Jump to content

Stemonaceae: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
refs
 
(31 intermediate revisions by 20 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Family of flowering plants}}
{{taxobox
{{automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = Upper [[Cretaceous]] – recent {{fossilrange|84|0|earliest=108}}
|fossil_range = Upper [[Cretaceous]] – recent {{fossilrange|84|0|earliest=108}}
⚫
|name = Stemonaceae
|image = Croomia heterosepala 001.jpg
|image = Croomia heterosepala 001.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Croomia heterosepala]]''
|image_caption = ''[[Croomia heterosepala]]''
⚫
|taxon = Stemonaceae
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
⚫
|authority = [[Teodoro Caruel|Caruel]]<ref name=MOBOT>{{cite web|last=Stevens|first=P. F.|title=Smilacaceae|work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.|access-date=9 July 2013|url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/pandanalesweb.htm#Stemonaceae|date=2013}}</ref>
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|ordo = [[Pandanales]]
⚫
|familia = '''Stemonaceae'''
⚫
|familia_authority = [[Teodoro Caruel|Caruel]]<ref name=MOBOT>{{cite web|last=Stevens|first=P. F.|title=Smilacaceae|work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.|accessdate=9 July 2013|url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/pandanalesweb.htm#Stemonaceae|date=2013}}</ref>
|subdivision_ranks = Genera
|subdivision_ranks = Genera
|subdivision =
|subdivision =
Line 16: Line 12:
*''[[Stichoneuron]]''
*''[[Stichoneuron]]''
*''[[Pentastemona]]''
*''[[Pentastemona]]''
|synonyms = Roxburghiaceae
|synonyms =
*Croomiaceae
*Roxburghiaceae
|}}
}}


The '''Stemonaceae''' are a family of [[monocotyledonous]] [[flowering plants]] placed in the order [[Pandanales]]. The family consists of four genera with ca 37 known species<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://www.mapress.com/file/e/pt00261p217.pdf | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> distributed in areas with seasonal climate across [[Southeast Asia]] and tropical [[Australia]]. One native species is found in the [[United States]]. In earlier systems the family was called Roxburghiaceae, after ''[[Roxburghia]]'', now ''Stemona''.
The '''Stemonaceae''' are a family of [[monocotyledon]]ous [[flowering plant]]s placed in the order [[Pandanales]]. The family consists of four genera with ca 37 known species<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |name-list-style=amp | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press | doi-access = free }}</ref> distributed in areas with seasonal climate across [[Southeast Asia]] and tropical [[Australia]]. One native species is found in the [[United States]]. In earlier systems the family was called Roxburghiaceae, after ''Roxburghia'', now ''Stemona''.


== Description ==
== Description ==
The [[Plant stem|stem]]s are sometimes erect or trailing with green or yellow-green color or in some cases with reddish appearance. [[Leaf|Leaves]] are dark green and also alternate in the majority of the members. [[Flower]]s are born in short [[cyme (botany)|cyme]]s produced from the lower parts of the plant. Seeds are ellipsoidal or globular.
The [[Plant stem|stem]]s may be erect or trailing, green or yellow-green, or sometimes reddish. Leaves are dark green and also [[Phyllotaxis#Leaf arrangement|alternate]] in the majority of the members. Flowers are borne in short [[cyme (botany)|cyme]]s, arising from the lower parts of the plant. Seeds are ellipsoidal or globular in shape.


