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|timezone_DST = |
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|utc_offset_DST = |
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|latd= 22|latm= 59|lats= 37|latNS=N |
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|longd= 82|longm= 45|longs= 14|longEW=W |
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|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |
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|elevation_m = 5 |
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<!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |
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|postal_code_type = |
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|postal_code = |
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|area_code = +53-7 |
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|blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] |
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|blank_info = [[Tropical monsoon climate|Am]] |
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|blank1_name = |
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|blank1_info = |
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|website = |
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|footnotes = |
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}} |
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'''Mariel''' is a municipality and town in the [[Artemisa Province]] of [[Cuba]]. It is located approximately {{convert|40|km|mi}} west of the city of [[Havana]]. |
'''Mariel''' is a municipality and town in the [[Artemisa Province]] of [[Cuba]]. It is located approximately {{convert|40|km|mi}} west of the city of [[Havana]]. |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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The town is situated on the south-east side of the [[Mariel Bay]]. The villages of La Boca, Henequen, Mojica, Quiebra Hacha, [[Cabañas, Cuba|Cabañas]] are the major settlements |
The town is situated on the south-east side of the [[Mariel Bay]]. The villages of La Boca, Henequen, Mojica, Quiebra Hacha, and [[Cabañas, Cuba|Cabañas]] are the major settlements composing the municipality of Mariel. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{ill|Agustín Parlá Orduña|es}}, born in [[Key West, Florida|Key West]] on October 11, 1887, of Cuban parents exiled during the struggle for [[Cuban War of Independence|Cuban's independence]], was the first man to fly {{convert|119|mi|km}} over the sea from Key West, [[Florida]] to El Mariel, Cuba, on May 19, 1913. |
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The port of Mariel is the nearest port to the [[United States]]. In 1980, some 125,000 Cubans left Mariel and went to the United States in what is known as the [[Mariel boatlift]]. While many reached the |
The port of Mariel is the nearest port to the [[United States]]. In 1980, some 125,000 Cubans left Mariel and went to the United States in what is known as the [[Mariel boatlift]]. While many reached the US, several died while traveling through the ocean. Those involved became known as "[[Marielitos]]". |
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==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
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In |
In 2022, the municipality of Mariel had a population of 44,461.<ref name="citypopulation">{{Cite web |title=Cuba: Administrative Division (Provinces and Municipalities) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/cuba/admin/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> With a total area of {{convert|269|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name=statoids>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/ycu.html|title=Municipios of Cuba|author=Statoids|date=July 2003| access-date=2007-10-07}}</ref> it has a population density of {{convert|170|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}. |
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==Transport== |
==Transport== |
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===New Port of Mariel Development Project=== |
===New Port of Mariel Development Project=== |
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Following an agreement reached in 2009 between the governments of Brazil and Cuba, the Brazilian engineering |
Following an agreement reached in 2009 between the governments of Brazil and Cuba, the Brazilian engineering firm Grupo [[Odebrecht]] built a new port, including a major container terminal, in partnership with the Cuban company |
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"Zona de Desarrollo Integral de Mariel", a subsidiary of the Cuban military controlled Almacenes Universal S.A.<ref name=NYTimes2014-01-27> |
"Zona de Desarrollo Integral de Mariel", a subsidiary of the Cuban military controlled Almacenes Universal S.A.<ref name=NYTimes2014-01-27> |
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{{cite news |
{{cite news |
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| url = |
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/americas/former-exit-port-for-a-wave-of-cubans-hopes-to-attract-global-shipping.html?_r=0 |
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| title = Former Exit Port for a Wave of Cubans Hopes to Attract Global Shipping |
| title = Former Exit Port for a Wave of Cubans Hopes to Attract Global Shipping |
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| work = [[New York Times]] |
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| author = Damien Cave |
| author = Damien Cave |
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| date = 2014-01-27 |
| date = 2014-01-27 |
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| page = A4 |
| page = A4 |
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| location = Mariel, Cuba |
| location = Mariel, Cuba |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140128213034/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/americas/former-exit-port-for-a-wave-of-cubans-hopes-to-attract-global-shipping.html?_r=2 |
