Rhina Aguirre: Difference between revisions

Rhina Aguirre
Rhina Aguirre
Senator for Tarija
	In office; 19 January 2010 – 18 January 2015
Substitute	Darío Gareca (2010–2012); Félix Bolívar (2012–2015);
Preceded by	Roberto Ruiz
Succeeded by	Milciades Peñaloza
Personal details
Born	Rhina Aguirre Amézaga; 20 May 1939; Tarija, Bolivia
Died	30 October 2021 (aged 82)
Political party	Movement for Socialism
Spouse	Carlos Samaniego
Occupation	Educator; politician; sociologist;

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Rhina Aguirre Amézaga (20 May 1939 – 30 October 2021) was a Bolivian disability activist, politician, and sociologist who served as senator for Tarija from 2010 to 2015.

Aguirre studied education while undergoing the novitiate at the Santa Ana School. Though she retired before making her perpetual vows, she remained influenced by the concepts of liberation theology, which united Christian doctrine with left-wing political positions. An opponent of the military dictatorships of the 1970s and '80s, Aguirre was an early activist in the country's human rights movement.

Exiled to Ecuador by the García Meza regime, she collaborated with Leonidas Proaño's Indigenous Ministry and worked closely with the country's peasant and social organizations. Blinded in both eyes by toxoplasmosis, Aguirre took up the cause of disability rights, joining the Departmental Council for Disabled Persons upon her return to Bolivia. In 2009, she joined the Movement for Socialism and was elected to represent Tarija in the Senate, becoming the first blind person in Bolivian history ever to assume a parliamentary seat.

Early life and career

Early life and education

Rhina Aguirre was born on 20 May 1939 in Tarija to Humberto Aguirre Aoiz, an artisan jeweler and Chaco War veteran from Sucre, and Lucía Amézaga de Ameller, a woman from Camargo.^[3]^[4] The eldest of three siblings, Aguirre spent her childhood in relative poverty, raised primarily by her father and stepmother, her birth mother having died when Aguirre was 5 years old.^[5]^[6] Aguirre's father made a living operating a small watch shop in the city. A communist, well-read on the theories of Marxism–Leninism, Humberto Aguirre instilled in his daughter a sense of class consciousness and educated her on the need to combat social inequality:^[4]^[5]

I didn't understand much of what he was saying [at the time] ... I didn't like that word (fighting). I imagined those wrestling shows ... My dad explained to me that it wasn't about that kind of fight, but about constant movement and work; he exhorted me to read, to inform myself.
— Rhina Aguirre

Aguirre completed her primary and secondary schooling at the Santa Ana School, a religious institute run by the nunnery.^[4] She studied education there and eventually joined the school's staff as a professor and later its director. During this time, Aguirre also underwent the novitiate, though she ultimately opted not to take the final vows. Even so, her experience with the nuns led her to become an adherent of liberation theology, which synthesized Christian beliefs with left-wing ideological values. She applied these concepts to her profession as an educator, becoming a proponent of faith-based alternative and adult education.^[7]^[8] In that vein, she also worked in radio, collaborating with the Loyola Cultural Action Foundation to produce educational programs.^[9]

Political activism

In tandem with her other activities, Aguirre studied sociology and practiced social work.^[3]^[9] A staunch opponent of the military governments of the day, she became an early activist in the country's nascent human rights movement and was a founding member of the Permanent Assembly of Human Rights in 1970.^[3]^[8]^[10] Forced into exile for her political activism against the García Meza regime,^[11] Aguirre took refuge in Ecuador, where she collaborated with Bishop Leonidas Proaño's Indigenous Ministry in Riobamba. Later, she moved to Quito, where she worked alongside local peasant and social movement organizations. Finally settling in Puyo, Aguirre was brought on as a public official in the municipality's Department of Culture. Around this time, Aguirre contracted toxoplasmosis, a parasitic disease transmitted by cats. By 1983, the condition had left her entirely blind in both eyes.^[4]^[12]

With the reestablishment of democracy in Bolivia, Aguirre returned to Tarija, where she once again dedicated herself to activism in the field of human rights. In the absence of the hard-right military dictatorships of the 1970s and '80s, many of Bolivia's human rights activists re-oriented themselves in opposition to the neoliberal economics of the new democratic governments, which dismantled many of the country's state-run social services. For her part, Aguirre focused her efforts on disability rights, joining the Departmental Council for Disabled Persons in 2000, where she served as the organization's head of health and education.^[4]^[13]

Chamber of Senators

Election

In 2009, public recognition for her work led the ruling Movement for Socialism (MAS-IPSP) to invite Aguirre to join the party's slate of candidates in the Tarija Department. Though initially hesitant,^[4] Aguirre accepted the nomination and was elected alongside singer Juan Enrique Jurado [es] as one of the MAS's two senators for that department.^[14] In doing so, she became the first blind person ever to occupy a parliamentary seat in Bolivian history.^[15]

Tenure

Throughout her senatorial term, Aguirre continued to promote legislation in favor of disabled persons, actions that bore fruit with the 2012 passage of the General Law on Persons with Disabilities, which promoted the sector's access to employment, equal opportunity, and social inclusion.^[9]^[16] Upon the conclusion of her term, Aguirre was not nominated for reelection but remained active in politics, holding the vice presidency of the MAS's Tarija affiliate for some time.^[15]

Commission assignments

Constitution, Human Rights, Legislation, and Electoral System Commission
- Constitution, Legislation, and Legislative and Constitutional Interpretation Committee (Secretary: 2011–2012)^[17]
Territorial Organization of the State and Autonomies Commission (President: 2013–2015)^[18]^[19]
Rural Native Indigenous Peoples and Nations and Interculturality Commission (President: 2010–2011)^[20]
Social Policy, Education, and Health Commission
- Education, Health, Science, Technology, and Sports Committee (Secretary: 2012–2013)^[21]

Personal life and death

While in exile, Aguirre met Carlos Samaniego, an Ecuadorian sociologist from Loja, whom she married. A partisan of the Communist Party of Ecuador, Samaniego accompanied his wife on her return to Bolivia, where he joined the MAS; in 2010, he was appointed ombudsman of Tarija, and he later served as departmental coordinator of the Ministry of Autonomies in Tarija.^[6]^[22]^[23] On account of her toxoplasmosis, Aguirre suffered several miscarriages in her attempts to have children, a situation that led her to choose adoption. Her son, Carlos Saúl Samaniego, was born in Vilcabamba and studied industrial engineering in Ecuador.^[4]^[24]

Aguirre died on 30 October 2021, aged 82.^[25] Her passing was commemorated by the Chamber of Senators, which issued an official posthumous recognition of her work two days after her death.^[26]

Electoral history

Electoral history of Rhina Aguirre
Year	Office	Party		Votes			Result	Ref.
Year	Office	Party		Total	%	P.	Result	Ref.
2009	Senator		Movement for Socialism	114,577	51.09%	1st	Won	^[27]^[α]
Source: Plurinational Electoral Organ \| Electoral Atlas

References

Notes

^ Presented on an electoral list. The data shown represents the share of the vote the entire party/alliance received in that constituency.

