Encyclopædia Iranica: Difference between revisions
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| release_date = 1985–present |
| release_date = 1985–present |
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| media_type = 45 [[hardback]] volumes planned;<br>16 volumes or 15 volumes and 6 fascicles {{as of|2020|10|lc=y}}.<ref name="legaldispute" /> |
| media_type = 45 [[hardback]] volumes planned;<br>16 volumes or 15 volumes and 6 fascicles {{as of|2020|10|lc=y}}.<ref name="legaldispute" /> |
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| website = |
| website = {{URL|http://www.iranicaonline.org|iranicaonline.org}} |
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| image = File:Encyclopædia_Iranica.png |
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| caption = ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' Volume XVI |
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'''''Encyclopædia Iranica''''' is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative [[English language]] [[encyclopedia]] about the history, culture, and civilization of [[Iranian peoples]] from prehistory to modern times. |
'''''Encyclopædia Iranica''''' is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative [[English language|English]]-language [[encyclopedia]] about the history, culture, and civilization of [[Iranian peoples]] from prehistory to modern times. |
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== Scope == |
== Scope == |
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The ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' is dedicated to the study of Iranian civilization in the wider [[Middle East]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Southeastern Europe]], [[Central Asia]], and the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The academic reference work will eventually cover all aspects of [[History of Iran|Iranian history]] and [[Culture of Iran|culture]] as well as all [[Iranian languages]] and [[Iranian literature|literatures]], facilitating the whole range of Iranian studies research from archeology to political sciences. It is a project founded by [[Ehsan Yarshater]] in 1973 and currently carried out at [[Columbia University]]'s Center for Iranian Studies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/pages/about|title=Iranicaonline|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Banuazizi|first=Ali|date=1990|title=Review of ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' by Ehsan Yarshater|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=22|issue=3|pages=370–373|doi=10.1017/s0020743800034279|jstor=164148}}</ref> It is considered the standard encyclopedia of the [[academic discipline]] of [[Iranistics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/pages/scholar-quotes|title=Praise from Scholars Worldwide|website=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=2016-07-14}}</ref> |
The ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' is dedicated to the study of Iranian civilization in the wider [[Middle East]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Southeastern Europe]], [[Central Asia]], and the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The academic reference work will eventually cover all aspects of [[History of Iran|Iranian history]] and [[Culture of Iran|culture]] as well as all [[Iranian languages]] and [[Iranian literature|literatures]], facilitating the whole range of Iranian studies research from archeology to political sciences. It is a project founded by [[Ehsan Yarshater]] in 1973 and currently carried out at [[Columbia University]]'s Center for Iranian Studies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/pages/about|title=Iranicaonline|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Banuazizi|first=Ali|date=1990|title=Review of ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' by Ehsan Yarshater|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=22|issue=3|pages=370–373|doi=10.1017/s0020743800034279|jstor=164148|s2cid=163938483 }}</ref> It is considered the standard encyclopedia of the [[academic discipline]] of [[Iranistics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/pages/scholar-quotes|title=Praise from Scholars Worldwide|website=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=2016-07-14}}</ref> |
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The scope of the encyclopedia goes beyond modern [[Iran]] (also known as "Persia") and encompasses the entire [[Greater Iran|Iranian cultural sphere]], and far beyond. Relations of the Iranian world with other cultures (China, European countries, etc.) are also covered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/nov03/features5.php|title=''Encyclopedia Iranica''|last=Boss|first=Shira J.|date=November 2003|website=Columbia College Today|access-date=2016-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018073950/https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/nov03/features5.php|archive-date=2016-10-18|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trompf|first=Garry W.|date=2008|title=Encyclopedia Iranica - 35: A New Agenda for Persian Studies?|journal=Iran & the Caucasus|volume=12|issue=2|pages=385–395|doi=10.1163/157338408X406137|jstor=25597382}}</ref> The project is planning on publishing a total of up to 45 volumes. |