As in other members of the [[Pandanales]], the flower morphology in the Stemonaceae is distinctively developed and rather atypical for other [[monocots]].<ref>http://independent.academia.edu/RichardBateman/Papers/1141756/Morphological_phylogenetic_analysis_of_Pandanales_testing_contrasting_hypotheses_of_floral_evolution</ref> In the majority of the species, flowers are tetramerous (composed of four identical parts) or sometimes dimerous.<ref>http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/stemonac.htm</ref> Stamens are distinguishable and four in number. In most of the members, [[tepal]]s are four. They are smooth or sometimes papilate which is probably because they function as odour-producing components ([[osmophore (botany)|osmophore]]s). However, in ''[[Pentastemona]]'', the flowers are pentamerous and the number of [[stamen]]s is five. [[Microsporogenesis]] is successive. Reproductive structures are colored in shades of purple, maroon, green, or yellow. They imitate [[carrion]] and sometimes release such smell - [[fly|flies]] visiting the flowers function as [[pollinator]]s.
As in other members of the [[Pandanales]], the flower morphology in the Stemonaceae is distinctive and rather atypical for [[monocots]], whose floral anatomy is three-parted (trimerous).<ref name="auto">[https://independent.academia.edu/RichardBateman/Papers/1141756/Morphological_phylogenetic_analysis_of_Pandanales_testing_contrasting_hypotheses_of_floral_evolution] {{dead link|date=January 2022}}</ref> In the majority of Stemonaceae species, flowers are composed of four identical parts, ''i.e.'', ''tetra''merous, or sometimes ''di''merous (two-parted).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/stemonac.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060202001247/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/stemonac.htm |archive-date=2006-02-02 |title=Angiosperm Families - Stemonaceae Engl.}}</ref> Four [[stamen]]s are present. In most of the members, [[tepal]]s are four. They are smooth or sometimes [[Wikt:papilla|papillate]], which may be due to the fact that the papillae function as odour-producing structures (osmophores). In ''[[Pentastemona]]'', the flowers are ''penta''merous (five-parted) and the number of [[stamen]]s is five. [[Heterospory#Microspores and megaspores|Microsporogenesis]] is successive,{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}<!--Need a source, as another RS states that Stemonaceae are "intermediate"--> as with the majority of monocots. Flower colours include shades of purple, maroon, green, or yellow. They attract pollinators by resembling [[carrion]], and sometimes emit a similar odour — [[diptera|flies]] visiting the flowers serve as [[pollinator]]s.


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
The Stemonaceae were once placed in a separate order, the Stemonales,{{sfn|Huber|1969}} and later the Dioscoreales,{{sfn|Dahlgren|Clifford|1982}} [[sister group|sister order]] to the Pandanales.
The Stemonaceae, also referred to as the Roxburghiaceae, were once placed in a separate order, the Stemonales,{{sfn|Huber|1969}} or the Dioscoreales,{{sfn|Hutchinson|1959}}{{sfn|Dahlgren|Clifford|1982}} [[sister group|sister order]] to the Pandanales. Also ''[[Croomia]]'' had been treated within its own family, Croomiaceae.{{sfn|Dahlgren|Clifford|1982}}
{{Clade
{{Clade
⚫
|label1=Stemonaceae
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=
|label1=
Line 47: Line 46:
}}
}}


The Stemonaceae family is sister to other two families in the Pandanales that together form a clade - these are Cyclanthaceae and Pandanaceae.
The family Stemonaceae is sister to other two families in the Pandanales that together form a clade - these are Cyclanthaceae and Pandanaceae.
''[[Pentastemona]]'' diverged first from the family, so is a sister clade to the rest of it. Actually, the genus demonstrates characteristics rather more different from other members of the Stemonaceae.<ref>http://independent.academia.edu/RichardBateman/Papers/1141756/Morphological_phylogenetic_analysis_of_Pandanales_testing_contrasting_hypotheses_of_floral_evolution</ref> In earlier classifications, it was placed in its own family. However, ''[[Stemona]]'' is sister to the other two genera that together form a clade. The family appears in Late [[Cretaceous]] - around 84 Mya, although the stem group diverged earlier in the same period - 108 Mya.<ref>http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/botanik/phanerogamen1/janssen_janssenbremer_2004_monocotages.pdf</ref>
''[[Pentastemona]]'' diverged first from the family, so is a sister clade to the rest of it. Actually, the genus demonstrates characteristics rather more different from other members of the Stemonaceae.<ref name="auto"/> In earlier classifications, it was placed in its own family. However, ''[[Stemona]]'' is sister to the other two genera that together form a clade. The family appears in Late [[Cretaceous]] - around 84 Mya, although the stem group diverged earlier in the same period - 108 Mya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/botanik/phanerogamen1/janssen_janssenbremer_2004_monocotages.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-06-18 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319002203/http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/botanik/phanerogamen1/janssen_janssenbremer_2004_monocotages.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>