Footnotes

^ Luksic, Álvaro (19 January 2012). "Darío Gareca es el secretario de coordinación de la gobernación" [Darío Gareca Is the New Secretary of Coordination of the Governor's Office]. El País (in Spanish). Tarija. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
^ Luksic, Álvaro (30 January 2012). "Un gremialista reemplazará al exsenador suplente Darío Gareca" [A Trade Unionist Will Replace Former Substitute Senator Darío Gareca]. El País (in Spanish). Tarija. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nuevo Estado 2013, p. 19.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "'Trabajamos como nunca en la historia de Bolivia'" ["'We Are Working like Never Before in Bolivian History"]. Cambio (in Spanish). La Paz. 2 January 2013.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ ^a ^b Gonzales Salas 2013, p. 501.
^ ^a ^b Domínguez, Aida (19 January 2015). "'Ser ciego no es pecado ni ofensa, es divertido'" ["Being Blind Is Neither a Sin nor an Offense; It's Fun"]. El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
^ Gonzales Salas 2013, p. 502.
^ ^a ^b Romero Ballivián 2018, p. 20.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bustillos Zamoran, Iván (4 October 2015). "Rhina Aguirre Amézaga: No 'especial', sino diferente" [Rhina Aguirre Amézaga: Not "special" but different]. La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
^ "Fallece la exsenadora de Tarija Rhina Aguirre a los 82 años" [Former Tarija Senator Rhina Aguirre Dies at 82]. Ahora el Pueblo (in Spanish). La Paz. 31 October 2021. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
^ "Figuras históricas en la Asamblea" [Historic Figures in the Assembly]. El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. 10 January 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2022.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Gonzales Salas 2013, pp. 502–503.
^ Romero Ballivián 2018, pp. 20–21.
^ Cardona, Andrea (20 October 2019). "En las últimas dos elecciones el MAS ganó la mitad de senadores" [In the Last Two Elections, the MAS Won Half of Tarija's Senators]. El País (in Spanish). Tarija. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
^ ^a ^b Romero Ballivián 2018, p. 21.
^ "Día del Discapacitado: Senadora invidente afirma que es un tiempo de oportunidad" [Day of the Disabled: Blind Senator Affirms That It Is an Era of Opportunity]. comunicacion.gob.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Vice Ministry of Communication. 15 October 2014. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
^ "La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2011–2012". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 2 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
^ "La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2013–2014". senado.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Chamber of Senators. 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 20 November 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
^ "La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2014–2015". senado.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Chamber of Senators. 27 January 2014. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
^ "La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2010–2011". El Diario (in Spanish). La Paz. 2 February 2010. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
^ "La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2012–2013". La Patria (in Spanish). Oruro. Agencia de Noticias Fides. 27 January 2012. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
^ "Senado boliviano citará a Villena por posesionar a un ecuatoriano Defensor en Tarija" [Bolivian Senate to Summon Villena for Appointing an Ecuadorian As Ombudsman in Tarija]. EABolivia (in Spanish). La Paz. 4 October 2010. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
^ Bolivia TV [@Canal_BoliviaTV] (7 September 2021). "El sociólogo Carlos Samaniego presenta su libro Huellas de Época en la XII Feria del Libro en Tarija" [Sociologist Carlos Samaniego Presents Book Huellas de Época at the XII Book Fair in Tarija] (Tweet) (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2023 – via Twitter.
^ Gonzales Salas 2013, p. 503.
^ "Fallece la exsenadora Rhina Aguirre" [Former Senator Rhina Aguirre Dies]. Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 30 October 2021. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
^
Arandia, Mariol (3 November 2021). "Senado aprueba reconocimiento póstumo a quien en vida fue la exsenadora Rhina Aguirre Amézaga" [Senate Passes Posthumous Recognition of Deceased Former Senator Rhina Aguirre Amézaga]. web.senado.gob.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Chamber of Senators. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
- "Declaración Camaral N° 485/2020–2021" (PDF). web.senado.gob.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Chamber of Senators. 2 November 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
^ "Elecciones Generales 2009 | Atlas Electoral". atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Plurinational Electoral Organ. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2022.

Bibliography

Cámara de Senadores (2013). "Nuevo Estado: Boletín informativo del Senado Plurinacional" (PDF) (in Spanish). No. 1. La Paz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2014.
Gonzales Salas, Inés, ed. (2013). Biografías: Historias de vida en la Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional (PDF) (in Spanish). Editorial Gente Común; ERBOL; Fundación Friedrich Ebert; IDEA Internacional. pp. 501–503. ISBN 978-99954-93-05-9. OCLC 876429743.
Romero Ballivián, Salvador (2018). Quiroga Velasco, Camilo (ed.). Diccionario biográfico de parlamentarios 1979–2019 (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). La Paz: FUNDAPAC; Fundación Konrad Adenauer. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-99974-0-021-5. OCLC 1050945993 – via ResearchGate.

External links

Parliamentary profile Office of the Vice President (in Spanish).
Parliamentary profile Chamber of Senators (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 27 June 2014.
Biographic profile ERBOL (in Spanish).

Senate of Bolivia
Preceded by Roberto Ruiz	Senator for Tarija 2010–2015 Served alongside: Juan Enrique Jurado [es], Marcelo Antezana, María Elena Méndez	Succeeded by Milciades Peñaloza

[fn1-28] Presented on an electoral list. The data shown represents the share of the vote the entire party/alliance received in that constituency.

[1] Luksic, Álvaro (19 January 2012). "Darío Gareca es el secretario de coordinación de la gobernación" [Darío Gareca Is the New Secretary of Coordination of the Governor's Office]. El País (in Spanish). Tarija. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2023.

[2] Luksic, Álvaro (30 January 2012). "Un gremialista reemplazará al exsenador suplente Darío Gareca" [A Trade Unionist Will Replace Former Substitute Senator Darío Gareca]. El País (in Spanish). Tarija. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2023.

[FOOTNOTE''Nuevo_Estado''201319-3] Nuevo Estado 2013, p. 19.

[:C-2013-01-02-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "'Trabajamos como nunca en la historia de Bolivia'" ["'We Are Working like Never Before in Bolivian History"]. Cambio (in Spanish). La Paz. 2 January 2013.^{[permanent dead link]}

[FOOTNOTEGonzales_Salas2013501-5] Gonzales Salas 2013, p. 501.

[:ED-2015-01-19-6] Domínguez, Aida (19 January 2015). "'Ser ciego no es pecado ni ofensa, es divertido'" ["Being Blind Is Neither a Sin nor an Offense; It's Fun"]. El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2022.

[FOOTNOTEGonzales_Salas2013502-7] Gonzales Salas 2013, p. 502.

[FOOTNOTERomero_Ballivián201820-8] Romero Ballivián 2018, p. 20.

[:LR-2015-10-04-9] Bustillos Zamoran, Iván (4 October 2015). "Rhina Aguirre Amézaga: No 'especial', sino diferente" [Rhina Aguirre Amézaga: Not "special" but different]. La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.

[10] "Fallece la exsenadora de Tarija Rhina Aguirre a los 82 años" [Former Tarija Senator Rhina Aguirre Dies at 82]. Ahora el Pueblo (in Spanish). La Paz. 31 October 2021. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022.

[11] "Figuras históricas en la Asamblea" [Historic Figures in the Assembly]. El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. 10 January 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2022.^{[permanent dead link]}

[FOOTNOTEGonzales_Salas2013502–503-12] Gonzales Salas 2013, pp. 502–503.