The scope of the encyclopedia goes beyond modern [[Iran]] (also known as "Persia") and encompasses the entire [[Greater Iran|Iranian cultural sphere]], and far beyond. Relations of the Iranian world with other cultures (China, European countries, etc.) are also covered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/nov03/features5.php|title=''Encyclopedia Iranica''|last=Boss|first=Shira J.|date=November 2003|website=Columbia College Today|access-date=2016-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018073950/https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/nov03/features5.php|archive-date=2016-10-18|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trompf|first=Garry W.|date=2008|title=Encyclopedia Iranica - 35: A New Agenda for Persian Studies?|journal=Iran & the Caucasus|volume=12|issue=2|pages=385–395|doi=10.1163/157338408X406137|jstor=25597382}}</ref> The project is planning on publishing a total of up to 45 volumes. |
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== Organization == |
== Organization == |
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=== Staff === |
=== Staff === |
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Ehsan Yarshater was the founding editor of ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' from 1973 through 2017. The current editor-in-chief is Elton Daniel. The editorial board includes Mohsen Ashtiany, Mahnaz Moazami, and over 40 consulting editors from major international institutions doing research in Iranian studies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/pages/about|title=About ''Iranica''|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica|access-date=2016-07-14}}</ref> Former long tenured editors include Ahmad Ashraf, Christopher Brunner, Habib Borjian, Kioumars Ghereghlou, Manuchehr Kasheff, Dagmar Riedel and Houra Yavari. A growing number (over 1,300 in 2016) of scholars worldwide have contributed articles to ''Encyclopædia Iranica''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/pages/about-authors|title=Authors|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica|access-date=2016-07-14}}</ref> |
[[Ehsan Yarshater]] was the founding editor of ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' from 1973 through 2017. The current editor-in-chief is Elton Daniel. The editorial board includes Mohsen Ashtiany, Mahnaz Moazami, and over 40 consulting editors from major international institutions doing research in Iranian studies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/pages/about|title=About ''Iranica''|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica|access-date=2016-07-14}}</ref> Former long tenured editors include Ahmad Ashraf, Christopher Brunner, Habib Borjian, Kioumars Ghereghlou, Manuchehr Kasheff, Dagmar Riedel and Houra Yavari. A growing number (over 1,300 in 2016) of scholars worldwide have contributed articles to ''Encyclopædia Iranica''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/pages/about-authors|title=Authors|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica|access-date=2016-07-14}}</ref> |
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=== Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation === |
=== Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation === |
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=== Legal dispute === |
=== Legal dispute === |
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Following Yarshater's retirement as director of the Center for Iranian Studies in 2016, a dispute began to emerge between Columbia University and the EIF as Columbia unilaterally decided to enter into a contract with [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], an academic publisher, which subsequently published fascicles 4 and 5 of volume XVI in 2018 and 2019; the EIF protested the move.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iranicaonline.org/pages/eif-initial-complaint-against-columbia-daniel-and-brill |title=The Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation Asserts its Ownership of Encyclopædia Iranica |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=16 September 2019 |website=iranicaonline.org |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation |access-date=2 August 2020}}</ref> In 2019, Columbia University sued the EIF, seeking, among other things, a finding that the EIF owns neither a copyright nor an exclusive trademark right in the encyclopedia.<ref>Complaint, ''The Trustees Of Columbia University in the City of New York v. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation'', No. 19 Civ. 7465 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 9, 2019).</ref> EIF countersued alleging that Columbia, as well as Brill and |
Following Yarshater's retirement as director of the Center for Iranian Studies in 2016, a dispute began to emerge between Columbia University and the EIF as Columbia unilaterally decided to enter into a contract with [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], an academic publisher, which subsequently published fascicles 4 and 5 of volume XVI in 2018 and 2019; the EIF protested the move.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iranicaonline.org/pages/eif-initial-complaint-against-columbia-daniel-and-brill |title=The Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation Asserts its Ownership of Encyclopædia Iranica |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=16 September 2019 |website=iranicaonline.org |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation |access-date=2 August 2020}}</ref> In 2019, Columbia University sued the EIF, seeking, among other things, a finding that the EIF owns neither a copyright nor an exclusive trademark right in the encyclopedia.