Hensleigh Wedgwood: Difference between revisions

Hensleigh Wedgwood
Hensleigh Wedgwood
Born	21 January 1803; Tarrant Gunville, Dorset, England
Died	2 June 1891 (aged 88); Gower Street, London, England
Resting place	Stoke Minster (The Church of St. Peter ad Vincula); 53°00′15″N 02°10′53″W / 53.00417°N 2.18139°W
Alma mater	Christ's College, Cambridge
Occupation(s)	Barrister, magistrate, Philologist
Known for	Writing on English etymology
Spouse	Frances Emma Elizabeth "Fanny" Mackintosh;
Children	6
Parents	Josiah Wedgwood II (1769–1843); Elizabeth Allen (1764–1846);
Relatives	Charles Darwin (cousin); Emma Darwin (sister); Thomas Wedgwood (uncle); Susannah Darwin (aunt);

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Hensleigh Wedgwood (21 January 1803 – 2 June 1891) was a British etymologist, philologist and barrister, author of A Dictionary of English Etymology. He was a cousin of Charles Darwin, whom his sister Emma married in 1839.^[1]

Early life

Wedgwood was born at Tarrant Gunville in Dorset, the fourth son of Josiah Wedgwood II and Elizabeth Allen of Cresselly, Pembrokeshire.^[1]

He was educated at Rugby School, then entered St John's College, Cambridge in 1820 but switched to Christ's College the following year.^[2] Although he did well in maths, graduating as 8th wrangler, he finished bottom in the classical tripos at Cambridge in 1824, for which he was awarded the first "wooden wedge", equivalent to the wooden spoon,^[1] and jokingly named for him.^[3]

Career

After leaving Cambridge, Wedgwood read for the chancery bar. In 1828, he qualified as a barrister, but never practised.^[1] Between 1831 and 1837, he served as a police magistrate and sat at the Surrey magistrates' court at Union Hall, Southwark.^{[citation needed]}

A notable case that came before him during his tenure was that of James Pratt and John Smith in 1835, whom he committed to trial after their arrest for homosexual acts. After their trial and conviction at the Central Criminal Court, the two became the last to be executed for sodomy in England. This was in spite of Wedgwood himself calling for a commutation of their death sentences in a letter to the Home Secretary.^[4]^[5]

Wedgwood resigned from the magistracy after deciding that one of his duties, the administrations of oaths, was inconsistent with the commandments of the New Testament. Between 1838 and 1849, he held the post of Registrar of Metropolitan Public Carriage.^[1]

His main fields of study were philology and etymology. His Dictionary of Etymology was published in 1857. He was a founding member of the Philological Society.^[1]

Spiritualism

Wedgwood became interested in spiritualism and attended séances. In 1874, he attempted to get T.H. Huxley involved in spiritualism by sending him an alleged spirit photograph. Huxley was not impressed and suggested the photograph had been produced fraudulently by the use of a second image placed on the plate inside the camera. Hensleigh refused to believe this explanation and considered the photograph to be genuine.^[6]

Wedgwood was a member of the British National Association of Spiritualists and a vice-president of the Society for Psychical Research.^[7]

Personal life

He married Frances Emma Elizabeth "Fanny" Mackintosh (1800–1889) in 1832, his first cousin, the daughter of Sir James Mackintosh and his second wife Catherine "Kitty" Allen (Hensleigh's mother's sister).^[1] Their children include:

Frances Julia Wedgwood (1833–1913), feminist, philosopher and writer.^{[citation needed]}
James Mackintosh Wedgwood (1834–1864)^{[citation needed]}
Miles Wedgwood (1835-1836)^[8]
Ernest Hensleigh Wedgwood (1837–1898)^{[citation needed]}
Katherine Euphemia Wedgwood (1839–1934), married Thomas Farrer, 1st Baron Farrer.^{[citation needed]}
Alfred Allen Wedgwood (1842–1892), father of J. I. Wedgwood.^{[citation needed]}
Hope Elizabeth (1844–1935) married her cousin Godfrey Wedgwood.^{[citation needed]}

Wedgwood died on 2 June 1891 at his house at 94 Gower Street, London.^[1] He was buried at the Church of St. Peter ad Vincula, Stoke on Trent, now known as Stoke Minster. His funeral on 4 June 1891 was noted in his sister's diary.^[9]

