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{{Short description|Internet country code top-level domain for Somalia}}
{{about|the top-level domain|the filename extension|Executable and Linkable Format}}
{{about|the top-level domain|the filename extension|Executable and Linkable Format}}
{{Infobox Top level domain
{{Infobox Top level domain
|name=.so
|name=.so
|background=#CCF
|background=#CCF
|image=[[File:Somdomdotso.jpg|.so Internet domain registration]]
|image=SO domain logo.svg
|introduced=1997
|introduced=28 August 1997
|type=[[Country code top-level domain]]
|type=[[Country code top-level domain]]
|status=Active
|status=Active
Line 14: Line 15:
|structure=Registrations can be made via authorized registrars
|structure=Registrations can be made via authorized registrars
|document=Somalia .so
|document=Somalia .so
|disputepolicy=[http://www.nic.so/content/images/files/dotSO%20Domain%20Name%20Registration%20Policies_v1.1.pdf dotSO Domain Name Registration Policies]<br>[http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/cctld/so/index.html WIPO]
|disputepolicy=[http://sonic.so/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/dotso-domain-name-registration-policies_v1.1_2.pdf .so domain name registration policies]<br />[http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/cctld/so/index.html WIPO]
|website= [http://www.nic.so/ SONIC]
|website= {{url|https://sonic.so/}}
}}
}}


'''.so''' is the [[internet]] [[country code top-level domain]] (ccTLD) for [[Somalia]]. After a long absence, the .so domain was officially relaunched on November 1, 2010, by .SO Registry, which is regulated by the nation's Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications.<ref name="Soreg">[http://www.soregistry.so/ SO Registry]</ref> It was launched through various accredited [[Domain name registrar|registrar]]s around the world.
'''.so''' is the [[internet]] [[country code top-level domain]] (ccTLD) for [[Somalia]]. After a long absence, the .so domain was officially relaunched on November 1, 2010, by .SO Registry, which is regulated by the nation's Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications.<ref name="Soreg">{{Cite web |url=http://www.soregistry.so/ |title=SO Registry |access-date=2010-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031021901/http://www.soregistry.so/ |archive-date=2014-10-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was launched through various accredited [[Domain name registrar|registrar]]s around the world.


⚫
On 11 July 2013 the [[ISO 3166-1]] code for Somalia changed to reflect the SO used for the [[ccTLD]].
⚫
On March 9, 2018, Somalia's newly established telecom regulator The National Communications Authority (NCA) took full control of the country's top-level internet domain (dotSO) from the Somali National Information Center (SONIC) and Cloudy Registry, who ran the operations and the management of the domain Registry.<ref>http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-03/10/c_137028160.htm</ref> On July 8, 2015, the .so ccTLD registry was transferred to the Somali Network Information Center (SONIC),<ref>[http://www.nic.so/2015/07/15/migration/ Migration - SONIC]</ref> which introduced new limitations on purchasing '''.so''' domain names by persons and organizations not affiliated with Somalia.<ref>[https://www.openprovider.co.uk/about-openprovider/news/upcoming-changes-somalian-so-domains OpenProvider: Upcoming Changes to SO Domains]</ref><ref>[http://www.gandi.net/domain/so/info Gandi .so Domain Names]</ref>


On July 8, 2015, the .so ccTLD registry was transferred to the Somali Network Information Center (SONIC),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nic.so/2015/07/15/migration/ |title=Migration - SONIC |access-date=2015-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722085711/http://www.nic.so/2015/07/15/migration/ |archive-date=2015-07-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which introduced new limitations on purchasing '''.so''' domain names by persons and organizations not affiliated with Somalia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.openprovider.co.uk/about-openprovider/news/upcoming-changes-somalian-so-domains |title=OpenProvider: Upcoming Changes to SO Domains |access-date=2015-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722074929/https://www.openprovider.co.uk/about-openprovider/news/upcoming-changes-somalian-so-domains |archive-date=2015-07-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=.so domain names|url=https://www.gandi.net/en/domain/tld/so|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Gandi.net|language=en}}</ref> As a result, several registrars suspended the registration of new '''.so''' domain names.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://uk.godaddy.com/help/about-so-domains-8805 |title = About .so Domains|website=uk.godaddy.com }}</ref>
⚫
On 11 July, 2013 the [[ISO 3166-1]] code for Somalia changed to reflect the SO used for the [[ccTLD]].