[FOOTNOTERomero_Ballivián201820–21-13] Romero Ballivián 2018, pp. 20–21.

[14] Cardona, Andrea (20 October 2019). "En las últimas dos elecciones el MAS ganó la mitad de senadores" [In the Last Two Elections, the MAS Won Half of Tarija's Senators]. El País (in Spanish). Tarija. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.

[FOOTNOTERomero_Ballivián201821-15] Romero Ballivián 2018, p. 21.

[16] "Día del Discapacitado: Senadora invidente afirma que es un tiempo de oportunidad" [Day of the Disabled: Blind Senator Affirms That It Is an Era of Opportunity]. comunicacion.gob.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Vice Ministry of Communication. 15 October 2014. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2022.

[17] "La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2011–2012". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 2 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.

[18] "La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2013–2014". senado.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Chamber of Senators. 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 20 November 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2023.

[19] "La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2014–2015". senado.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Chamber of Senators. 27 January 2014. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2023.

[20] "La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2010–2011". El Diario (in Spanish). La Paz. 2 February 2010. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.

[21] "La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2012–2013". La Patria (in Spanish). Oruro. Agencia de Noticias Fides. 27 January 2012. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.

[22] "Senado boliviano citará a Villena por posesionar a un ecuatoriano Defensor en Tarija" [Bolivian Senate to Summon Villena for Appointing an Ecuadorian As Ombudsman in Tarija]. EABolivia (in Spanish). La Paz. 4 October 2010. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.

[23] Bolivia TV [@Canal_BoliviaTV] (7 September 2021). "El sociólogo Carlos Samaniego presenta su libro Huellas de Época en la XII Feria del Libro en Tarija" [Sociologist Carlos Samaniego Presents Book Huellas de Época at the XII Book Fair in Tarija] (Tweet) (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2023 – via Twitter.

[FOOTNOTEGonzales_Salas2013503-24] Gonzales Salas 2013, p. 503.

[25] "Fallece la exsenadora Rhina Aguirre" [Former Senator Rhina Aguirre Dies]. Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 30 October 2021. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022.

[26] Arandia, Mariol (3 November 2021). "Senado aprueba reconocimiento póstumo a quien en vida fue la exsenadora Rhina Aguirre Amézaga" [Senate Passes Posthumous Recognition of Deceased Former Senator Rhina Aguirre Amézaga]. web.senado.gob.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Chamber of Senators. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
"Declaración Camaral N° 485/2020–2021" (PDF). web.senado.gob.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Chamber of Senators. 2 November 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.

[28] "Declaración Camaral N° 485/2020–2021" (PDF). web.senado.gob.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Chamber of Senators. 2 November 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.