<ref>Complaint, ''The Trustees Of Columbia University in the City of New York v. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation'', No. 19 Civ. 7465 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 9, 2019).</ref> EIF countersued alleging that Columbia, as well as Brill and Elton Daniel, breached EIF's copyright in the encyclopedia, infringed, diluted, and counterfeited its trademarks, converted EIF property, and committed various acts of unjust enrichment and unfair competition.<ref>Complaint, ''Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation, Inc. v. Trustees Of Columbia University in the City of New York'', No. 19 Civ. 8562 (S.D.N.Y. Sep. 14, 2019).</ref> On July 31, 2020, the U.S. District Court in the Southern District of New York granted a temporary restraining order against Columbia, Brill and Daniel, enjoining them through October 8, 2020 from publishing additional fascicles.<ref>''The Trustees Of Columbia University in the City of New York v. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation'', Nos. 19 Civ. 7465 (AT) (KNF), 19 Civ. 8562 (AT) (KNF) (S.D.N.Y. Jul. 31, 2020) (Order on Motion for TRO).</ref> EIF also sought a preliminary injunction against the defendants, but such relief was not entered by the court.<ref>''The Trustees Of Columbia University in the City of New York v. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation'', Nos. 19 Civ. 7465 (AT) (KNF), 19 Civ. 8562 (AT) (KNF) (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 8, 2020) (Order on Motion for Preliminary Injunction).</ref> Columbia and Brill subsequently published fascicle XVI/6 on October 19, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Encyclopædia Iranica|url=https://cfis.columbia.edu/research-projects/encyclopaedia-iranica|access-date=21 October 2020|publisher=Ehsan Yarshater Center for Iranian Studies}}</ref> |
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As part of the dispute, there are now conflicting accounts as to the current state of the Encyclopædia Iranica. While Columbia has published fascicle XVI/4 through XVI/6, covering topics between |
As part of the dispute, there are now conflicting accounts as to the current state of the Encyclopædia Iranica. While Columbia has published fascicle XVI/4 through XVI/6, covering topics between "Kešaʾi Dialect" and "Khorasan XIV", by EIF's count volume XVI only covers topics falling alphabetically between KA and KE.<ref name="iranicaonline-2020-08-02">{{cite web |url=https://iranicaonline.org/pages/encyclopaedia-iranica-foundation-publishes-volume-16-of-encyclopaedia-iranica |title=Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation Publishes Volume 16 of Encyclopædia Iranica |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=31 July 2020 |website=iranicaonline.org |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation |access-date=2 August 2020}}</ref> EIF considers fascicles XVI/4 through XVI/6 "counterfeit fascicles".<ref name="iranicaonline-2020-08-02" /> |
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== Reception == |
== Reception == |
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=== Reputation === |
=== Reputation === |
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In a review of Volume III, [[Richard W. Bulliet]] calls ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' "not just a necessity for Iranists [but] of inestimable value for everyone concerned with the history and culture of the Middle East".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bulliet|first=Richard W.|date=1992|title=Review of ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' by Ehsan Yarshater|journal=[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]]|volume=24|issue=4|page=680|jstor=164443}}</ref> Ali Banuazizi, though, notes that its focus is on Iran "as perceived, analyzed, and described by its most distinguished, mainly Western, students".<ref>Banuazizi (1990), p. 372.</ref> In 1998, the journal ''[[Iranian Studies (journal)|Iranian Studies]]'' devoted a double issue (vol. 31, no. 3/4) to reviews of the encyclopædia, coming to 700 pages by 29 authors on as many subjects.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1998|title=Review of the ''Encyclopedia Iranica''|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=31|issue=3/4|issn=0021-0862|jstor=i401469}}</ref> Professor A. Banuazizi, praised that the encyclopaedia "will be judged as the most significant contribution of our century to the advancement of Iranian studies as a scholarly enterprise".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Banuazizi|first=Ali|date=August 1990|title=Ehsan Yarshater, ed., Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I (Āb-Anāhīd) and Vol. II (Ānamaka-Ātār al- Wozarāʾ) (London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985 and 1987). Pp. 1011 and 912, respectively.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/ehsan-yarshater-ed-encyclopaedia-iranica-vol-i-abanahid-and-vol-ii-anamakaatar-al-wozara-london-and-new-york-routledge-kegan-paul-1985-and-1987-pp-1011-and-912-respectively/239F0D43DACF63EE80197C18D298DD16|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|language=en|volume=22|issue=3|pages=370–373|doi=10.1017/S0020743800034279|issn=1471-6380}}</ref> |