Legacy

A collection of around 550 books from his library is held by the library of the University of Birmingham. They were donated to the university by his daughter, Frances Julia Wedgwood.^[10]

Partial list of works

The Principles of Geometrical Demonstration, 1844
On the Development of Understanding, 1848.
The Geometry of the Three First Books of Euclid by Direct Proofs from Definitions Alone, 1856.
On the Origin of Language, 1866.
A Dictionary of English Etymology, Second Edition, 1872.
Contested Etymologies in the Dictionary of Rev. W. W. Skeat, 1882.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Herford, C.H.; Rev. John D. Haigh (2004). "Wedgwood, Hensleigh (1803–1891)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28965. Retrieved 9 May 2010. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "Wedgewood (or Wedgwood), Hensleigh (WGWT820H)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ Bristed, Charles Astor (1852). Five years in an English university. G.P. Putnam. p. 253.
^ Cocks (2010) p. 38
^ Upchurch (2009), p. 112.
^ Browne, E. Janet. (2003). Charles Darwin: The Power of Place, Volume 2. Princeton University Press. p. 404. ISBN 978-0691114392
^ Oppenheim, Janet. (1988). The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850-1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0521347679
^ Marshall, Madison (2022). Reading kinship: intellectual influence, authorial formation, and the father-daughter relationship of Hensleigh and Julia 'Snow' Wedgwood. pp. 39, 319, https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/32691/.
^ "Renshaw's Diary & Almanack 1891". Darwin-online.org. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
^ "The Hensleigh Wedgwood collection". University of Birmingham. Retrieved 31 May 2014.

Bibliography

Cocks, H.G. (2010). Nameless Offences, Homosexual Desire in the 19th Century. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781848850903.
Marshall, Madison (2022). Reading Kinship: Intellectual Influence, Authorial Formation and the Father-Daughter Relationship of Hensleigh and Julia 'Snow' Wedgwood. https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/32691/
Upchurch, Charles (2009). Before Wilde: Sex between Men in Britain's Age of Reform. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520258532.

External links

Hensleigh Wedgwood profile, darwin.lib.cam.ac.uk
Hensleigh Wedgwood and The Wooden Spoon @ Ward's Book of Days, wardsbookofdays.com

[odnb-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Herford, C.H.; Rev. John D. Haigh (2004). "Wedgwood, Hensleigh (1803–1891)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28965. Retrieved 9 May 2010. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[2] "Wedgewood (or Wedgwood), Hensleigh (WGWT820H)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.

[3] Bristed, Charles Astor (1852). Five years in an English university. G.P. Putnam. p. 253.

[4] Cocks (2010) p. 38

[5] Upchurch (2009), p. 112.

[6] Browne, E. Janet. (2003). Charles Darwin: The Power of Place, Volume 2. Princeton University Press. p. 404. ISBN 978-0691114392

[7] Oppenheim, Janet. (1988). The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850-1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0521347679

[8] Marshall, Madison (2022). Reading kinship: intellectual influence, authorial formation, and the father-daughter relationship of Hensleigh and Julia 'Snow' Wedgwood. pp. 39, 319, https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/32691/.

[9] "Renshaw's Diary & Almanack 1891". Darwin-online.org. Retrieved 26 October 2021.

[10] "The Hensleigh Wedgwood collection". University of Birmingham. Retrieved 31 May 2014.