[27] "Elecciones Generales 2009 | Atlas Electoral". atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Plurinational Electoral Organ. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2022.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Bolivian politician (1939–2021)}}
 {{Family name hatnote|[[Aguirre (surname)|Aguirre]]|[[Amézaga]]|lang=Spanish}}
+{{Good article}}
 {{Use American English|date=November 2022}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
 {{Infobox officeholder
 | name               = Rhina Aguirre
@@ Line 9: / Line 10: @@
 <!-- Political Offices -->
 | office             = [[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Senator]] for [[Tarija Department|Tarija]]
-| 1blankname         = {{Nowrap|Substitute}}
+| 1blankname         = {{Nowrap|[[Substitute (elections)|Substitute]]}}
+| 1namedata          = {{Ubl|Darío Gareca {{Nowrap|(2010–2012)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Luksic |first=Álvaro |date=19 January 2012 |title=Darío Gareca es el secretario de coordinación de la gobernación |language=es |trans-title=Darío Gareca Is the New Secretary of Coordination of the Governor's Office |work=[[El País (Tarija)|El País]] |publication-place=Tarija |url=https://elpaisonline.com/index.php/noticiastarija/item/32028-dario-gareca-es-el-secretario-de-coordinacion-de-la-gobernacion |url-status=dead |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116021943/https://elpaisonline.com/index.php/noticiastarija/item/32028-dario-gareca-es-el-secretario-de-coordinacion-de-la-gobernacion |archive-date=16 November 2022}}</ref>}}|Félix Bolívar {{Nowrap|(2012–2015)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Luksic |first=Álvaro |date=30 January 2012 |title=Un gremialista reemplazará al exsenador suplente Darío Gareca |language=es |trans-title=A Trade Unionist Will Replace Former Substitute Senator Darío Gareca |work=[[El País (Tarija)|El País]] |publication-place=Tarija |url=https://elpaisonline.com/index.php/2013-01-15-14-16-26/nacional/item/32132-un-gremialista-reemplazara-al-exsenador-suplente-dario-gareca |url-status=dead |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116022048/https://elpaisonline.com/index.php/2013-01-15-14-16-26/nacional/item/32132-un-gremialista-reemplazara-al-exsenador-suplente-dario-gareca |archive-date=16 November 2022}}</ref>}}}}
-| 1namedata          = Dario Gareca<br>Félix Bolívar
 | term_start         = 19 January 2010
 | term_end           = 18 January 2015
 | predecessor        = Roberto Ruiz
-| successor          = Milciades Peñaloza
+| successor          = [[Milciades Peñaloza]]
 <!-- Personal Details -->
 | birth_name         = Rhina Aguirre Amézaga
@@ Line 20: / Line 21: @@
 | birth_place        = [[Tarija]], Bolivia
 | death_date         = {{Death date and age|2021|10|30|1939|05|20|df=y}}
-| death_place        = Tarija, Bolivia
+| party              = [[Movement for Socialism]]
-| party              = [[Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)|Movement for Socialism]]
 | spouse             = Carlos Samaniego
+| occupation         = {{Hlist|Educator|politician|sociologist}}
-| alma_mater         =
-| occupation         = {{hlist|Educator|politician|sociologist}}
-| signature          =
 }}
-'''Rhina Aguirre Amézaga''' (20 May 1939 – 30 October 2021) was a Bolivian disability activist, politician, and sociologist who served as [[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|senator]] for [[Tarija Department|Tarija]] from 2010 to 2015. Aguirre  studied education while undergoing the [[novitiate]] at the Santa Ana School. Though she retired before making her [[perpetual vows]], she remained influenced by the concepts of [[Latin American liberation theology|liberation theology]], which united [[Christian Doctrine|Christian doctrine]] with left-wing political positions. An opponent of the military dictatorships of the 1970s and '80s, Aguirre was an early activist in the country's human rights movement. Exiled to Ecuador by the [[Luis García Meza|García Meza regime]], she collaborated with [[Leonidas Proaño]]'s Indigenous Ministry and worked closely with the country's peasant and social organizations. Blinded in both eyes by [[toxoplasmosis]], Aguirre took up the cause of [[Disability rights movement|disability rights]], joining the Departmental Council for Disabled Persons upon her return to Bolivia. In 2009, she joined the [[Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)|Movement for Socialism]] and was elected to represent Tarija in the Senate, becoming the first blind person in Bolivian history ever to assume a parliamentary seat.
+'''Rhina Aguirre Amézaga''' (20 May 1939 – 30 October 2021) was a Bolivian disability activist, politician, and sociologist who served as [[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|senator]] for [[Tarija Department|Tarija]] from 2010 to 2015.
+Aguirre  studied education while undergoing the [[novitiate]] at the Santa Ana School. Though she retired before making her [[perpetual vows]], she remained influenced by the concepts of [[Latin American liberation theology|liberation theology]], which united [[Christian Doctrine|Christian doctrine]] with left-wing political positions. An opponent of the military dictatorships of the 1970s and '80s, Aguirre was an early activist in the country's human rights movement.
+Exiled to Ecuador by the [[Luis García Meza|García Meza regime]], she collaborated with [[Leonidas Proaño]]'s Indigenous Ministry and worked closely with the country's peasant and social organizations. Blinded in both eyes by [[toxoplasmosis]], Aguirre took up the cause of [[Disability rights movement|disability rights]], joining the Departmental Council for Disabled Persons upon her return to Bolivia. In 2009, she joined the [[Movement for Socialism]] and was elected to represent Tarija in the Senate, becoming the first blind person in Bolivian history ever to assume a parliamentary seat.
 {{TOC limit|2}}
 == Early life and career ==
+=== Early life and education ===
-Rhina Aguirre was born on 20 May 1939 in [[Tarija]] to Humberto Aguirre, an artisan jeweler from [[Sucre]], and Lucía Amézaga, a woman from [[Camargo, Chuquisaca|Camargo]].<ref name=":C-2013-01-02">{{Cite news |date=2013-01-02 |title='Trabajamos como nunca en la historia de Bolivia' |language=es |work=[[Cambio (newspaper)|Cambio]] |publication-place=La Paz |url=http://www.cambio.bo/politica/20130102/%E2%80%9Ctrabajamos_como_nunca_en_la_historia_de_bolivia%E2%80%9D_86196.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2022-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115040229/http://www.cambio.bo/politica/20130102/%E2%80%9Ctrabajamos_como_nunca_en_la_historia_de_bolivia%E2%80%9D_86196.htm |archive-date=15 November 2022 }}</ref> The eldest of three siblings, Aguirre spent her childhood in relative poverty, raised primarily by her father and stepmother, her birth mother having died when Aguirre was 5 years old.<ref name=":GS=501">{{harvnb|Gonzales Salas|2013|p=501}}</ref><ref name=":ED-2015-01-19">{{Cite news |last=Domínguez |first=Aida |date=2015-01-19 |title='Ser ciego no es pecado ni ofensa, es divertido' |language=es |work=[[El Deber]] |publication-place=Santa Cruz de la Sierra |url=http://www.eldeber.com.bo/santacruz/ciego-no-pecado-ni-ofensa.html |url-status=dead |access-date=2022-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421092351/http://www.eldeber.com.bo/santacruz/ciego-no-pecado-ni-ofensa.html |archive-date=2015-04-21}}</ref> Aguirre's father made a living operating a small watch shop in the city. A [[communist]], well-read on the theories of [[Marxism–Leninism]], Humberto Aguirre instilled in his daughter a sense of [[class consciousness]] and educated her on the need to combat [[social inequality]]. "I didn't understand much of what he was saying [at the time]{{Nbsp}}... I didn't like that word (fighting). I imagined those wrestling shows{{Nbsp}}... My dad explained to me that it wasn't about that kind of fight, but about constant movement and work; he exhorted me to read, to inform myself", she recalled.<ref name=":C-2013-01-02"/><ref name=":GS=501"/>