In a review of Volume III, [[Richard W. Bulliet]] calls ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' "not just a necessity for Iranists [but] of inestimable value for everyone concerned with the history and culture of the Middle East".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bulliet|first=Richard W.|date=1992|title=Review of ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' by Ehsan Yarshater|journal=[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]]|volume=24|issue=4|page=680|jstor=164443}}</ref> Ali Banuazizi, though, notes that its focus is on Iran "as perceived, analyzed, and described by its most distinguished, mainly Western, students".<ref>Banuazizi (1990), p. 372.</ref> In 1998, the journal ''[[Iranian Studies (journal)|Iranian Studies]]'' devoted a double issue (vol. 31, no. 3/4) to reviews of the encyclopædia, coming to 700 pages by 29 authors on as many subjects.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1998|title=Review of the ''Encyclopedia Iranica''|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=31|issue=3/4|issn=0021-0862|jstor=i401469}}</ref> Professor A. Banuazizi, praised that the encyclopaedia "will be judged as the most significant contribution of our century to the advancement of Iranian studies as a scholarly enterprise".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Banuazizi|first=Ali|date=August 1990|title=Ehsan Yarshater, ed., Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I (Āb-Anāhīd) and Vol. II (Ānamaka-Ātār al- Wozarāʾ) (London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985 and 1987). Pp. 1011 and 912, respectively.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/ehsan-yarshater-ed-encyclopaedia-iranica-vol-i-abanahid-and-vol-ii-anamakaatar-al-wozara-london-and-new-york-routledge-kegan-paul-1985-and-1987-pp-1011-and-912-respectively/239F0D43DACF63EE80197C18D298DD16|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|language=en|volume=22|issue=3|pages=370–373|doi=10.1017/S0020743800034279|s2cid=163938483 |issn=1471-6380}}</ref> |
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Many foundations, organizations, and individuals have supported ''Encyclopædia Iranica''. The encyclopaedia has been sponsored since 1979 by the National Endowment for the Humanities, as well as the [[American Council of Learned Societies]], [[Union Académique Internationale]], [[Iran Heritage Foundation]], and many other [[charitable foundation]]s, philanthropic families and individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sponsors|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/pages/sponsorship|access-date=2016-07-14|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> |
Many foundations, organizations, and individuals have supported ''Encyclopædia Iranica''. The encyclopaedia has been sponsored since 1979 by the [[National Endowment for the Humanities]], as well as the [[American Council of Learned Societies]], [[Union Académique Internationale]], [[Iran Heritage Foundation]], and many other [[charitable foundation]]s, philanthropic families and individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sponsors|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/pages/sponsorship|access-date=2016-07-14|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> |
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=== Criticism === |
=== Criticism === |
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On March 25, 2007, the [[Associated Press]] released a news report about ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', claiming that it is "U.S.-backed".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-03-26|title=U.S.-funded encyclopedia revels in Iran's greatness|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/u-s-funded-encyclopedia-revels-in-iran-s-greatness-1.234909|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116041253/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070326/iran_encyclopedia_070326/20070326?hub=Entertainment|archive-date=2009-01-16|access-date=2016-07-14|website=CTV}}</ref> ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' published an official response, saying the report was "inaccurate and libelous", that while the |
On March 25, 2007, the [[Associated Press]] released a news report about ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', claiming that it is "U.S.-backed".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-03-26|title=U.S.-funded encyclopedia revels in Iran's greatness|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/u-s-funded-encyclopedia-revels-in-iran-s-greatness-1.234909|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116041253/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070326/iran_encyclopedia_070326/20070326?hub=Entertainment|archive-date=2009-01-16|access-date=2016-07-14|website=CTV}}</ref> ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' published an official response, saying the report was "inaccurate and libelous", that while the National Endowment for the Humanities supports the encyclopedia, the Endowment is "an independent federal agency whose many projects are reviewed and decided upon by independent panels of scholars", not the U.S. Government, and that only a third of the encyclopedia's budget is supplied by the Endowment, not half, as the Associated Press had claimed.<ref name="ashraf-ap">{{cite web|last=Ashraf|first=Ahmad|date=2007-04-05|title=Official response of the Encyclopaedia Iranica to the ''Associated Press'' article of March 25, 2007 entitled "U.S.-funded encyclopedia revels in Iran's greatness"|url=http://www.iranian.com/News/2007/April/Images/ReplyToAP.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202082405/http://www.iranian.com/News/2007/April/Images/ReplyToAP.pdf|archive-date=2012-12-02|publisher=Encyclopedia Iranica}}</ref> |