== Ecology ==
== Ecology ==
The Stemonaceae contain various herbeceous plants, many of which are crawling or climbing species preferring moist or dry tropical habitats.<ref>http://research.rdi.ku.ac.th/world/cache/f6/PajareeINTAll.pdf</ref> They form underground organs as spindle-shaped [[rhizome]]s used for reservation of nutrients.
The Stemonaceae contain various herbaceous plants, many of which are crawling or climbing species preferring moist or dry tropical habitats.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=http://research.rdi.ku.ac.th/world/cache/f6/PajareeINTAll.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220194737/http://research.rdi.ku.ac.th/world/cache/f6/PajareeINTAll.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They form underground organs as spindle-shaped [[rhizome]]s used for reservation of nutrients.


== Uses ==
== Uses ==
The family contains plants with various therapeutical and other uses in places such as [[China]], [[Laos]], [[Japan]], [[Thailand]], and others.<ref>http://research.rdi.ku.ac.th/world/cache/f6/PajareeINTAll.pdf</ref> Some members are used for making an [[insecticide]]. In [[Laos]], people use them against [[flea]]s and [[lice]] by making an infusion which they drink to make their blood poisonous. Plants from the family are used for the preparation of a [[fish poison]]. Others play a role in folk medicine and are valued for their [[antibacterial]], [[antitussive]], [[Antifungal medication|antifungal]], and other properties against lung or skin [[disease]]s.
The family contains plants with various therapeutical and other uses in places such as [[China]], [[Laos]], [[Japan]], [[Thailand]], and others.<ref name="auto1"/> Some members are used for making an [[insecticide]]. In [[Laos]], people use them against [[flea]]s and [[lice]] by making an infusion which they drink to make their blood poisonous. Plants from the family are used for the preparation of a [[fish poison]]. Others play a role in folk medicine and are valued for their [[antibacterial]], [[antitussive]], [[Antifungal medication|antifungal]], and other properties against lung or skin [[disease]]s.


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist}}


== Bibliography ==
== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
⚫
* {{cite journal|last=Huber|first=H|author-link=Herbert Huber (botanist)|title=Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Liliifloren|journal=Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml.[Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München]|year=1969|volume=8|pages=219–538|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52263#page/639/mode/1up|language=de|access-date=10 February 2015}}
⚫
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/stemonac.htm Stemonaceae] in L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards), [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants'']
* {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|author-link=John Hutchinson (botanist)|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols.|edition=2nd|year=1959|orig-year=1926–1934|publisher=Macmillan}}
⚫
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/pentaste.htm Pentastemonaceae] in L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards), [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants'']
⚫
* {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=Rolf |last2=Clifford |first2=H. T. |title=The monocotyledons: A comparative study |url={{Google books|coXwAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |year=1982 |location=London and New York |publisher=Academic Press }}
⚫
* {{cite journal|last=Huber|first=H|authorlink=Herbert Huber|title=Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Liliifloren|journal=Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml.[Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München]|year=1969|volume=8|pages=219–538|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52263#page/639/mode/1up|language=german|accessdate=10 February 2015|ref=harv}}
⚫
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/stemonac.htm Stemonaceae] in L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards),
⚫
* {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=Rolf |last2=Clifford |first2=H. T. |title=The monocotyledons: A comparative study |url={{Google books|coXwAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |year=1982 |location=London and New York |publisher=Academic Press |ref=harv}}
⚫
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/pentaste.htm Pentastemonaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627065952/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/pentaste.htm |date=2007-06-27 }} in L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards), [https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants'']
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
*{{Commons-inline}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline}}
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10849 Flora of China: Stemonaceae]
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10849 Flora of China: Stemonaceae]
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10849 Flora of North America: Stemonaceae]
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10849 Flora of North America: Stemonaceae]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=49662&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser: Stemonaceae]
*[http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Stemonaceae CSDL, Texas: Stemonaceae]
*[http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Stemonaceae CSDL, Texas: Stemonaceae]
* [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2473290?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Comparative Vegetative Anatomy of the Stemonaceae (Roxburghiaceae). 1968]
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2473290?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Comparative Vegetative Anatomy of the Stemonaceae (Roxburghiaceae). 1968]