+Rhina Aguirre was born on 20 May 1939 in [[Tarija]] to Humberto Aguirre Aoiz, an artisan jeweler and [[Chaco War]] veteran from [[Sucre]], and Lucía Amézaga de Ameller, a woman from [[Camargo, Chuquisaca|Camargo]].{{sfn|''Nuevo Estado''|2013|p=19}}<ref name=":C-2013-01-02">{{Cite news |date=2 January 2013 |title='Trabajamos como nunca en la historia de Bolivia' |language=es |trans-title="'We Are Working like Never Before in Bolivian History" |work=[[Cambio (newspaper)|Cambio]] |publication-place=La Paz |url=http://www.cambio.bo/politica/20130102/“trabajamos_como_nunca_en_la_historia_de_bolivia”_86196.htm }}{{Dead link|date=March 2023|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The eldest of three siblings, Aguirre spent her childhood in relative poverty, raised primarily by her father and stepmother, her birth mother having died when Aguirre was 5 years old.{{sfn|Gonzales Salas|2013|p=501}}<ref name=":ED-2015-01-19">{{Cite news |last=Domínguez |first=Aida |date=19 January 2015 |title='Ser ciego no es pecado ni ofensa, es divertido' |language=es |trans-title="Being Blind Is Neither a Sin nor an Offense; It's Fun" |work=[[El Deber]] |publication-place=Santa Cruz de la Sierra |url=http://www.eldeber.com.bo/santacruz/ciego-no-pecado-ni-ofensa.html |url-status=dead |access-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421092351/http://www.eldeber.com.bo/santacruz/ciego-no-pecado-ni-ofensa.html |archive-date=21 April 2015}}</ref> Aguirre's father made a living operating a small watch shop in the city. A [[communist]], well-read on the theories of [[Marxism–Leninism]], Humberto Aguirre instilled in his daughter a sense of [[class consciousness]] and educated her on the need to combat [[social inequality]]:<ref name=":C-2013-01-02"/>{{sfn|Gonzales Salas|2013|p=501}}
+{{Blockquote|text=I didn't understand much of what he was saying [at the time]{{Nbsp}}... I didn't like that word (fighting). I imagined those wrestling shows{{Nbsp}}... My dad explained to me that it wasn't about that kind of fight, but about constant movement and work; he exhorted me to read, to inform myself.|author=Rhina Aguirre}}
-Aguirre completed her primary and secondary schooling at the Santa Ana School, a [[Religious school|religious institute]] run by the [[nunnery]].<ref name=":C-2013-01-02" /> She studied education there and eventually joined the school's staff as a professor and later its director. During this time, Aguirre also underwent the [[novitiate]], though she ultimately opted not to take the [[Religious vows|final vows]]. Even so, her experience with the nuns led her to become an adherent of [[Latin American liberation theology|liberation theology]], which synthesized [[Christian theology|Christian beliefs]] with left-wing ideological values. She applied these concepts to her profession as an educator, becoming a proponent of faith-based [[Alternative education|alternative]] and [[adult education]].<ref name=":GS=502">{{harvnb|Gonzales Salas|2013|p=502}}</ref><ref name=":RB=20">{{harvnb|Romero Ballivián|2018|p=20}}</ref> In that vein, she also worked in radio, collaborating with the [[Loyola Cultural Action Foundation]] to produce educational programs.<ref name=":LR-2015-10-04">{{Cite news |last=Bustillos Zamoran |first=Iván |date=2015-10-04 |title=Rhina Aguirre Amezaga: No 'especial', sino diferente |language=es |work=[[La Razón (La Paz)|La Razón]] |publication-place=La Paz |url=https://dev-qa.la-razon.com/politico/2015/10/04/rhina-aguirre-amezaga-no-especial-sino-diferente-2/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113185028/https://dev-qa.la-razon.com/politico/2015/10/04/rhina-aguirre-amezaga-no-especial-sino-diferente-2/ |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref>
+Aguirre completed her primary and secondary schooling at the Santa Ana School, a [[Religious school|religious institute]] run by the [[nunnery]].<ref name=":C-2013-01-02" /> She studied education there and eventually joined the school's staff as a professor and later its director. During this time, Aguirre also underwent the [[novitiate]], though she ultimately opted not to take the [[Religious vows|final vows]]. Even so, her experience with the nuns led her to become an adherent of [[Latin American liberation theology|liberation theology]], which synthesized [[Christian theology|Christian beliefs]] with left-wing ideological values. She applied these concepts to her profession as an educator, becoming a proponent of faith-based [[Alternative education|alternative]] and [[adult education]].{{sfn|Gonzales Salas|2013|p=502}}{{sfn|Romero Ballivián|2018|p=20}} In that vein, she also worked in radio, collaborating with the [[Loyola Cultural Action Foundation]] to produce educational programs.<ref name=":LR-2015-10-04">{{Cite news |last=Bustillos Zamoran |first=Iván |date=4 October 2015 |title=Rhina Aguirre Amézaga: No 'especial', sino diferente |language=es |trans-title=Rhina Aguirre Amézaga: Not "special" but different |work=[[La Razón (La Paz)|La Razón]] |publication-place=La Paz |url=https://dev-qa.la-razon.com/politico/2015/10/04/rhina-aguirre-amezaga-no-especial-sino-diferente-2/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113185028/https://dev-qa.la-razon.com/politico/2015/10/04/rhina-aguirre-amezaga-no-especial-sino-diferente-2/ |archive-date=13 November 2022}}</ref>
-== Political activism ==
-In tandem with her other activities, Aguirre studied sociology and practiced social work.<ref name=":C-2013-01-02" /><ref name=":LR-2015-10-04"/> A staunch opponent of the military governments of the day, she became an early activist in the country's nascent human rights movement, joining the Permanent Assembly of Human Rights.<ref name=":RB=20"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-31 |title=Fallece la exsenadora de Tarija Rhina Aguirre a los 82 años |language=es |work=Ahora el Pueblo |publication-place=La Paz |url=https://www.ahoraelpueblo.bo/fallece-la-exsenadora-de-tarija-rhina-aguirre-a-los-82-anos/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031123525/https://www.ahoraelpueblo.bo/fallece-la-exsenadora-de-tarija-rhina-aguirre-a-los-82-anos/ |archive-date=2021-10-31}}</ref> Forced into exile for her political activism against the [[Luis García Meza|García Meza regime]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-01-10 |title=Figuras históricas en la Asamblea |language=es |work=[[El Deber]] |publication-place=Santa Cruz de la Sierra |url=https://eldeber.com.bo/2010/2010-01-10/vernotasantacruz.php?id=100109215642 |url-status=dead |access-date=2022-11-15 |archive-url=https://boliviadecide.blogspot.com/2010/01/figuras-historicas-en-la-asamblea.html |archive-date=2010-01-10}}</ref> Aguirre took refuge in Ecuador, where she collaborated with Bishop [[Leonidas Proaño]]'s Indigenous Ministry in [[Riobamba]]. Later, she moved to [[Quito]], where she worked alongside local peasant and social organizations. Finally settling in [[Puyo, Pastaza|Puyo]], Aguirre was brought on as a public official in the municipality's Department of Culture. Around this time, Aguirre contracted [[toxoplasmosis]], a [[parasitic disease]] transmitted by cats. By 1983, the condition had left her [[Blindness|entirely blind]] in both eyes.<ref name=":C-2013-01-02" /><ref name=":GS=502–503">{{harvnb|Gonzales Salas|2013|pp=502–503}}</ref>
+=== Political activism ===
-With the reestablishment of democracy in Bolivia, Aguirre returned to Tarija, where she once again dedicated herself to activism in the field of human rights. In the absence of the hard-right military dictatorships of the 1970s and '80s, many of Bolivia's human rights activists re-oriented themselves in opposition to the [[neoliberal economics]] of the new democratic governments, which dismantled many of the country's state-run [[social services]]. For her part, Aguirre focused her efforts on [[Disability rights movement|disability rights]], joining the Departmental Council for Disabled Persons in 2000, where she served as the organization's head of health and education.<ref name=":C-2013-01-02" /><ref name=":RB=20–21">{{harvnb|Romero Ballivián|2018|pp=20–21}}</ref>