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== Volumes == |
== Volumes == |
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In addition, the following fascicles of volume XVI have been published: |
In addition, the following fascicles of volume XVI have been published: |
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* Fascicle 1 (KASHAN – KAŠŠI, ABU ʿAMR MOḤAMMAD), 2012 |
* Fascicle 1 ([[Kashan|KASHAN]] – KAŠŠI, ABU ʿAMR MOḤAMMAD), 2012 |
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* Fascicle 2 (KAŠŠI, ABU ʿAMR MOḤAMMAD – KÉGL, SÁNDOR), 2013 |
* Fascicle 2 (KAŠŠI, ABU ʿAMR MOḤAMMAD – KÉGL, SÁNDOR), 2013 |
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* Fascicle 3 (KÉGL, SÁNDOR – KEŠAʾI Dialect), 2013 |
* Fascicle 3 (KÉGL, SÁNDOR – KEŠAʾI Dialect), 2013 |
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* Fascicle 4 (Kešaʾi Dialect – Khavaran-Nama), 2018 |
* Fascicle 4 (Kešaʾi Dialect – Khavaran-Nama), 2018{{efn-lr|name=nr}} |
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* Fascicle 5 (Khavaran-Nama – Khomeini), 2019 |
* Fascicle 5 (Khavaran-Nama – Khomeini), 2019{{efn-lr|name=nr}} |
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* Fascicle 6 (Khomeini – Khorasan XIV), 2020 |
* Fascicle 6 (Khomeini – Khorasan XIV), 2020{{efn-lr|name=nr}} |
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{{notelist-lr|refs= |
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{{efn-lr|name=nr|Not recognized by the Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, see {{section link||Legal dispute}}.}} |
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}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|Iran|United States}} |
{{Portal|Iran|United States}} |
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* [[Academy of Persian Language and Literature]] |
* [[Academy of Persian Language and Literature]] |
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⚫ | |||
* ''[[Dastur al-Muluk]]'' |
* ''[[Dastur al-Muluk]]'' |
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* [[ |
* ''[[Foucault in Iran]]'' |
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⚫ | |||
* [[Iranian studies]] |
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* [[List of online encyclopedias]] |
* [[List of online encyclopedias]] |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
* [[Foucault in Iran: Islamic Revolution after the Enlightenment]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/ ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' Website (by the Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation)]. Full-text access to many articles from the ''Encyclopædia''. |
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/ ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' Website (by the Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation)]. Full-text access to many articles from the ''Encyclopædia''. |
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* [https://cfis.columbia.edu/research-projects/encyclopaedia-iranica ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' Website (by |
* [https://cfis.columbia.edu/research-projects/encyclopaedia-iranica ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' Website (by Columbia University)]. |
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* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/events/ ''Encyclopædia Iranica Events'' Website]. Detailing future and past events sponsored or supported by ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' |
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/events/ ''Encyclopædia Iranica Events'' Website]. Detailing future and past events sponsored or supported by ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' |
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[[Category:English-language encyclopedias|Iranica]] |
[[Category:English-language encyclopedias|Iranica]] |
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[[Category:Iranian online encyclopedias|Iranica]] |
[[Category:Iranian online encyclopedias|Iranica]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Culture of Iran]] |
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[[Category:Iranian studies]] |
[[Category:Iranian studies]] |
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[[Category:Persian encyclopedias]] |
[[Category:Persian encyclopedias]] |
Latest revision as of 21:12, 31 March 2024
![]() Encyclopædia Iranica Volume XVI | |
Author | 1300 named contributors |
---|---|
Language | English |
Subject | Iranistics and Greater Iran studies |
Genre | Reference encyclopedia |
Publisher | Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, Brill Academic Publishers[1] |
Publication date | 1985–present |
Publication place | United States |
Media type | 45 hardback volumes planned; 16 volumes or 15 volumes and 6 fascicles as of October 2020[update].[1] |
Website | iranicaonline.org |
Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English-language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times.