⚫
On March 9, 2018, Somalia's newly established telecom regulator The National Communications Authority (NCA) took full control of the country's top-level internet domain (dotSO) from the Somali National Information Center (SONIC) and Cloudy Registry, who ran the operations and the management of the domain Registry.<ref name="xinhuanet.com">{{cite web | url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-03/10/c_137028160.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309191248/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-03/10/c_137028160.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 9, 2018 | title=Somalia's new telecom regulator takes control of top-level domain - Xinhua &#124; English.news.cn}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
{{Primary sources|date=May 2018}}
{{Primary sources|date=May 2018}}
{{Original research section|date=May 2018}}
{{Original research section|date=May 2018}}

===Overview===
===Overview===
Due to the [[Somali Civil War|civil war]] in Somalia, operations of this domain were previously officially delegated to [[ml.org|Monolith Innovation Group]], a company in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071023161720/http://www.iana.org/root-whois/so.htm IANA whois information for .so as at 2007]</ref> which is now defunct. The domain remained delegated to this company, even though it was defunct, until April 17, 2009, at which time the .so domain record was changed in the root zone to point to the servers of the new registry operator, the [[Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in Somalia]].<ref>[http://www.iana.org/root-whois/so.htm IANA Whois information- zone updated April 17th 2009] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023161720/http://www.iana.org/root-whois/so.htm |date=October 23, 2007 }}</ref>
Due to the [[Somali Civil War|civil war]] in Somalia, operations of this domain were previously officially delegated to [[ml.org|Monolith Innovation Group]], a company in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-10-23|title=IANA {{!}} .so - Somalia|url=https://www.iana.org/root-whois/so.htm|access-date=2022-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023161720/https://www.iana.org/root-whois/so.htm |archive-date=2007-10-23 }}</ref> which is now defunct. The domain remained delegated to this company, even though it was defunct, until April 17, 2009, at which time the .so domain record was changed in the root zone to point to the servers of the new registry operator, the [[Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in Somalia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/so.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023161720/https://www.iana.org/root-whois/so.htm|url-status=dead|title=.so Domain Delegation Data|archivedate=October 23, 2007|website=www.iana.org|accessdate=March 30, 2024}}</ref>


===The demise of Monolith (ml.org)===
===The demise of Monolith (ml.org)===
Monolith Innovations, as a domain name server, was popular in the mid-1990s.
Monolith Innovations, as a domain name server, was popular in the mid-1990s.


Second-level domain registrations at the time were (by modern standards) relatively expensive. Monolith operated various projects which allowed small sites to obtain an Internet address of the form ''example.ml.org'' at effectively no cost instead of paying full price ($50US in the first year) for a domain like ''example.com'', ''example.org'' or ''example.net'' <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19980122215353/http://www.ml.org/ml/about/projects.html ml.org projects]</ref>
Second-level domain registrations at the time were (by modern standards) relatively expensive. Monolith operated various projects which allowed small sites to obtain an Internet address of the form ''example.ml.org'' at effectively no cost instead of paying full price ($50US in the first year) for a domain like ''example.com'', ''example.org'' or ''example.net'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-01-22 |title=Monolith Internet Services |url=http://www.ml.org/ml/about/projects.html |access-date=2022-02-25 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980122215353/http://www.ml.org/ml/about/projects.html |archive-date=22 January 1998 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


The domain name record for .so was initially created on 28 August 1997, at or near the peak of the ml.org service's popularity. At the time, the potential benefits seemed more than apparent. By taking responsibility for a [[country code domain]], Monolith could have become able to issue *.so domains at second-level for little or no cost, providing a viable alternative to the higher Network Solutions pricing of that era.
The domain name record for .so was initially created on 28 August 1997, at or near the peak of the ml.org service's popularity. At the time, the potential benefits seemed more than apparent. By taking responsibility for a [[country code domain]], Monolith could have become able to issue *.so domains at second-level for little or no cost, providing a viable alternative to the higher Network Solutions pricing of that era.