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@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 | birth_name  =
 | birth_date  = {{Birth date|1803|01|21|df=yes}}
-| birth_place = [[Tarrant Gunville]], Dorset
+| birth_place = [[Tarrant Gunville]], Dorset, England
 | death_date  = {{Death date and age|1891|06|2|1803|01|21|df=yes}}
-| death_place = [[Gower Street, London]]<ref name="odnb"/>
+| death_place = [[Gower Street, London]], England<ref name="odnb"/>
 | resting_place = [[Stoke Minster]] (The Church of St. Peter ad Vincula)
 | resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|53|00|15|N|02|10|53|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline}}
-| nationality = English
 | parents     ={{Plainlist|
 * [[Josiah Wedgwood II]] (1769–1843)
@@ Line 18: / Line 17: @@
 * [[Charles Darwin]] (cousin)
 * [[Emma Darwin]] (sister)
-* [[Thomas Wedgwood (photographer)]] (uncle)
+* [[Thomas Wedgwood (photographer)|Thomas Wedgwood]] (uncle)
+* [[Susannah Darwin]] (aunt)
 }}
 | occupation   = Barrister, magistrate, Philologist
-| children     =six
+| children     = 6
 | alma_mater   = [[Christ's College, Cambridge]]
 | spouse       = {{Plainlist |
-* Frances Emma Elizabeth Mackintosh
+* Frances Emma Elizabeth "Fanny" Mackintosh
 }}
-| known_for   = Writing on English Etymology
+| known_for   = Writing on English etymology
 }}
-'''Hensleigh Wedgwood''' (21 January 1803 – 2 June 1891) was a British [[etymologist]], [[philologist]] and [[barrister]], author of ''[[A Dictionary of English Etymology]]''. He was a cousin of [[Charles Darwin]], whom his sister [[Emma Darwin|Emma]] married in 1839.<ref name="odnb">{{Cite web|last=Herford|first=C.H.|author2=Rev. John D. Haigh|title=Wedgwood, Hensleigh (1803–1891)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28965|accessdate=9 May 2010}}</ref>
+'''Hensleigh Wedgwood''' (21 January 1803 – 2 June 1891) was a British [[etymologist]], [[philologist]] and [[barrister]], author of ''[[A Dictionary of English Etymology]]''. He was a cousin of [[Charles Darwin]], whom his sister [[Emma Darwin|Emma]] married in 1839.<ref name="odnb">{{Cite ODNB|last=Herford|first=C.H.|author2=Rev. John D. Haigh|title=Wedgwood, Hensleigh (1803–1891)|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/28965|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28965|access-date=9 May 2010}}</ref>
 ==Early life==
 Wedgwood was born at [[Tarrant Gunville]] in Dorset, the fourth son of [[Josiah Wedgwood II]] and Elizabeth Allen of Cresselly, Pembrokeshire.<ref name="odnb"/>
-He was educated at [[Rugby School]], then entered [[St John's College, Cambridge]] in 1820 but switched to [[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]] the following year.<ref>{{acad|id=WGWT820H|name=Wedgewood (or Wedgwood), Hensleigh}}</ref> Though he did well in maths, graduating as 8th [[wrangler (University of Cambridge)|wrangler]], he finished bottom in the [[classics|classical]] [[tripos]] at Cambridge in 1824, for which he was awarded the first "wooden wedge", equivalent to the [[wooden spoon (award)|wooden spoon]],<ref name="odnb"/> and jokingly named for him.<ref>{{cite book|title=Five years in an English university|url=https://archive.org/details/fiveyearsinanen00brisgoog|first=Charles Astor|last=Bristed|publisher=G.P. Putnam|year=1852|page=[https://archive.org/details/fiveyearsinanen00brisgoog/page/n268 253]|authorlink=Charles Astor Bristed}}</ref>
+He was educated at [[Rugby School]], then entered [[St John's College, Cambridge]] in 1820 but switched to [[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]] the following year.<ref>{{acad|id=WGWT820H|name=Wedgewood (or Wedgwood), Hensleigh}}</ref> Although he did well in maths, graduating as 8th [[wrangler (University of Cambridge)|wrangler]], he finished bottom in the [[classics|classical]] [[tripos]] at Cambridge in 1824, for which he was awarded the first "wooden wedge", equivalent to the [[wooden spoon (award)|wooden spoon]],<ref name="odnb"/> and jokingly named for him.<ref>{{cite book|title=Five years in an English university|url=https://archive.org/details/fiveyearsinanen00brisgoog|first=Charles Astor|last=Bristed|publisher=G.P. Putnam|year=1852|page=[https://archive.org/details/fiveyearsinanen00brisgoog/page/n268 253]|author-link=Charles Astor Bristed}}</ref>
 ==Career==
-After leaving Cambridge, Wedgwood read for the [[Court of Chancery|chancery bar]]. In 1828, he qualified as a barrister, but never practised.<ref name="odnb"/> Between 1831 and 1837, he served as a [[police magistrate]] and sat at the Surrey magistrates' court at Union Hall, Southwark.