{{Angiosperm families}}
{{commons}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q132225}}
{{wikispecies}}
{{taxonbar}}


[[Category:Pandanales]]
[[Category:Stemonaceae| ]]
[[Category:Monocot families]]
[[Category:Monocot families]]

Latest revision as of 21:15, 11 April 2024

Stemonaceae
Temporal range: Upper Cretaceous – recent 84–0 Ma
Croomia heterosepala
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Pandanales
Family: Stemonaceae
Caruel[1]
Genera
Synonyms
  • Croomiaceae
  • Roxburghiaceae

The Stemonaceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants placed in the order Pandanales. The family consists of four genera with ca 37 known species[2] distributed in areas with seasonal climate across Southeast Asia and tropical Australia. One native species is found in the United States. In earlier systems the family was called Roxburghiaceae, after Roxburghia, now Stemona.

Description

[edit]

The stems may be erect or trailing, green or yellow-green, or sometimes reddish. Leaves are dark green and also alternate in the majority of the members. Flowers are borne in short cymes, arising from the lower parts of the plant. Seeds are ellipsoidal or globular in shape.

As in other members of the Pandanales, the flower morphology in the Stemonaceae is distinctive and rather atypical for monocots, whose floral anatomy is three-parted (trimerous).[3] In the majority of Stemonaceae species, flowers are composed of four identical parts, i.e., tetramerous, or sometimes dimerous (two-parted).[4] Four stamens are present. In most of the members, tepals are four. They are smooth or sometimes papillate, which may be due to the fact that the papillae function as odour-producing structures (osmophores). In Pentastemona, the flowers are pentamerous (five-parted) and the number of stamens is five. Microsporogenesis is successive,[citation needed] as with the majority of monocots. Flower colours include shades of purple, maroon, green, or yellow. They attract pollinators by resembling carrion, and sometimes emit a similar odour — flies visiting the flowers serve as pollinators.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The Stemonaceae, also referred to as the Roxburghiaceae, were once placed in a separate order, the Stemonales,[5] or the Dioscoreales,[6][7] sister order to the Pandanales. Also Croomia had been treated within its own family, Croomiaceae.[7]

Stemonaceae

The family Stemonaceae is sister to other two families in the Pandanales that together form a clade - these are Cyclanthaceae and Pandanaceae. Pentastemona diverged first from the family, so is a sister clade to the rest of it. Actually, the genus demonstrates characteristics rather more different from other members of the Stemonaceae.[3] In earlier classifications, it was placed in its own family. However, Stemona is sister to the other two genera that together form a clade. The family appears in Late Cretaceous - around 84 Mya, although the stem group diverged earlier in the same period - 108 Mya.[8]

Ecology

[edit]

The Stemonaceae contain various herbaceous plants, many of which are crawling or climbing species preferring moist or dry tropical habitats.[9] They form underground organs as spindle-shaped rhizomes used for reservation of nutrients.

Uses

[edit]

The family contains plants with various therapeutical and other uses in places such as China, Laos, Japan, Thailand, and others.[9] Some members are used for making an insecticide. In Laos, people use them against fleas and lice by making an infusion which they drink to make their blood poisonous. Plants from the family are used for the preparation of a fish poison. Others play a role in folk medicine and are valued for their antibacterial, antitussive, antifungal, and other properties against lung or skin diseases.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Stevens, P. F. (2013). "Smilacaceae". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  2. ^ Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3). Magnolia Press: 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
  3. ^ a b [1] [dead link]
  4. ^ "Angiosperm Families - Stemonaceae Engl". Archived from the original on 2006-02-02.
  5. ^ Huber 1969.
  6. ^ Hutchinson 1959.
  7. ^ a b Dahlgren & Clifford 1982.
  8. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2012-06-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-20. Retrieved 2012-06-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stemonaceae&oldid=1218462685"