According to ml.org's founder, Aveek Datta, in 1998, "I've personally been trying to create a global FREE top level domain. Whether or not this becomes a reality is another question; money talks and big bucks are being waved about in the registry battles." <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19980122215843/http://www.ml.org/ml/about/future.html ml.org's future plans, as of Jan '98]</ref>
According to ml.org's founder, Aveek Datta, in 1998, "I've personally been trying to create a global FREE top level domain. Whether or not this becomes a reality is another question; money talks and big bucks are being waved about in the registry battles."<ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-01-22 |title=Monolith Internet Services |url=http://www.ml.org/ml/about/future.html |access-date=2022-02-25 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980122215843/http://www.ml.org/ml/about/future.html |archive-date=22 January 1998 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
However, the ml.org service ceased operations at the end of 1998 due to "technical and organisational problems" which included major server failures.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19981201221025/http://www.ml.org/status.html ml.org status page (archived)]</ref> Its second-level domains remain registered to [[Aveek Datta]], president of the former Monolith Innovations Group, but appear not to be in active use.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19981212031041/http://www.ml.org/ 12 December 1998 - Monolith Internet Services]</ref>
However, the ml.org service ceased operations at the end of 1998 due to "technical and organisational problems" which included major server failures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-12-01 |title=Monolith Network Status |url=http://www.ml.org/status.html |access-date=2022-02-25 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981201221025/http://www.ml.org/status.html |archive-date=1 December 1998 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Its second-level domains remain registered to [[Aveek Datta]], president of the former Monolith Innovations Group, but appear not to be in active use.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-12-12 |title=Monolith Interim Services |url=http://www.ml.org/ |access-date=2022-02-25 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981212031041/http://www.ml.org/ |archive-date=12 December 1998 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Throughout the domain's history, a one-page placeholder site at the nic.so address claimed that "no .SO domains are available and we are not looking for any registrar partners." <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20001024003521/http://www.nic.so/ Archived copy of nic.so, 2000]</ref>
Throughout the domain's history, a one-page placeholder site at the nic.so address claimed that "no .SO domains are available and we are not looking for any registrar partners."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-10-24 |title=NIC.SO |url=http://www.nic.so/ |access-date=2022-02-25 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001024003521/http://www.nic.so/ |archive-date=24 October 2000 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-02-20 |title=NIC.SO |url=http://www.nic.so/ |access-date=2022-02-25 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050220091125/http://www.nic.so/ |archive-date=20 February 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050220091125/http://www.nic.so/ Archived copy of nic.so, 2005]</ref>
However, the DNS servers for the domain name were badly configured,{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} so the nic.so address was only available intermittently.
However, the DNS servers for the domain name were badly configured,{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} so the nic.so address was only available intermittently.


===Relaunch===
===Relaunch===
On February 3, 2009, ICANN approved redelegation of the .so domain to the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia.<ref name="ICANN">[http://www.icann.org/en/minutes/prelim-report-03feb09.htm Preliminary Report, Resolution of Special Board Meeting, February 10 2009]</ref> In ICANN's meeting minutes, it was revealed that Aveek Datta, the former registry operator, had disputed the redelegation request but he did not respond to ICANN's request to verify his connection with the former company.
On February 3, 2009, ICANN approved redelegation of the .so domain to the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia.<ref name="ICANN">{{Cite web|title=Preliminary Report Resolutions of Special Board Meeting - ICANN|url=https://www.icann.org/resources/board-material/prelim-report-2009-02-03-en|access-date=2022-02-25|website=www.icann.org}}</ref> In ICANN's meeting minutes, it was revealed that Aveek Datta, the former registry operator, had disputed the redelegation request but he did not respond to ICANN's request to verify his connection with the former company.


The new registry operator relaunched the .so domain on November 1, 2010. Requests to become a registrar can already be submitted using the recently launched website of .SO Registry.<ref name="Soreg"/>
The new registry operator relaunched the .so domain on November 1, 2010. Requests to become a registrar can already be submitted using the recently launched website of .SO Registry.<ref name="Soreg"/>


===Transfer===
===Transfer===
On March 9, 2018, Somalia's newly established telecom regulator The National Communications Authority (NCA) took control of the domain from the Somali National Information Center (SONIC) and Cloudy Registry, who ran the operations and the management of the domain Registry.<ref>http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-03/10/c_137028160.htm</ref> On July 8, 2015, the .so ccTLD registry was transferred to the Somali Network Information Center (SONIC),<ref>[http://www.nic.so/2015/07/15/migration/]</ref>
On July 8, 2015, the .so ccTLD registry was transferred to the Somali Network Information Center (SONIC).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nic.so/2015/07/15/migration/ |title = Migration |access-date=2015-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722085711/http://www.nic.so/2015/07/15/migration/ |archive-date=2015-07-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
On March 9, 2018, Somalia's newly established telecom regulator, the National Communications Authority (NCA) took control of the domain name from SONIC and Cloudy Registry, who ran the operations and the management of the domain Registry.<ref name="xinhuanet.com"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://sonic.so/nca-takes-full-control-of-somalias-cctld-dotso/ | title=NCA Takes Full Control of Somalia's ccTLD (DotSO)}}</ref> [[Somaliland]] banned use of this TLD as a result of the 2018 transfer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Somaliland retaliates top-level domain take-over, bans dotSo extensions |url=https://goobjoog.com/english/somaliland-retaliates-fed-government-domain-take-over-bans-dotso-extensions/ |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=Goobjoog News English |date=11 March 2018}}</ref>