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| archive-date = 2014-01-28 |
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| url-status = live |
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| quote = The port has the capacity to handle 800,000 containers a year. Port officials said that in term of its sophistication, it was already on equal footing with Kingston in Jamaica and Freeport in the Bahamas, two of the Caribbean’s busiest ports. |
| quote = The port has the capacity to handle 800,000 containers a year. Port officials said that in term of its sophistication, it was already on equal footing with Kingston in Jamaica and Freeport in the Bahamas, two of the Caribbean’s busiest ports. |
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}} |
}} |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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This project |
This project received an agreement from the Brazilian government to subsidize it up to US$800 million, out of which $300 million would have been already appropriated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cubabusinessreport.com/the-special-economic-development-zone-of-mariel-zedm/ |title=The Special Economic Development Zone of Mariel (ZEDM) |website=www.cubabusinessreport.com |access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> |
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The port has been dredged to {{convert| |
The port has been dredged to {{convert|18|m|abbr=on|-1}}, enabling it to be used by [[Super-Panamax]] vessels.<ref name=NYTimes2014-01-27/> |
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Various Cuban and international media (such as Reuters) |
Various Cuban and international media (such as Reuters) report the future Port of Mariel would be designed to have an initial {{convert|700|m|yd|abbr=off}} of berth length, enabling it to receive simultaneously two large ocean vessels. Plans through 2022 call for Mariel to house logistics facilities for offshore oil exploration and development, a new container terminal, general cargo, bulk and refrigerated handling and storage facilities as well as a Special Economic Development Zone for light manufacturing and storage. The new Mariel Port can handle deeper vessels than Havana Bay, where a tunnel under the channel restricts depths to {{convert|11|m|ft|abbr=off}}. The Mariel container terminal would have an annual capacity of 850,000 to 1 million containers, compared with Havana's 350,000. These developments should enable Mariel to accommodate the very large container ships which will transit from Asia through the Panama Canal once the enlargement of the latter is completed in the summer of 2014.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.theworldreporter.com/2013/11/mariel-harbor-road-change-cubas-communism.html| title=Mariel Harbor: Road to Change in Cuba's Communism| author= Sanskar Shrivastava| year= 2013| access-date=2013-11-28}}</ref> |
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Early June 2011 it was announced that the contract for the operation of the future new Port of Mariel container terminal had been awarded by the Cuban government to [[PSA International]], a leading global Singaporean port operator. Earlier on, it had been reported that the Emirati operator [[DP World]] (Dubai Ports World) was the leading contender for this contract. |
Early June 2011 it was announced that the contract for the operation of the future new Port of Mariel container terminal had been awarded by the Cuban government to [[PSA International]], a leading global Singaporean port operator. Earlier on, it had been reported that the Emirati operator [[DP World]] (Dubai Ports World) was the leading contender for this contract. |
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Mariel is ideally situated to handle U.S. cargoes when the American trade embargo is eventually lifted, and will receive U.S. food exports already flowing into the country under a 2000 amendment to the US sanctions.<ref name=NYTimes2014-01-27/> If these technical and political developments occur, and if the Mariel container terminal |
Mariel is ideally situated to handle U.S. cargoes when the American trade embargo is eventually lifted, and will receive U.S. food exports already flowing into the country under a 2000 amendment to the US sanctions.<ref name=NYTimes2014-01-27/> If these technical and political developments occur, and if the Mariel container terminal are operationally and financially competitive, Mariel could become one of the major hub ports of the Caribbean region, competing against the existing hub ports of [[Freeport, Bahamas|Freeport]], [[Bahamas]]; [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], [[Jamaica]]; [[Multimodal Caucedo Port]], [[Dominican Republic]]; [[Port of Spain]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]]; and [[Panama]], which receive very large container ships with cargo containers originating or bound to multiple regional origins and destinations, including US ports. |
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The new port, with improved highway, railroad, and communications infrastructure, began operating in January 2014. Brazilian President [[Dilma Rousseff]] accompanied [[Raúl Castro]] to inaugurate the first completed section of the new container terminal.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=220}} |
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The President of Cuba, [[Raul Castro]], already made two visits to the Mariel development zone to inspect the progress of the works, including one visit in June 2011 together with the former Brazilian President [[Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva]] under whom the agreement to support the development of Mariel had been reached. |