+In tandem with her other activities, Aguirre studied [[sociology]] and practiced [[social work]].{{sfn|''Nuevo Estado''|2013|p=19}}<ref name=":LR-2015-10-04"/> A staunch opponent of the military governments of the day, she became an early activist in the country's nascent human rights movement and was a founding member of the Permanent Assembly of Human Rights in 1970.{{sfn|''Nuevo Estado''|2013|p=19}}{{sfn|Romero Ballivián|2018|p=20}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2021 |title=Fallece la exsenadora de Tarija Rhina Aguirre a los 82 años |language=es |trans-title=Former Tarija Senator Rhina Aguirre Dies at 82 |work=Ahora el Pueblo |publication-place=La Paz |url=https://www.ahoraelpueblo.bo/fallece-la-exsenadora-de-tarija-rhina-aguirre-a-los-82-anos/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031123525/https://www.ahoraelpueblo.bo/fallece-la-exsenadora-de-tarija-rhina-aguirre-a-los-82-anos/ |archive-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> Forced into exile for her political activism against the [[Luis García Meza|García Meza regime]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2010 |title=Figuras históricas en la Asamblea |language=es |trans-title=Historic Figures in the Assembly |work=[[El Deber]] |publication-place=Santa Cruz de la Sierra |url=https://eldeber.com.bo/2010/2010-01-10/vernotasantacruz.php?id=100109215642 |access-date=15 November 2022}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Aguirre took refuge in Ecuador, where she collaborated with Bishop [[Leonidas Proaño]]'s Indigenous Ministry in [[Riobamba]]. Later, she moved to [[Quito]], where she worked alongside local peasant and [[social movement organization]]s. Finally settling in [[Puyo, Pastaza|Puyo]], Aguirre was brought on as a public official in the municipality's Department of Culture. Around this time, Aguirre contracted [[toxoplasmosis]], a [[parasitic disease]] transmitted by cats. By 1983, the condition had left her [[Blindness|entirely blind]] in both eyes.<ref name=":C-2013-01-02" />{{sfn|Gonzales Salas|2013|pp=502–503}}
+With the reestablishment of democracy in Bolivia, Aguirre returned to Tarija, where she once again dedicated herself to activism in the field of human rights. In the absence of the hard-right military dictatorships of the 1970s and '80s, many of Bolivia's human rights activists re-oriented themselves in opposition to the [[neoliberal economics]] of the new democratic governments, which dismantled many of the country's state-run [[social services]]. For her part, Aguirre focused her efforts on [[Disability rights movement|disability rights]], joining the Departmental Council for Disabled Persons in 2000, where she served as the organization's head of health and education.<ref name=":C-2013-01-02" />{{sfn|Romero Ballivián|2018|pp=20–21}}
 == Chamber of Senators ==
+=== Election ===
-In 2009, public recognition for her work led the ruling [[Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)|Movement for Socialism]] (MAS-IPSP) to invite Aguirre to join the party's [[electoral list]] in the [[Tarija Department]]. Though initially hesitant,<ref name=":C-2013-01-02" /> Aguirre accepted the nomination and was elected alongside singer Juan Enrique Jurado as one of the MAS's two senators for that department,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cardona |first=Andrea |date=2019-10-20 |title=En las últimas dos elecciones el MAS ganó la mitad de senadores |language=es |work=[[El País (Tarija)|El País]] |publication-place=Tarija |url=https://elpais.bo/tarija/20191020_en-las-ultimas-dos-elecciones-el-mas-gano-la-mitad-de-senadores.html |url-status=live |access-date=2022-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115222334/https://elpais.bo/tarija/20191020_en-las-ultimas-dos-elecciones-el-mas-gano-la-mitad-de-senadores.html |archive-date=2022-11-15}}</ref> becoming the first blind person ever to occupy a parliamentary seat in Bolivian history.<ref name=":RB=21">{{harvnb|Romero Ballivián|2018|p=21}}</ref> Throughout her senatorial term, Aguirre continued to promote legislation in favor of disabled persons, actions that bore fruit with the 2012 passage of the General Law on Persons with Disabilities, which promoted the sector's access to employment, equal opportunity, and social inclusion.<ref name=":LR-2015-10-04" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-15 |title=Día del Discapacitado: Senadora invidente afirma que es un tiempo de oportunidad |url=https://comunicacion.gob.bo/?q=20141015/17068 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127174232/https://comunicacion.gob.bo/?q=20141015/17068 |archive-date=2019-10-27 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=comunicacion.gob.bo |publisher=[[Ministry of the Presidency (Bolivia)|Vice Ministry of Communication]] |language=es |publication-place=La Paz}}</ref> Upon the conclusion of her term, Aguirre was not nominated for reelection but remained active in politics, exercising the vice presidency of the MAS in Tarija for some time.<ref name=":RB=21"/>
+{{Further|2009 Bolivian general election}}
+In 2009, public recognition for her work led the ruling [[Movement for Socialism]] (MAS-IPSP) to invite Aguirre to join the party's [[Slate (elections)|slate of candidates]] in the [[Tarija Department]]. Though initially hesitant,<ref name=":C-2013-01-02" /> Aguirre accepted the nomination and was elected alongside singer {{ill|Juan Enrique Jurado|es}} as one of the MAS's two senators for that department.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cardona |first=Andrea |date=20 October 2019 |title=En las últimas dos elecciones el MAS ganó la mitad de senadores |language=es |trans-title=In the Last Two Elections, the MAS Won Half of Tarija's Senators |work=[[El País (Tarija)|El País]] |publication-place=Tarija |url=https://elpais.bo/tarija/20191020_en-las-ultimas-dos-elecciones-el-mas-gano-la-mitad-de-senadores.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115222334/https://elpais.bo/tarija/20191020_en-las-ultimas-dos-elecciones-el-mas-gano-la-mitad-de-senadores.html |archive-date=15 November 2022}}</ref> In doing so, she became the first blind person ever to occupy a parliamentary seat in Bolivian history.{{sfn|Romero Ballivián|2018|p=21}}
+=== Tenure ===
+Throughout her senatorial term, Aguirre continued to promote legislation in favor of disabled persons, actions that bore fruit with the 2012 passage of the [[General Law on Persons with Disabilities]], which promoted the sector's access to employment, equal opportunity, and social inclusion.<ref name=":LR-2015-10-04" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2014 |title=Día del Discapacitado: Senadora invidente afirma que es un tiempo de oportunidad |trans-title=Day of the Disabled: Blind Senator Affirms That It Is an Era of Opportunity |url=https://comunicacion.gob.bo/?q=20141015/17068 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127174232/https://comunicacion.gob.bo/?q=20141015/17068 |archive-date=27 November 2019 |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=comunicacion.gob.bo |publisher=[[Ministry of the Presidency (Bolivia)|Vice Ministry of Communication]] |language=es |publication-place=La Paz}}</ref> Upon the conclusion of her term, Aguirre was not nominated for reelection but remained active in politics, holding the vice presidency of the MAS's Tarija affiliate for some time.{{sfn|Romero Ballivián|2018|p=21}}
+=== Commission assignments ===
+* Constitution, Human Rights, Legislation, and Electoral System Commission
+** Constitution, Legislation, and Legislative and Constitutional Interpretation Committee (Secretary: {{tooltip|2=2 February 2011|2011|dotted=no}}–{{tooltip|2=26 January 2012|2012|dotted=no}})<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2011 |title=La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2011–2012 |language=es |work=[[Los Tiempos]] |publication-place=Cochabamba |url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/nacional/20110202/senado-definio-comisiones-comites-oposicion |url-status=live |access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217192407/https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/nacional/20110202/senado-definio-comisiones-comites-oposicion |archive-date=17 February 2023}}</ref>
+* Territorial Organization of the State and Autonomies Commission (President: {{tooltip|2=24 January 2013|2013|dotted=no}}–{{tooltip|2=18 January 2015|2015|dotted=no}})<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2013 |title=La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2013–2014 |url=http://www.senado.bo/noticia/camara_de_senadores_conforma_comisiones_y_comites_para_2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120082118/http://www.senado.bo/noticia/camara_de_senadores_conforma_comisiones_y_comites_para_2013 |archive-date=20 November 2013 |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=senado.bo |publisher=[[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Chamber of Senators]] |language=es |publication-place=La Paz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2014 |title=La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2014–2015 |url=http://www.senado.bo/noticia/senado_elige_por_unanimidad_cabezas_de_comisiones_y_comites_para_la_presente_gestion_legislativa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629224259/http://www.senado.bo/noticia/senado_elige_por_unanimidad_cabezas_de_comisiones_y_comites_para_la_presente_gestion_legislativa |archive-date=29 June 2014 |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=senado.bo |publisher=[[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Chamber of Senators]] |language=es |publication-place=La Paz}}</ref>