==Name spaces==
==Name spaces==
The .so domain currently offers four namespaces: The second-level-space ''.so'' is intended for general purpose usage, and the third-level-space ''.com.so'', ''.net.so'' and ''.org.so'' are set aside for commercial entities, networks, and not-for-profit organisations, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soregistry.so/|title=.SO Registry|accessdate=9 Sep 2014}}</ref> There also exists ''.gov.so'' for government entities.
The .so domain currently offers thirteen namespaces: the second-level-space ''.so'' is intended for general purpose usage, and the third-level-space ''.com.so'', ''.me.so'', ''.net.so'' and ''.org.so'' are set aside for commercial entities, individuals, networks, and not-for-profit organisations, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soregistry.so/|title=.SO Registry|accessdate=9 Sep 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031021901/http://www.soregistry.so/|archive-date=2014-10-31|url-status=dead}}</ref> There also exists ''.edu.so'' for higher education institutions; ''.gov.so'' for government entities; ''.sch.so'' for schools;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://domainr.com/sch.so?q=sch.so | title=sch.so}}</ref> and ''.gm.so'', ''.hs.so'', ''.jl.so'', ''.pl.so'', and ''.sw.so'' for [[Galmudug]], [[Hirshabelle]], [[Jubbaland]], [[Puntland]], and [[South West State of Somalia|South West]] states respectively.


==Registrars==
==Registrars==
SONIC maintains a list of officially accredited registrars.<ref>[http://www.nic.so/registrars/ List of .SO Accredited Registrars]</ref>
SONIC maintains a list of officially accredited local<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sonic.so/local-registrars/ | title=Local Registrars|website=sonic.so| date=20 September 2023}}</ref> and international<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sonic.so/registrars/international-registrars/ | title=International Registrars|website=sonic.so| date=20 September 2023}}</ref> registrars.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 64: Line 69:


==External links==
==External links==
{{commonscatinline}}
⚫
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071023161720/http://www.iana.org/root-whois/so.htm IANA .so whois information]
* [http://www.soregistry.so/ SO Registry website]
* [http://sonic.so/ SO Registry website]
* [https://whois.nic.so/ SO whois information center]
⚫
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071023161720/https://www.iana.org/root-whois/so.htm IANA .so whois information]


{{ccTLD}}
{{ccTLD}}
Line 72: Line 79:
[[Category:Country code top-level domains]]
[[Category:Country code top-level domains]]
[[Category:Communications in Somalia]]
[[Category:Communications in Somalia]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1997]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 1997]]

Latest revision as of 15:25, 30 March 2024

This article is about the top-level domain. For the filename extension, see Executable and Linkable Format.
.so
Introduced28 August 1997
TLD typeCountry code top-level domain
StatusActive
RegistrySONIC
SponsorSomali Network Information Center
Intended useEntities connected with  Somalia
Actual useRecently re-established
Registration restrictionsLimited to institutions and organizations in Somalia, residents of Somalia, others who have a legitimate, clear and provable connection to Somalia
StructureRegistrations can be made via authorized registrars
DocumentsSomalia .so
Dispute policies.so domain name registration policies
WIPO
Registry websitesonic.so

.so is the internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Somalia. After a long absence, the .so domain was officially relaunched on November 1, 2010, by .SO Registry, which is regulated by the nation's Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications.[1] It was launched through various accredited registrars around the world.

On 11 July 2013 the ISO 3166-1 code for Somalia changed to reflect the SO used for the ccTLD.

On July 8, 2015, the .so ccTLD registry was transferred to the Somali Network Information Center (SONIC),[2] which introduced new limitations on purchasing .so domain names by persons and organizations not affiliated with Somalia.[3][4] As a result, several registrars suspended the registration of new .so domain names.[5]

On March 9, 2018, Somalia's newly established telecom regulator The National Communications Authority (NCA) took full control of the country's top-level internet domain (dotSO) from the Somali National Information Center (SONIC) and Cloudy Registry, who ran the operations and the management of the domain Registry.[6]

History

[edit]

Overview

[edit]

Due to the civil war in Somalia, operations of this domain were previously officially delegated to Monolith Innovation Group, a company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,[7] which is now defunct. The domain remained delegated to this company, even though it was defunct, until April 17, 2009, at which time the .so domain record was changed in the root zone to point to the servers of the new registry operator, the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in Somalia.[8]

The demise of Monolith (ml.org)

[edit]

Monolith Innovations, as a domain name server, was popular in the mid-1990s.