Scope
[edit]The Encyclopædia Iranica is dedicated to the study of Iranian civilization in the wider Middle East, the Caucasus, Southeastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. The academic reference work will eventually cover all aspects of Iranian history and culture as well as all Iranian languages and literatures, facilitating the whole range of Iranian studies research from archeology to political sciences. It is a project founded by Ehsan Yarshater in 1973 and currently carried out at Columbia University's Center for Iranian Studies.[2][3] It is considered the standard encyclopedia of the academic discipline of Iranistics.[4]
The scope of the encyclopedia goes beyond modern Iran (also known as "Persia") and encompasses the entire Iranian cultural sphere, and far beyond. Relations of the Iranian world with other cultures (China, European countries, etc.) are also covered.[5][6] The project is planning on publishing a total of up to 45 volumes.
Organization
[edit]Staff
[edit]Ehsan Yarshater was the founding editor of Encyclopædia Iranica from 1973 through 2017. The current editor-in-chief is Elton Daniel. The editorial board includes Mohsen Ashtiany, Mahnaz Moazami, and over 40 consulting editors from major international institutions doing research in Iranian studies.[7] Former long tenured editors include Ahmad Ashraf, Christopher Brunner, Habib Borjian, Kioumars Ghereghlou, Manuchehr Kasheff, Dagmar Riedel and Houra Yavari. A growing number (over 1,300 in 2016) of scholars worldwide have contributed articles to Encyclopædia Iranica.[8]
Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
[edit]In 1990, Ehsan Yarshater established the Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation (EIF), which serves to promote the cause of the Encyclopædia Iranica and to ensure its continuation.[9] Over the years, Columbia University's Center for Iranian Studies (also founded by Yarshater) continued to coordinate and edit the Encyclopædia, while the EIF substantially sponsored the work.[10]
The foundation provides the full text of many entries (up to fascicle XVI/3) for free on the iranicaonline.org website.