+* Rural Native Indigenous Peoples and Nations and Interculturality Commission (President: {{tooltip|2=2 February 2010|2010|dotted=no}}–{{tooltip|2=2 February 2011|2011|dotted=no}})<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2010 |title=La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2010–2011 |language=es |work=[[El Diario (La Paz)|El Diario]] |publication-place=La Paz |url=https://www.pub.eldiario.net/noticias/2010/2010_02/nt100203/2_02plt.php |url-status=live |access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316085600/https://www.pub.eldiario.net/noticias/2010/2010_02/nt100203/2_02plt.php |archive-date=16 March 2023}}</ref>
+* Social Policy, Education, and Health Commission
+** Education, Health, Science, Technology, and Sports Committee (Secretary: {{tooltip|2=26 January 2012|2012|dotted=no}}–{{tooltip|2=24 January 2013|2013|dotted=no}})<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2012 |title=La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2012–2013 |language=es |work=[[La Patria]] |agency=[[Agencia de Noticias Fides]] |publication-place=Oruro |url=https://impresa.lapatria.bo/noticia/96100/senado-conformo-comisiones-y-comites-sin-opositores |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217210328/https://impresa.lapatria.bo/noticia/96100/senado-conformo-comisiones-y-comites-sin-opositores |archive-date=17 February 2023}}</ref>
 == Personal life and death ==
-While in exile, Aguirre met Carlos Samaniego, a sociologist from [[Loja, Ecuador|Loja]], whom she married—in 2010, he would go on to be appointed [[Ombudsman's Office of Bolivia|ombudsman of Tarija]].<ref name=":ED-2015-01-19"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-10-04 |title=Senado boliviano citará a Villena por posesionar a un ecuatoriano Defensor en Tarija |language=es |work=EABolivia |publication-place=La Paz |url=https://www.eabolivia.com/politica/4666-senado-boliviano-citara-a-villena-por-posesionar-a-un-ecuatoriano-defensor-en-tarija.html |url-status=live |access-date=2022-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113185107/https://www.eabolivia.com/politica/4666-senado-boliviano-citara-a-villena-por-posesionar-a-un-ecuatoriano-defensor-en-tarija.html |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> On account of her toxoplasmosis, Aguirre suffered several [[miscarriage]]s in her attempts to have children, a situation that led her to choose adoption. Her son, Carlos Saúl Samaniego, was born in [[Vilcabamba, Ecuador|Vilcabamba]] and studied industrial engineering in Ecuador.<ref name=":C-2013-01-02" /><ref name=":GS=503">{{harvnb|Gonzales Salas|2013|p=503}}</ref> Aged 82, Aguirre died on 30 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-30 |title=Fallece la exsenadora Rhina Aguirre |language=es |work=[[Los Tiempos]] |publication-place=Cochabamba |url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20211030/fallece-exsenadora-rhina-aguirre |url-status=live |access-date=2022-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031013133/https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20211030/fallece-exsenadora-rhina-aguirre |archive-date=2021-10-31}}</ref> Her passing was commemorated by the [[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Chamber of Senators]], which passed an official posthumous recognition of her work two days after her death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arandia |first=Mariol |date=2021-11-03 |title=Senado aprueba reconocimiento póstumo a quien en vida fue la exsenadora Rhina Aguirre Amézaga |url=https://web.senado.gob.bo/prensa/noticias/senado-aprueba-reconocimiento-p%C3%B3stumo-quien-en-vida-fue-la-exsenadora-rhina-aguirre |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103021632/https://web.senado.gob.bo/prensa/noticias/senado-aprueba-reconocimiento-p%C3%B3stumo-quien-en-vida-fue-la-exsenadora-rhina-aguirre |archive-date=2021-11-03 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=web.senado.gob.bo |publisher=[[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Chamber of Senators]] |language=es |publication-place=La Paz}}
+While in exile, Aguirre met Carlos Samaniego, an Ecuadorian sociologist from [[Loja, Ecuador|Loja]], whom she married. A partisan of the [[Communist Party of Ecuador]], Samaniego accompanied his wife on her return to Bolivia, where he joined the MAS; in 2010, he was appointed [[Ombudsman's Office of Bolivia|ombudsman of Tarija]], and he later served as departmental coordinator of the [[Ministry of Autonomies]] in Tarija.<ref name=":ED-2015-01-19"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2010 |title=Senado boliviano citará a Villena por posesionar a un ecuatoriano Defensor en Tarija |language=es |trans-title=Bolivian Senate to Summon Villena for Appointing an Ecuadorian As Ombudsman in Tarija |work=EABolivia |publication-place=La Paz |url=https://www.eabolivia.com/politica/4666-senado-boliviano-citara-a-villena-por-posesionar-a-un-ecuatoriano-defensor-en-tarija.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113185107/https://www.eabolivia.com/politica/4666-senado-boliviano-citara-a-villena-por-posesionar-a-un-ecuatoriano-defensor-en-tarija.html |archive-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1435261820533673984|user=Canal_BoliviaTV|title=El sociólogo Carlos Samaniego presenta su libro ''Huellas de Época'' en la XII Feria del Libro en Tarija|author=[[Bolivia TV]]|date=7 September 2021|access-date=25 March 2023|language=es|location=La Paz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907155857/https://twitter.com/Canal_BoliviaTV/status/1435261820533673984|archive-date=7 September 2021|url-status=live|trans-title=Sociologist Carlos Samaniego Presents Book ''Huellas de Época'' at the XII Book Fair in Tarija}}</ref> On account of her toxoplasmosis, Aguirre suffered several [[miscarriage]]s in her attempts to have children, a situation that led her to choose adoption. Her son, Carlos Saúl Samaniego, was born in [[Vilcabamba, Ecuador|Vilcabamba]] and studied industrial engineering in Ecuador.<ref name=":C-2013-01-02" />{{sfn|Gonzales Salas|2013|p=503}}
+Aguirre died on 30 October 2021, aged 82.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2021 |title=Fallece la exsenadora Rhina Aguirre |language=es |trans-title=Former Senator Rhina Aguirre Dies |work=[[Los Tiempos]] |publication-place=Cochabamba |url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20211030/fallece-exsenadora-rhina-aguirre |url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031013133/https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20211030/fallece-exsenadora-rhina-aguirre |archive-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> Her passing was commemorated by the [[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Chamber of Senators]], which issued an official posthumous recognition of her work two days after her death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arandia |first=Mariol |date=3 November 2021 |title=Senado aprueba reconocimiento póstumo a quien en vida fue la exsenadora Rhina Aguirre Amézaga |trans-title=Senate Passes Posthumous Recognition of Deceased Former Senator Rhina Aguirre Amézaga |url=https://web.senado.gob.bo/prensa/noticias/senado-aprueba-reconocimiento-p%C3%B3stumo-quien-en-vida-fue-la-exsenadora-rhina-aguirre |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103021632/https://web.senado.gob.bo/prensa/noticias/senado-aprueba-reconocimiento-p%C3%B3stumo-quien-en-vida-fue-la-exsenadora-rhina-aguirre |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=web.senado.gob.bo |publisher=[[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Chamber of Senators]] |language=es |publication-place=La Paz}}