+After leaving Cambridge, Wedgwood read for the [[Court of Chancery|chancery bar]]. In 1828, he qualified as a barrister, but never practised.<ref name="odnb"/> Between 1831 and 1837, he served as a [[police magistrate]] and sat at the Surrey magistrates' court at Union Hall, Southwark.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
-A notable case that came before him during his tenure was that of [[James Pratt and John Smith]] in 1835, whom he [[Committal procedure|committed to trial]] after their arrest for homosexual acts. After their trial and conviction at the [[Central Criminal Court (England and Wales)|Central Criminal Court]], the two became the last to be executed for sodomy in England. This was in spite of Wedgwood himself calling for a commutation of their death sentences in a letter to the Home Secretary.<ref>Cocks (2010) p.38</ref><ref>Upchurch (2009), p. 112.</ref>
+A notable case that came before him during his tenure was that of [[James Pratt and John Smith]] in 1835, whom he [[Committal procedure|committed to trial]] after their arrest for homosexual acts. After their trial and conviction at the [[Central Criminal Court (England and Wales)|Central Criminal Court]], the two became the last to be executed for sodomy in England. This was in spite of Wedgwood himself calling for a commutation of their death sentences in a letter to the Home Secretary.<ref>Cocks (2010) p. 38</ref><ref>Upchurch (2009), p. 112.</ref>
 Wedgwood resigned from the magistracy after deciding that one of his duties, the administrations of [[oath]]s, was inconsistent with the commandments of the New Testament. Between 1838 and 1849, he held the post of Registrar of Metropolitan Public Carriage.<ref name="odnb"/>
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 ==Spiritualism==
+Wedgwood became interested in [[Spiritualism (movement)|spiritualism]] and attended [[séance]]s. In 1874, he attempted to get [[Thomas Henry Huxley|T.H. Huxley]] involved in spiritualism by sending him an alleged [[Spirit photography|spirit photograph]]. Huxley was not impressed and suggested the photograph had been produced fraudulently by the use of a second image placed on the plate inside the camera. Hensleigh refused to believe this explanation and considered the photograph to be genuine.<ref>Browne, E. Janet. (2003). ''Charles Darwin: The Power of Place, Volume 2''. Princeton University Press. p. 404. {{ISBN|978-0691114392}}</ref>
-Wedgwood became interested in [[spiritualism]] and attended [[séance]]s. In 1874, he attempted to get [[Thomas Henry Huxley|T.H. Huxley]] involved in spiritualism by sending him an alleged [[Spirit photography|spirit photograph]]. Huxley was not impressed and suggested the photograph had been produced fraudulently by the use of a second image placed on the plate inside the camera. Hensleigh refused to believe this explanation and considered the photograph to be genuine.<ref>Browne, E. Janet. (2003). ''Charles Darwin: The Power of Place, Volume 2''. Princeton University Press. p. 404. {{ISBN|978-0691114392}}</ref>
 Wedgwood was a member of the [[British National Association of Spiritualists]] and a vice-president of the [[Society for Psychical Research]].<ref>Oppenheim, Janet. (1988). ''The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850-1914''. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. {{ISBN|978-0521347679}}</ref>
 ==Personal life==
-He married [[:Frances Emma Elizabeth "Fanny" Mackintosh]] (1800–1889) in 1832, his first cousin, the daughter of Sir [[James Mackintosh]] and his second wife Catherine "Kitty" Allen.<ref name="odnb"/> They had six children:
+He married Frances Emma Elizabeth "Fanny" Mackintosh (1800–1889) in 1832, his first cousin, the daughter of Sir [[James Mackintosh]] and his second wife Catherine "Kitty" Allen (Hensleigh's mother's sister).<ref name="odnb"/> Their children include:
-* [[Frances Julia Wedgwood]] (1833–1913), feminist philosopher and writer known as "Snow".
+* [[Frances Julia Wedgwood]] (1833–1913), feminist, philosopher and writer.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
-* James Mackintosh Wedgwood (1834–1874)
+* James Mackintosh Wedgwood (1834–1864){{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
+* Miles Wedgwood (1835-1836)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=Madison |title=Reading kinship: intellectual influence, authorial formation, and the father-daughter relationship of Hensleigh and Julia 'Snow' Wedgwood |date=2022 |pages=39, 319, https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/32691/}}</ref>