Legal dispute
[edit]Following Yarshater's retirement as director of the Center for Iranian Studies in 2016, a dispute began to emerge between Columbia University and the EIF as Columbia unilaterally decided to enter into a contract with Brill, an academic publisher, which subsequently published fascicles 4 and 5 of volume XVI in 2018 and 2019; the EIF protested the move.[11] In 2019, Columbia University sued the EIF, seeking, among other things, a finding that the EIF owns neither a copyright nor an exclusive trademark right in the encyclopedia.[12] EIF countersued alleging that Columbia, as well as Brill and Elton Daniel, breached EIF's copyright in the encyclopedia, infringed, diluted, and counterfeited its trademarks, converted EIF property, and committed various acts of unjust enrichment and unfair competition.[13] On July 31, 2020, the U.S. District Court in the Southern District of New York granted a temporary restraining order against Columbia, Brill and Daniel, enjoining them through October 8, 2020 from publishing additional fascicles.[14] EIF also sought a preliminary injunction against the defendants, but such relief was not entered by the court.[15] Columbia and Brill subsequently published fascicle XVI/6 on October 19, 2020.[16]
As part of the dispute, there are now conflicting accounts as to the current state of the Encyclopædia Iranica. While Columbia has published fascicle XVI/4 through XVI/6, covering topics between "Kešaʾi Dialect" and "Khorasan XIV", by EIF's count volume XVI only covers topics falling alphabetically between KA and KE.[17] EIF considers fascicles XVI/4 through XVI/6 "counterfeit fascicles".[17]
Reception
[edit]Reputation
[edit]In a review of Volume III, Richard W. Bulliet calls Encyclopædia Iranica "not just a necessity for Iranists [but] of inestimable value for everyone concerned with the history and culture of the Middle East".[18] Ali Banuazizi, though, notes that its focus is on Iran "as perceived, analyzed, and described by its most distinguished, mainly Western, students".[19] In 1998, the journal Iranian Studies devoted a double issue (vol. 31, no. 3/4) to reviews of the encyclopædia, coming to 700 pages by 29 authors on as many subjects.[20] Professor A. Banuazizi, praised that the encyclopaedia "will be judged as the most significant contribution of our century to the advancement of Iranian studies as a scholarly enterprise".[21]
Many foundations, organizations, and individuals have supported Encyclopædia Iranica. The encyclopaedia has been sponsored since 1979 by the National Endowment for the Humanities, as well as the American Council of Learned Societies, Union Académique Internationale, Iran Heritage Foundation, and many other charitable foundations, philanthropic families and individuals.[22]
Criticism
[edit]On March 25, 2007, the Associated Press released a news report about Encyclopædia Iranica, claiming that it is "U.S.-backed".[23] Encyclopædia Iranica published an official response, saying the report was "inaccurate and libelous", that while the National Endowment for the Humanities supports the encyclopedia, the Endowment is "an independent federal agency whose many projects are reviewed and decided upon by independent panels of scholars", not the U.S. Government, and that only a third of the encyclopedia's budget is supplied by the Endowment, not half, as the Associated Press had claimed.[24]
Volumes
[edit]As of July 2015, the online version of the Encyclopædia Iranica has almost 7,300 entries, of which about 1,100 entries are only available on the Internet.[25] The following is a list of printed volumes, current as of October 2020[update].[25]
Beginning and ending entries | Publication year | Volume number | ISBN |
---|---|---|---|
ĀB – ANĀHID | 1985 | I | |
ANĀMAKA – ĀṮĀR AL-WOZARĀʾ | 1987 | II | |
ĀTAŠ – BEYHAQI | 1989 | III | |
BĀYJU – CARPETS | 1990 | IV | |
CARPETS – COFFEE | 1992 | V | |
COFFEEHOUSE – DĀRĀ | 1993 | VI | |
DĀRĀ(B) – EBN AL-AṮIR | 1996 | VII | |
EBN ʿAYYĀŠ – EʿTEŻĀD-AL-SALṬANA | 1998 | VIII | |
ETHÉ – FISH | 1999 | IX | |
FISHERIES – GINDAROS | 2001 | X | |
GIŌNI – HAREM I | 2003 | XI | |
HAREM I – ILLUMINATIONISM | 2004 | XII | |
ILLUMINATIONISM – ISFAHAN VIII | 2006 | XIII | |
ISFAHAN IX – JOBBĀʾI | 2008 | XIV | |
JOČI – KAŠḠARI, SAʿD-AL-DIN | 2011 | XV |
In addition, the following fascicles of volume XVI have been published:
- Fascicle 1 (KASHAN – KAŠŠI, ABU ʿAMR MOḤAMMAD), 2012
- Fascicle 2 (KAŠŠI, ABU ʿAMR MOḤAMMAD – KÉGL, SÁNDOR), 2013
- Fascicle 3 (KÉGL, SÁNDOR – KEŠAʾI Dialect), 2013
- Fascicle 4 (Kešaʾi Dialect – Khavaran-Nama), 2018[i]
- Fascicle 5 (Khavaran-Nama – Khomeini), 2019[i]
- Fascicle 6 (Khomeini – Khorasan XIV), 2020[i]
- ^ a b c Not recognized by the Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, see § Legal dispute.