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Cuba created the [[special economic zone]] in 2014 with the goal of using tax breaks and customs breaks to attract foreign investment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2017 |title=Caterpillar dealer to open shop in Cuba special development zone |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/cuba-usa-caterpillar/update-1-caterpillar-dealer-to-open-shop-in-cuba-special-development-zone-idUSL2N1N71LW/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> As of late 2018, 43 applications from foreign businesses had been approved and 17 foreign companies were operating in the zone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Yaffe |first=Helen |title=We Are Cuba! How a Revolutionary People Have Survived in a Post-Soviet World |date=2020 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-23003-1 |edition=hardcover |location=USA}}</ref>{{Rp|page=203}} As of 2023, Havana Energy and French utility Hive are building utility-scale [[Solar power|solar energy plants]] in the zone.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|page=159}} |
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The new port, with improved highway, railroad, and communications infrastructure, began operating in January 2014. As of August 2014, the special economic zone was still under construction.<ref>http://www.ipsnews.net/2014/08/cuba-sees-its-future-in-mariel-port-hand-in-hand-with-brazil/</ref> |
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The special development zone is exempt from normal Cuban economic legislation.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Cederlöf |first=Gustav |title=The Low-Carbon Contradiction: Energy Transition, Geopolitics, and the Infrastructural State in Cuba |date=2023 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-39313-4 |series=Critical environments: nature, science, and politics |location=Oakland, California}}</ref>{{Rp|page=159}} Foreign investors in the zone must contribute 0.5% of their income to the SDZ development and maintenance fund and pay a 1% sales and service tax for local transactions.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=323}} Cuban enterprises which supply domestic products and services to foreign businesses operating in the zone are permitted to retain 50% of their profits.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=332}} |
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==People== |
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*[[Mariel Hemingway]] received her given name from this town. |
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==Notable Person== |
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*[[Mariel Hemingway]] was named after this town. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Mariel boatlift]] |
*[[Mariel boatlift]] |
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*[[Mariel Municipal Museum]] |
*[[Mariel Municipal Museum]] |
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*[[Autopista Havana–Mariel]] |
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*[[Municipalities of Cuba]] |
*[[Municipalities of Cuba]] |
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*[[List of cities in Cuba]] |
*[[List of cities in Cuba]] |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* {{ |
* {{Commons category-inline}} |
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{{Adjacent communities |
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| Centre = Mariel |
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| N = ''[[Straits of Florida]]'' |
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| E = [[Caimito, Cuba|Caimito]] |
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| S = [[Artemisa]], [[Guanajay]] |
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| W = [[Bahía Honda, Cuba|Bahía Honda]] |
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| NW = ''[[Gulf of Mexico]]'' |
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}} |
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{{Municipalities in Artemisa}} |
{{Municipalities in Artemisa}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Populated places in Artemisa Province]] |
[[Category:Populated places in Artemisa Province]] |
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[[Category:Port cities and towns in Cuba]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:57, 22 March 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2013) |
Mariel | |
|---|---|
 View of Mariel and Mariel Bay | |
 Coat of arms | |
.png) Mariel municipality (red) within Artemisa Province (yellow) and Cuba | |
| Coordinates: 22°59′37″N 82°45′14″W / 22.99361°N 82.75389°W | |
| Country | Cuba |
| Province | Artemisa |
| Area | |
| • Total | 269 km2 (104 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 5 m (16 ft) |
| Population (2022)[2] | |
| • Total | 44,461 |
| • Density | 170/km2 (430/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Area code | +53-7 |
| Climate | Am |
Mariel is a municipality and town in the Artemisa Province of Cuba. It is located approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of the city of Havana.
Geography
[edit]The town is situated on the south-east side of the Mariel Bay. The villages of La Boca, Henequen, Mojica, Quiebra Hacha, and Cabañas are the major settlements composing the municipality of Mariel.
History
[edit]Agustín Parlá Orduña, born in Key West on October 11, 1887, of Cuban parents exiled during the struggle for Cuban's independence, was the first man to fly 119 miles (192 km) over the sea from Key West, Florida to El Mariel, Cuba, on May 19, 1913.
The port of Mariel is the nearest port to the United States. In 1980, some 125,000 Cubans left Mariel and went to the United States in what is known as the Mariel boatlift. While many reached the US, several died while traveling through the ocean. Those involved became known as "Marielitos".
Demographics
[edit]In 2022, the municipality of Mariel had a population of 44,461.[2] With a total area of 269 km2 (104 sq mi),[1] it has a population density of 170/km2 (440/sq mi).
Transport
[edit]Overview
[edit]On the east side of the bay are a port, cement works and a power station, which contribute to very high levels of environmental contamination. On the west side of the bay is a former submarine base, later designated as a free trade zone.