-* {{Cite web |date=2021-11-02 |title=Declaración Camaral N° 485/2020–2021 |url=https://web.senado.gob.bo/sites/default/files/declaraciones/D.C.%20N%C2%B0%20485-2020-2021.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115223503/https://web.senado.gob.bo/sites/default/files/declaraciones/D.C.%20N%C2%B0%20485-2020-2021.PDF |archive-date=2021-11-15 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=web.senado.gob.bo |publisher=[[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Chamber of Senators]] |language=es |publication-place=La Paz}}</ref>
+*{{Cite web |date=2 November 2021 |title=Declaración Camaral N° 485/2020–2021 |url=https://web.senado.gob.bo/sites/default/files/declaraciones/D.C.%20N%C2%B0%20485-2020-2021.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115223503/https://web.senado.gob.bo/sites/default/files/declaraciones/D.C.%20N%C2%B0%20485-2020-2021.PDF |archive-date=15 November 2022 |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=web.senado.gob.bo |publisher=[[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Chamber of Senators]] |language=es |publication-place=La Paz}}</ref>
 == Electoral history ==
-{| border=2 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center;"
+{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
 |+ {{sronly|Electoral history of Rhina Aguirre}}
 ! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | Year
@@ Line 65: / Line 86: @@
 | [[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Senator]]
 | style="background-color:{{party color|Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)}};"|
-| [[Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)|Movement for Socialism]]
+| [[Movement for Socialism]]
 | 114,577
 | 51.09%
+| 1st
-| 1st{{efn-lg|name=fn1|Presented on an [[electoral list]]. The data shown represents the share of the vote the entire party/alliance received in that constituency.}}
 | {{yes2|Won}}
-| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elecciones Generales 2009 {{!}} Atlas Electoral |url=https://atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo/#/subproceso/82/40/3 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo |publisher=[[Plurinational Electoral Organ]] |language=es |publication-place=La Paz}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elecciones Generales 2009 {{!}} Atlas Electoral |url=https://atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo/#/subproceso/82/40/3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/6QlOU |archive-date=17 February 2023 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo |publisher=[[Plurinational Electoral Organ]] |language=es |publication-place=La Paz}}</ref>{{efn-lg|name=fn1|Presented on an [[electoral list]]. The data shown represents the share of the vote the entire party/alliance received in that constituency.}}
 |-
 | style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan=9 | '''Source:''' [[Plurinational Electoral Organ]] {{!}} [https://atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo/#/ Electoral Atlas]
@@ Line 76: / Line 97: @@
 == References ==
 === Notes ===
 {{Notelist-lg}}
@@ Line 83: / Line 105: @@
 === Bibliography ===
-{{Refbegin|50em|indent=yes}}
+{{Refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}
+* {{Cite news |ref={{harvid|''Nuevo Estado''|2013}} |author=[[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Cámara de Senadores]] |year=2013 |title=Nuevo Estado: Boletín informativo del Senado Plurinacional |language=es |issue=1 |publication-place=La Paz |url=http://www.senado.bo/upload/pdf/4510-boletin_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626093922/http://www.senado.bo/upload/pdf/4510-boletin_1.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2014}}
-* {{Cite book|editor-last=Gonzales Salas|editor-first=Inés|url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/bolivien/10697.pdf|title=Biografías: Historias de Vida en la Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional|publisher=Instituto Internacional para la Democracia y la Asistencia Electoral; [[Friedrich Ebert Foundation|Fundación Friedrich Ebert]]; ERBOL; Editorial Gente Común|year=2013|isbn=978-99954-93-05-9|oclc=876429743|pages=501–503|language=es}}
-* {{Cite book|last=Romero Ballivián|first=Salvador|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324569555|title=Diccionario Biográfico de Parlamentarios 1979–2019|publisher=Fundación de Apoyo al Parlamento y la Participación Ciudadana; [[Konrad Adenauer Foundation|Fundación Konrad Adenauer]]|year=2018|isbn=978-99974-0-021-5|oclc=1050945993|editor-last=Quiroga Velasco|editor-first=Camilo Sergio|edition=2nd|location=La Paz|pages=21–22|language=es|author-link=Salvador Romero|via=[[ResearchGate]]}}
+* {{Cite book |editor-last=Gonzales Salas |editor-first=Inés |url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/bolivien/10697.pdf |title=Biografías: Historias de vida en la Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional |publisher=Editorial Gente Común; ERBOL; [[Friedrich Ebert Foundation|Fundación Friedrich Ebert]]; [[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance|IDEA Internacional]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-99954-93-05-9 |oclc=876429743 |pages=501–503 |language=es}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Romero Ballivián |first=Salvador |author-link=Salvador Romero |editor-last=Quiroga Velasco |editor-first=Camilo |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324569555 |title=Diccionario biográfico de parlamentarios 1979–2019 |publisher=FUNDAPAC; [[Konrad Adenauer Foundation|Fundación Konrad Adenauer]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-99974-0-021-5 |oclc=1050945993 |edition=2nd |location=La Paz |pages=21–22 |language=es |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}
 {{Refend}}
 == External links ==
+{{Commons category}}
-* [https://www.vicepresidencia.gob.bo/spip.php?page=parlamentario&id_parlamentario=116 Deputies profile] [[Vice President of Bolivia|Vice Presidency]] {{inlang|es}}.
-* [https://anteriorportal.erbol.com.bo/podcast/biografias_asamblea_plurinacional/rhina_aguirre_amezaga Biographic profile] ERBOL {{inlang|es}}.
+* [https://www.vicepresidencia.gob.bo/spip.php?page=parlamentario&id_parlamentario=116 Parliamentary profile] [[Vice President of Bolivia|Office of the Vice President]] {{inlang|es}}.
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140627124411/http://www.senado.bo/descripcion_de_senador/1-Rhina_Aguirre_Amézaga Parliamentary profile] [[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Chamber of Senators]] {{inlang|es}}. Archived from [http://www.senado.bo/descripcion_de_senador/1-Rhina_Aguirre_Amézaga the original] on 27 June 2014.
+* [https://erbol.com.bo/podcast/biografias_asamblea_plurinacional/rhina_aguirre_amezaga Biographic profile] ERBOL {{inlang|es}}.
 {{s-start}}
@@ Line 96: / Line 121: @@
 {{s-break}}
 {{s-bef|before=Roberto Ruiz}}
-{{s-ttl|title=[[List of senators of Tarija|Senator for Tarija]]|alongside=[[Juan Enrique Jurado]],<br>Marcelo Antezana, María Elena Méndez|years=2010–2015}}
+{{s-ttl|title=[[List of senators of Tarija|Senator for Tarija]]|alongside={{Br list|{{ill|Juan Enrique Jurado|es}},|[[Marcelo Antezana]], [[María Elena Méndez]]}}|years=2010–2015}}
-{{s-aft|after=Milciades Peñaloza}}
+{{s-aft|after=[[Milciades Peñaloza]]}}
 {{s-end}}
+{{Bolivian senators from Tarija}}
 {{BolALPRep/TRJ/1}}
 {{Portal bar|Biography|Bolivia|Education|Politics}}
@@ Line 110: / Line 136: @@
 [[Category:21st-century Bolivian women politicians]]
 [[Category:Blind activists]]
-[[Category:Blind educators]]
+[[Category:Blind scholars and academics]]
-[[Category:Blind academics]]
 [[Category:Bolivian blind people]]
 [[Category:Blind politicians]]
 [[Category:Bolivian educators]]
+[[Category:Bolivian women educators]]
 [[Category:Bolivian exiles]]
 [[Category:Bolivian expatriates in Ecuador]]
 [[Category:Bolivian disability rights activists]]
 [[Category:Bolivian human rights activists]]
+[[Category:Bolivian women activists]]
 [[Category:Bolivian Marxists]]
 [[Category:Bolivian radio producers]]
@@ Line 126: / Line 153: @@
 [[Category:Bolivian sociologists]]
 [[Category:Bolivian women sociologists]]
-[[Category:Movement for Socialism (Bolivia) politicians]]
+[[Category:Movimiento al Socialismo politicians]]
 [[Category:People from Tarija]]
 [[Category:Women human rights activists]]

v t e Senators of Tarija
List 1	▌O. Zamora ▌R. Lema ▌O. Zamora ▌Ruiz ▌R. Aguirre ▌Peñaloza ▌Miranda ▌R. Paz
List 2	▌Bluske ▌Arellano ▌R. Lema ▌Cossío ▌L. Lema ▌López ▌Carvajal ▌D'Arlach ▌Jurado ▌Díaz ▌Gallo
List 3	▌G. Aguirre ▌Lazcano ▌O. Zamora ▌López ▌R. Lema ▌M. Paz ▌Carrazana ▌Antezana ▌Arce ▌Alarcón
List 4	▌Méndez ▌V. H. Zamora ▌Rodríguez ▌Rejas