-* Ernest Hensleigh Wedgwood (1837–1898)
+* Ernest Hensleigh Wedgwood (1837–1898){{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
-* Katherine Euphemia Wedgwood (1839–1934), married [[Thomas Farrer, 1st Baron Farrer]].
+* Katherine Euphemia Wedgwood (1839–1934), married [[Thomas Farrer, 1st Baron Farrer]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
-* Alfred Allen Wedgwood (1842–1892), father of [[J. I. Wedgwood]].
+* Alfred Allen Wedgwood (1842–1892), father of [[J. I. Wedgwood]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
-* Hope Elizabeth (1844–1935) married her cousin [[Godfrey Wedgwood]].
+* Hope Elizabeth (1844–1935) married her cousin [[Godfrey Wedgwood]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
-Wedgwood died on 2 June 1891 at his house at 94 [[Gower Street, London]].<ref name="odnb"/> He was buried at the  Church of St. Peter ad Vincula, [[Stoke on Trent]], now known as [[Stoke Minster]]. His funeral on 4 June 1891 was noted in his sister's diary. <ref>http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=CUL-DAR242%5B.55%5D&viewtype=image&pageseq=1</ref>
+Wedgwood died on 2 June 1891 at his house at 94 [[Gower Street, London]].<ref name="odnb"/> He was buried at the  Church of St. Peter ad Vincula, [[Stoke on Trent]], now known as [[Stoke Minster]]. His funeral on 4 June 1891 was noted in his sister's diary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=CUL-DAR242%5B.55%5D&viewtype=image&pageseq=1|title=Renshaw's Diary & Almanack 1891|website=Darwin-online.org|access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref>
 ==Legacy==
-A collection of around 550 books from his library is held by the library of the [[University of Birmingham]]. They were donated to the university by his daughter, [[Frances Julia Wedgwood]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/facilities/cadbury/rarebooks/wedgwood.aspx|title=The Hensleigh Wedgwood collection|publisher=University of Birmingham|accessdate=31 May 2014}}</ref>
+A collection of around 550 books from his library is held by the library of the [[University of Birmingham]]. They were donated to the university by his daughter, [[Frances Julia Wedgwood]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/facilities/cadbury/rarebooks/wedgwood.aspx|title=The Hensleigh Wedgwood collection|publisher=University of Birmingham|access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref>
 ==Partial list of works==
 * ''The Principles of Geometrical Demonstration'', 1844
 * [https://archive.org/details/ondevelopmentun00wedggoog ''On the Development of Understanding''], 1848.
+* ''The Geometry of the Three First Books of Euclid by Direct Proofs from Definitions Alone'', 1856.
 * [https://archive.org/details/onoriginoflangua00wedg ''On the Origin of Language''], 1866.
 * [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofengl00wedgrich ''A Dictionary of English Etymology'', Second Edition], 1872.
@@ Line 80: / Line 81: @@
 ==Bibliography==
-*{{cite book|title=Nameless Offences, Homosexual Desire in the 19th Century|publisher=I.B.Taurus & Co.|year=2010|isbn=9781848850903}}
+*{{cite book|title=Nameless Offences, Homosexual Desire in the 19th Century|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|last1=Cocks|first1=H.G.|year=2010|isbn=9781848850903}}
-*{{cite book|title=Before Wilde: Sex between Men in Britain's Age of Reform|publisher=University of California Press|last1=Upchurch|first1=Charles|year=2009|isbn=0520258533}}
+*{{cite book|title='' ''Reading Kinship: Intellectual Influence, Authorial Formation and the Father-Daughter Relationship of Hensleigh and Julia 'Snow' Wedgwood|last1=Marshall|first1=Madison|year=2022}} https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/32691/
+*{{cite book|title=Before Wilde: Sex between Men in Britain's Age of Reform|publisher=University of California Press|last1=Upchurch|first1=Charles|year=2009|isbn=978-0520258532}}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 93: / Line 95: @@
 [[Category:1891 deaths]]
 [[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
-[[Category:Contributors to the Oxford English Dictionary]]
 [[Category:Darwin–Wedgwood family]]
 [[Category:English spiritualists]]
 [[Category:Etymologists]]
-[[Category:Parapsychologists]]
+[[Category:British parapsychologists]]
 [[Category:People from Dorset]]

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