See also
[edit]- Academy of Persian Language and Literature
- The Comprehensive History of Iran
- Dastur al-Muluk
- Foucault in Iran
- Iran Between Two Revolutions
- Iranian studies
- List of online encyclopedias
References
[edit]- ^ a b See § Legal dispute.
- ^ "Iranicaonline". Retrieved 1 June 2014.
- ^ Banuazizi, Ali (1990). "Review of Encyclopædia Iranica by Ehsan Yarshater". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 22 (3): 370–373. doi:10.1017/s0020743800034279. JSTOR 164148. S2CID 163938483.
- ^ "Praise from Scholars Worldwide". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
- ^ Boss, Shira J. (November 2003). "Encyclopedia Iranica". Columbia College Today. Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
- ^ Trompf, Garry W. (2008). "Encyclopedia Iranica - 35: A New Agenda for Persian Studies?". Iran & the Caucasus. 12 (2): 385–395. doi:10.1163/157338408X406137. JSTOR 25597382.
- ^ "About Iranica". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
- ^ "Authors". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
- ^ "Welcome to Encyclopædia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ "FAQs". iranicaonline.org. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ "The Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation Asserts its Ownership of Encyclopædia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ Complaint, The Trustees Of Columbia University in the City of New York v. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation, No. 19 Civ. 7465 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 9, 2019).
- ^ Complaint, Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation, Inc. v. Trustees Of Columbia University in the City of New York, No. 19 Civ. 8562 (S.D.N.Y. Sep. 14, 2019).
- ^ The Trustees Of Columbia University in the City of New York v. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation, Nos. 19 Civ. 7465 (AT) (KNF), 19 Civ. 8562 (AT) (KNF) (S.D.N.Y. Jul. 31, 2020) (Order on Motion for TRO).
- ^ The Trustees Of Columbia University in the City of New York v. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation, Nos. 19 Civ. 7465 (AT) (KNF), 19 Civ. 8562 (AT) (KNF) (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 8, 2020) (Order on Motion for Preliminary Injunction).
- ^ "Encyclopædia Iranica". Ehsan Yarshater Center for Iranian Studies. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ^ a b "Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation Publishes Volume 16 of Encyclopædia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 31 July 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ Bulliet, Richard W. (1992). "Review of Encyclopædia Iranica by Ehsan Yarshater". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 24 (4): 680. JSTOR 164443.
- ^ Banuazizi (1990), p. 372.
- ^ "Review of the Encyclopedia Iranica". Iranian Studies. 31 (3/4). 1998. ISSN 0021-0862. JSTOR i401469.
- ^ Banuazizi, Ali (August 1990). "Ehsan Yarshater, ed., Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I (Āb-Anāhīd) and Vol. II (Ānamaka-Ātār al- Wozarāʾ) (London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985 and 1987). Pp. 1011 and 912, respectively". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 22 (3): 370–373. doi:10.1017/S0020743800034279. ISSN 1471-6380. S2CID 163938483.
- ^ "Sponsors". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
- ^ "U.S.-funded encyclopedia revels in Iran's greatness". CTV. 2007-03-26. Archived from the original on 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
- ^ Ashraf, Ahmad (2007-04-05). "Official response of the Encyclopaedia Iranica to the Associated Press article of March 25, 2007 entitled "U.S.-funded encyclopedia revels in Iran's greatness"" (PDF). Encyclopedia Iranica. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-12-02.
- ^ a b "Citing the Encyclopædia Iranica". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 2013-09-16. Retrieved 2020-08-02.
External links
[edit]- Encyclopædia Iranica Website (by the Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation). Full-text access to many articles from the Encyclopædia.
- Encyclopædia Iranica Website (by Columbia University).
- Encyclopædia Iranica Events Website. Detailing future and past events sponsored or supported by Encyclopædia Iranica