Second-level domain registrations at the time were (by modern standards) relatively expensive. Monolith operated various projects which allowed small sites to obtain an Internet address of the form example.ml.org at effectively no cost instead of paying full price ($50US in the first year) for a domain like example.com, example.org or example.net [9]

The domain name record for .so was initially created on 28 August 1997, at or near the peak of the ml.org service's popularity. At the time, the potential benefits seemed more than apparent. By taking responsibility for a country code domain, Monolith could have become able to issue *.so domains at second-level for little or no cost, providing a viable alternative to the higher Network Solutions pricing of that era.

According to ml.org's founder, Aveek Datta, in 1998, "I've personally been trying to create a global FREE top level domain. Whether or not this becomes a reality is another question; money talks and big bucks are being waved about in the registry battles."[10] However, the ml.org service ceased operations at the end of 1998 due to "technical and organisational problems" which included major server failures.[11] Its second-level domains remain registered to Aveek Datta, president of the former Monolith Innovations Group, but appear not to be in active use.[12] Throughout the domain's history, a one-page placeholder site at the nic.so address claimed that "no .SO domains are available and we are not looking for any registrar partners."[13][14]

However, the DNS servers for the domain name were badly configured,[citation needed] so the nic.so address was only available intermittently.

Relaunch

[edit]

On February 3, 2009, ICANN approved redelegation of the .so domain to the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia.[15] In ICANN's meeting minutes, it was revealed that Aveek Datta, the former registry operator, had disputed the redelegation request but he did not respond to ICANN's request to verify his connection with the former company.

The new registry operator relaunched the .so domain on November 1, 2010. Requests to become a registrar can already be submitted using the recently launched website of .SO Registry.[1]

Transfer

[edit]

On July 8, 2015, the .so ccTLD registry was transferred to the Somali Network Information Center (SONIC).[16] On March 9, 2018, Somalia's newly established telecom regulator, the National Communications Authority (NCA) took control of the domain name from SONIC and Cloudy Registry, who ran the operations and the management of the domain Registry.[6][17] Somaliland banned use of this TLD as a result of the 2018 transfer.[18]

Name spaces

[edit]

The .so domain currently offers thirteen namespaces: the second-level-space .so is intended for general purpose usage, and the third-level-space .com.so, .me.so, .net.so and .org.so are set aside for commercial entities, individuals, networks, and not-for-profit organisations, respectively.[19] There also exists .edu.so for higher education institutions; .gov.so for government entities; .sch.so for schools;[20] and .gm.so, .hs.so, .jl.so, .pl.so, and .sw.so for Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Jubbaland, Puntland, and South West states respectively.

Registrars

[edit]

SONIC maintains a list of officially accredited local[21] and international[22] registrars.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "SO Registry". Archived from the original on 2014-10-31. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
  2. ^ "Migration - SONIC". Archived from the original on 2015-07-22. Retrieved 2015-07-22.
  3. ^ "OpenProvider: Upcoming Changes to SO Domains". Archived from the original on 2015-07-22. Retrieved 2015-07-22.
  4. ^ ".so domain names". Gandi.net. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  5. ^ "About .so Domains". uk.godaddy.com.
  6. ^ a b "Somalia's new telecom regulator takes control of top-level domain - Xinhua | English.news.cn". Archived from the original on March 9, 2018.
  7. ^ "IANA | .so - Somalia". 2007-10-23. Archived from the original on 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  8. ^ ".so Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
  9. ^ "Monolith Internet Services". 1998-01-22. Archived from the original on 22 January 1998. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  10. ^ "Monolith Internet Services". 1998-01-22. Archived from the original on 22 January 1998. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  11. ^ "Monolith Network Status". 1998-12-01. Archived from the original on 1 December 1998. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  12. ^ "Monolith Interim Services". 1998-12-12. Archived from the original on 12 December 1998. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  13. ^ "NIC.SO". 2000-10-24. Archived from the original on 24 October 2000. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  14. ^ "NIC.SO". 2005-02-20. Archived from the original on 20 February 2005. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  15. ^ "Preliminary Report Resolutions of Special Board Meeting - ICANN". www.icann.org. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  16. ^ "Migration". Archived from the original on 2015-07-22. Retrieved 2015-07-22.
  17. ^ "NCA Takes Full Control of Somalia's ccTLD (DotSO)".
  18. ^ "Somaliland retaliates top-level domain take-over, bans dotSo extensions". Goobjoog News English. 11 March 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  19. ^ ".SO Registry". Archived from the original on 2014-10-31. Retrieved 9 Sep 2014.
  20. ^ "sch.so".
  21. ^ "Local Registrars". sonic.so. 20 September 2023.
  22. ^ "International Registrars". sonic.so. 20 September 2023.
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