New Port of Mariel Development Project
[edit]Following an agreement reached in 2009 between the governments of Brazil and Cuba, the Brazilian engineering firm Grupo Odebrecht built a new port, including a major container terminal, in partnership with the Cuban company "Zona de Desarrollo Integral de Mariel", a subsidiary of the Cuban military controlled Almacenes Universal S.A.[3] This project received an agreement from the Brazilian government to subsidize it up to US$800 million, out of which $300 million would have been already appropriated.[4]
The port has been dredged to 18 m (60 ft), enabling it to be used by Super-Panamax vessels.[3]
Various Cuban and international media (such as Reuters) report the future Port of Mariel would be designed to have an initial 700 metres (770 yards) of berth length, enabling it to receive simultaneously two large ocean vessels. Plans through 2022 call for Mariel to house logistics facilities for offshore oil exploration and development, a new container terminal, general cargo, bulk and refrigerated handling and storage facilities as well as a Special Economic Development Zone for light manufacturing and storage. The new Mariel Port can handle deeper vessels than Havana Bay, where a tunnel under the channel restricts depths to 11 metres (36 feet). The Mariel container terminal would have an annual capacity of 850,000 to 1 million containers, compared with Havana's 350,000. These developments should enable Mariel to accommodate the very large container ships which will transit from Asia through the Panama Canal once the enlargement of the latter is completed in the summer of 2014.[5]
Early June 2011 it was announced that the contract for the operation of the future new Port of Mariel container terminal had been awarded by the Cuban government to PSA International, a leading global Singaporean port operator. Earlier on, it had been reported that the Emirati operator DP World (Dubai Ports World) was the leading contender for this contract.
Mariel is ideally situated to handle U.S. cargoes when the American trade embargo is eventually lifted, and will receive U.S. food exports already flowing into the country under a 2000 amendment to the US sanctions.[3] If these technical and political developments occur, and if the Mariel container terminal are operationally and financially competitive, Mariel could become one of the major hub ports of the Caribbean region, competing against the existing hub ports of Freeport, Bahamas; Kingston, Jamaica; Multimodal Caucedo Port, Dominican Republic; Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago; and Panama, which receive very large container ships with cargo containers originating or bound to multiple regional origins and destinations, including US ports.
The new port, with improved highway, railroad, and communications infrastructure, began operating in January 2014. Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff accompanied Raúl Castro to inaugurate the first completed section of the new container terminal.[6]: 220
Cuba created the special economic zone in 2014 with the goal of using tax breaks and customs breaks to attract foreign investment.[7] As of late 2018, 43 applications from foreign businesses had been approved and 17 foreign companies were operating in the zone.[6]: 203 As of 2023, Havana Energy and French utility Hive are building utility-scale solar energy plants in the zone.[8]: 159
The special development zone is exempt from normal Cuban economic legislation.[8]: 159 Foreign investors in the zone must contribute 0.5% of their income to the SDZ development and maintenance fund and pay a 1% sales and service tax for local transactions.[6]: 323 Cuban enterprises which supply domestic products and services to foreign businesses operating in the zone are permitted to retain 50% of their profits.[6]: 332
Notable Person
[edit]- Mariel Hemingway was named after this town.
See also
[edit]
- Mariel boatlift
- Mariel Municipal Museum
- Autopista Havana–Mariel
- Municipalities of Cuba
- List of cities in Cuba
References
[edit]- ^ a b Statoids (July 2003). "Municipios of Cuba". Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- ^ a b "Cuba: Administrative Division (Provinces and Municipalities) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
- ^ a b c
Damien Cave (2014-01-27). "Former Exit Port for a Wave of Cubans Hopes to Attract Global Shipping". New York Times. Mariel, Cuba. p. A4. Archived from the original on 2014-01-28.
The port has the capacity to handle 800,000 containers a year. Port officials said that in term of its sophistication, it was already on equal footing with Kingston in Jamaica and Freeport in the Bahamas, two of the Caribbean's busiest ports.
- ^ "The Special Economic Development Zone of Mariel (ZEDM)". www.cubabusinessreport.com. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
- ^ Sanskar Shrivastava (2013). "Mariel Harbor: Road to Change in Cuba's Communism". Retrieved 2013-11-28.
- ^ a b c d Yaffe, Helen (2020). We Are Cuba! How a Revolutionary People Have Survived in a Post-Soviet World (hardcover ed.). USA: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-23003-1.
- ^ "Caterpillar dealer to open shop in Cuba special development zone". Reuters. November 1, 2017.
- ^ a b Cederlöf, Gustav (2023). The Low-Carbon Contradiction: Energy Transition, Geopolitics, and the Infrastructural State in Cuba. Critical environments: nature, science, and politics. Oakland, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-39313-4.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Mariel, Cuba at Wikimedia Commons
Places adjacent to Mariel, Cuba | |
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| Authority control databases: National |
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